Relation of Diet-Induced Thermogenesis to Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Healthy Men

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahel Catherina Loeliger ◽  
Claudia Irene Maushart ◽  
Gani Gashi ◽  
Jaël Rut Senn ◽  
Martina Felder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Healthy Men ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

Objective Human brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic tissue activated by the sympathetic nervous system in response to cold. It contributes to energy expenditure (EE) and takes up glucose and lipids from the circulation. Studies in rodents suggest that BAT contributes to the transient rise in EE after food intake, so called diet-induced thermogenesis (DIT). We investigated the relationship between human BAT activity and DIT in response to glucose intake in 17 healthy volunteers. Methods We assessed DIT, cold induced thermogenesis (CIT) and maximum BAT activity at three separate study visits within two weeks. DIT was measured by indirect calorimetry during an oral glucose tolerance-test. CIT was assessed as the difference in EE after cold exposure of two hours duration as compared to warm conditions. Maximal activity of BAT was assessed by 18F-FDG-PET/MRI after cold exposure and concomitant pharmacological stimulation with Mirabegron. Results 17 healthy men (mean age 23.4 years, mean BMI 23.2 kg/m2) participated in the study. EE increased from 1908 (±181) kcal/24 hours to 2128 (±277) kcal/24 hours (p<0.0001, +11.5%) after mild cold exposure. An oral glucose load increased EE from 1911 (±165) kcal/24 hours to 2096 (±167) kcal/24 hours at 60 minutes (p<0.0001, +9.7%). The increase in EE in response to cold was significantly associated with BAT activity (R2=0.43, p=0.004). However, DIT was not associated with BAT activity (R2=0.015, p=0.64). Conclusion DIT after an oral glucose load was not associated with stimulated 18F-FDG uptake into BAT suggesting that DIT is independent from BAT activity in humans.

Lipogenesis in response to an oral glucose load in fed and starved rats

1981 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 469-476 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary C. Sugden ◽  
David L. Watts ◽  
Christopher E. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Fat ◽  
Oral Glucose ◽  
Oral Glucose Load ◽  
Glucose Load ◽  
Palmitoyl Carnitine ◽  
Carnitine Acyltransferase ◽  
Malonyl Coa ◽  
Brown Adipose

Lipogenesis in livers of fed but not of starved rats is increased after intragastric feeding with glucose. In contrast, lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue increases in both fed and starved animals. These observations suggest that lipogenesis in brown adipose tissue is regulated by mechanisms in addition to, or other than, those operating in liver. The fate of newly synthesized lipid in brown adipose tissue is not known. However, the formation of palmitoyl-carnitine from palmitoyl-CoA and carnitine by mitochondria from brown fat was inhibited by malonyl-CoA. Although inhibition was not 100%, it is implied that mitochondrial uptake of the newly synthesized fat by the carnitine acyltransferase system is restricted under conditions of increased lipogenesis.

scholarly journals Plasma Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations Are Positively Associated with Brown Adipose Tissue Activity in Humans

Metabolites ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 388
Author(s):  
Angie S. Xiang ◽  
Corey Giles ◽  
Rebecca K.C. Loh ◽  
Melissa F. Formosa ◽  
Nina Eikelis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Docosahexaenoic Acid ◽  
Eicosapentaenoic Acid ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Surrogate Marker ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Lipid Species

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activation is a possible therapeutic strategy to increase energy expenditure and improve metabolic homeostasis in obesity. Recent studies have revealed novel interactions between BAT and circulating lipid species—in particular, the non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and oxylipin lipid classes. This study aimed to identify individual lipid species that may be associated with cold-stimulated BAT activity in humans. A panel of 44 NEFA and 41 oxylipin species were measured using mass-spectrometry-based lipidomics in the plasma of fourteen healthy male participants before and after 90 min of mild cold exposure. Lipid measures were correlated with BAT activity measured via 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose ([18F]FDG) positron emission tomography/computed tomography (PET/CT), along with norepinephrine (NE) concentration (a surrogate marker of sympathetic activity). The study identified a significant increase in total NEFA concentration following cold exposure that was positively associated with NE concentration change. Individually, 33 NEFA and 11 oxylipin species increased significantly in response to cold exposure. The concentration of the omega-3 NEFA, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) at baseline was significantly associated with BAT activity, and the cold-induced change in 18 NEFA species was significantly associated with BAT activity. No significant associations were identified between BAT activity and oxylipins.

scholarly journals Melatonin deficiency decreases brown adipose tissue acute thermogenic capacity in rats measured by 18F-FDG PET

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Halpern ◽  
Marcio C Mancini ◽  
Caroline Mendes ◽  
Camila Maria Longo Machado ◽  
Silvana Prando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

Abstract Objective: Melatonin has been shown to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass, which can lead to important metabolic effects, such as bodyweight reduction and glycemic improvement. However, BAT mass can only be measured invasively and. the gold standard for non-invasive measurement of BAT activity is positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-D-glucose (18F-FDG PET). There is no study, to our knowledge, that has evaluated if melatonin influences BAT activity, measured by this imaging technique in animals. Methods: Three experimental groups of Wistar rats (control, pinealectomy, and pinealectomy replaced with melatonin) had an 18F-FDG PET performed at room temperature and after acute cold exposure. The ratio of increased BAT activity after cold exposure/room temperature was called “acute thermogenic capacity” (ATC) We also measured UCP-1 mRNA expression to correlate with the 18F-FDG PET results. Results: Pinealectomy led to reduced acute thermogenic capacity, compared with the other groups, as well as reduced UCP1 mRNA expression.Conclusion: Melatonin deficiency impairs BAT response when exposed to acute cold exposure. These results can lead to future studies of the influence of melatonin on BAT, in animals and humans, without needing an invasive evaluation of BAT.

Sympathoadrenal system and regulation of thermogenesis

1984 ◽  
Vol 247 (2) ◽  
pp. E181-E189 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. Landsberg ◽  
M. E. Saville ◽  
J. B. Young
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Dietary Intake ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Interscapular Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Norepinephrine Turnover ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Diet Induced Thermogenesis

The sympathetic nervous system (SNS) plays a critical role in the regulation of mammalian thermogenic responses to cold exposure and dietary intake. Catecholamine-stimulated thermogenesis is mediated by the beta-adrenergic receptor. In the rat brown adipose tissue is the major site of metabolic heat production in response to both cold (nonshivering thermogenesis) and diet (diet-induced thermogenesis). Measurements of norepinephrine turnover rate in interscapular brown adipose tissue of the rat demonstrate increased sympathetic activity in response to both cold exposure and overfeeding. In adult humans, a physiologically significant role for brown adipose tissue has not been established but cannot be excluded. It appears likely that dietary changes in SNS activity are related, at least in part, to the changes in metabolic rate that occur in association with changes in dietary intake.

scholarly journals MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Brown adipose tissue in humans: regulation and metabolic significance

2016 ◽  
Vol 175 (1) ◽  
pp. R11-R25 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moe Thuzar ◽  
Ken K Y Ho
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Adipocytes ◽  
Metabolic Hormones ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Adipose Tissue Depots ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Adult Humans ◽  
Metabolic Significance

The recent discovery that functional brown adipose tissue (BAT) persists in adult humans has enkindled a renaissance in metabolic research, with a view of harnessing its thermogenic capacity to combat obesity. This review focuses on the advances in the regulation and the metabolic significance of BAT in humans. BAT activity in humans is stimulated by cold exposure and by several factors such as diet and metabolic hormones. BAT function is regulated at two levels: an acute process involving the stimulation of the intrinsic thermogenic activity of brown adipocytes and a chronic process of growth involving the proliferation of pre-existing brown adipocytes or differentiation to brown adipocytes of adipocytes from specific white adipose tissue depots. BAT activity is reduced in the obese, and its stimulation by cold exposure increases insulin sensitivity and reduces body fat. These observations provide strong evidence that BAT plays a significant role in energy balance in humans and has the potential to be harnessed as a therapeutic target for the management of obesity.

scholarly journals Cold and Exercise: Therapeutic Tools to Activate Brown Adipose Tissue and Combat Obesity

Biology ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carmem Peres Valgas da Silva ◽  
Diego Hernández-Saavedra ◽  
Joseph White ◽  
Kristin Stanford
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Energy Expenditure ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Lipid Uptake ◽  
Mitochondrial Uncoupling ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Brown Adipose

The rise in obesity over the last several decades has reached pandemic proportions. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that is involved in energy expenditure and represents an attractive target to combat both obesity and type 2 diabetes. Cold exposure and exercise training are two stimuli that have been investigated with respect to BAT activation, metabolism, and the contribution of BAT to metabolic health. These two stimuli are of great interest because they have both disparate and converging effects on BAT activation and metabolism. Cold exposure is an effective mechanism to stimulate BAT activity and increase glucose and lipid uptake through mitochondrial uncoupling, resulting in metabolic benefits including elevated energy expenditure and increased insulin sensitivity. Exercise is a therapeutic tool that has marked benefits on systemic metabolism and affects several tissues, including BAT. Compared to cold exposure, studies focused on BAT metabolism and exercise display conflicting results; the majority of studies in rodents and humans demonstrate a reduction in BAT activity and reduced glucose and lipid uptake and storage. In addition to investigations of energy uptake and utilization, recent studies have focused on the effects of cold exposure and exercise on the structural lipids in BAT and secreted factors released from BAT, termed batokines. Cold exposure and exercise induce opposite responses in terms of structural lipids, but an important overlap exists between the effects of cold and exercise on batokines. In this review, we will discuss the similarities and differences of cold exposure and exercise in relation to their effects on BAT activity and metabolism and its relevance for the prevention of obesity and the development of type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals Melatonin increases brown adipose tissue acute thermogenic capacity in rats measured by 18F-FDG PET

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Halpern ◽  
Marcio C Mancini ◽  
Caroline Mendes ◽  
Camila Maria Longo Machado ◽  
Silvana Prando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Metabolic Effects ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

Abstract Objective Melatonin has been shown to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass, which can lead to important metabolic effects, as bodyweight reduction and glycemic improvement. However, BAT mass can only be measured invasiveness, and the gold-standard for non-invasive measurement of BAT activity is positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18]fluoro-D-glucose ( 18 F-FDG PET). There is no study, to our knowledge that evaluated if melatonin influences BAT activity measured by this imaging technique. Methods Three experimental groups (control, pinealectomy, and pinealectomy replaced ith melatonin) performed 18 F-FDG PET in ambient temperature and after acute cold exposure. The ratio of increased BAT activity after cold exposure/ambient temperature was called “acute thermogenic capacity.” We also measured UCP-1 mRNA expression to correlate with 18 F-FDG PET results. Results Pinealectomy led to a reduced acute thermogenic capacity compared with the other groups, as well as a reduced UCP1 mRNA expression.Conclusion Melatonin deficiency apparently impairs BAT response to acute cold exposure. These results can lead to future studies of the influence of melatonin on BAT, in animals and humans, without the need for invasive evaluation of BAT.

scholarly journals Melatonin deficiency decreases brown adipose tissue acute thermogenic capacity of in rats measured by 18F-FDG PET

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruno Halpern ◽  
Marcio C. Mancini ◽  
Caroline Mendes ◽  
Camila Maria Longo Machado ◽  
Silvana Prando ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Mrna Expression ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Fdg Pet ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Acute Cold Exposure ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Thermogenic Capacity

Abstract Objective Melatonin has been shown to increase brown adipose tissue (BAT) mass, which can lead to important metabolic effects, such as bodyweight reduction and glycemic improvement. However, BAT mass can only be measured invasively and. The gold standard for non-invasive measurement of BAT activity is positron emission tomography with 2-deoxy-2-[fluorine-18] fluoro-d-glucose (18F-FDG PET). There is no study, to our knowledge, that has evaluated if melatonin influences BAT activity, measured by this imaging technique in animals. Methods Three experimental groups of Wistar rats (control, pinealectomy, and pinealectomy replaced with melatonin) had an 18F-FDG PET performed at room temperature and after acute cold exposure. The ratio of increased BAT activity after cold exposure/room temperature was called “acute thermogenic capacity” (ATC) We also measured UCP-1 mRNA expression to correlate with the 18F-FDG PET results. Results Pinealectomy led to reduced acute thermogenic capacity, compared with the other groups, as well as reduced UCP1 mRNA expression. Conclusion Melatonin deficiency impairs BAT response when exposed to acute cold exposure. These results can lead to future studies of the influence of melatonin on BAT, in animals and humans, without needing an invasive evaluation of BAT.

Abstract P496: Exosomes From Brown Adipose Tissue Contain Cardiac Gene-regulatory Elements

2021 ◽  
Vol 129 (Suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vikram Shettigar ◽  
Sarah Sturgill ◽  
Benjamin Hu ◽  
Lisa Baer ◽  
Carmem Peres Valgas Da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Adipose Tissue ◽  
Brown Adipose Tissue ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Heart Function ◽  
Regulatory Elements ◽  
Bat Activity ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Brown Adipose ◽  
Cardiac Gene

Exosomes, extracellular vesicles <150 nm, are vehicles for transporting information (i.e., cargo) allowing tissue to tissue communication. Depending on the cargo, exosomes can have beneficial or detrimental effects. Brown Adipose Tissue (BAT) is a thermogenic organ that modulates metabolism. BAT is also an endocrine organ affecting function of various distant tissue. We have recently shown that BAT is an important modulator of the healthy and diseased heart. Adipose tissue is a large source of circulating exosomes, but the effects of BAT and changing BAT activity on circulating exosome number and cargo are unknown. Identifying the role of BAT in modulating exosome number and cargo is important since the myocardium is highly responsive to exosomes. We used various known approaches that increase BAT activity (cold exposure, BATcold) or decrease BAT activity (BAT removal (BATless), obesity (HFD), aging (old)) and examined the number and content of circulating exosomes. Upon BAT activation via cold exposure, there was a large increase in circulating exosome numbers (see figure). All approaches that results in decreased BAT activity resulted in a decrease in circulating exosome numbers (see figure). We further examined the role of changing BAT activity on the content (i.e., cargo) of the exosomes, specifically focusing on miRNA. Interestingly, changing BAT activity resulted in large changes to the content of the exosomes, with some miRNA increasing levels and other miRNA decreasing levels. Some of these identified miRNA have been shown to exert beneficial effects on the heart and many miRNA having no defined effect on cardiac function. We believe that these BAT activated exosomes have the combination and proportion of circulatory miRNA necessary to enhance and maintain heart function. There is a great need for new strategies and approaches for treatment of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Our data suggest that a novel treatment strategy for CVD can be derived from BAT exosomes.

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