Gastric emptying, mouth-to-cecum transit, and glycemic, insulin, incretin, and energy intake responses to a mixed-nutrient liquid in lean, overweight, and obese males

2013 ◽  
Vol 304 (3) ◽  
pp. E294-E300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika V. Seimon ◽  
Ixchel M. Brennan ◽  
Antonietta Russo ◽  
Tanya J. Little ◽  
Karen L. Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Incretin Secretion ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Insulin Responses ◽  
The Impact

Observations relating to the impact of obesity on gastric emptying (GE) and the secretion of gut hormones are inconsistent, probably because of a lack of studies in which GE, gastrointestinal hormone release, and energy intake (EI) have been evaluated concurrently with previous patterns of nutrient intake. GE is known to be a major determinant of postprandial glycemia and incretin secretion in health and type 2 diabetes. The aims of this study were to determine the effects of a mixed-nutrient drink on GE, oro-cecal transit, blood glucose, insulin and incretin concentrations and EI, and the relationship between the glycemic response to the drink with GE in lean, overweight, and obese subjects. Twenty lean, 20 overweight, and 20 obese males had measurements of GE, oro-cecal transit, and blood glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GIP concentrations for 5 h after ingestion of a mixed-nutrient drink (500 ml, 532 kcal); EI at a subsequent buffet lunch was determined. Habitual EI was also quantified. Glycemic and insulinemic responses to the drink were greater in the obese (both P < 0.05) when compared with both lean and overweight, with no significant differences in GE, intragastric distribution, oro-cecal transit, incretins, or EI (buffet lunch or habitual) between groups. The magnitude of the rise in blood glucose after the drink was greater when GE was relatively more rapid ( r = −0.55, P < 0.05). In conclusion, in the absence of differences in habitual EI, both GE and incretin hormones are unaffected in the obese despite greater glucose and insulin responses, and GE is a determinant of postprandial glycemia.

scholarly journals Reproducibility of energy intake, gastric emptying, blood glucose, plasma insulin and cholecystokinin responses in healthy young males

2008 ◽  
Vol 101 (7) ◽  
pp. 1094-1102 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nivasinee S. Nair ◽  
Ixchel M. Brennan ◽  
Tanya J. Little ◽  
Diana Gentilcore ◽  
Trygve Hausken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Hormone Release ◽  
Intraindividual Variation ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Gastric emptying, as well as intragastric meal distribution, and gastrointestinal hormones, including cholecystokinin (CCK), play an important role in appetite regulation. The evaluation of gastrointestinal factors regulating food intake is commonly performed in healthy, lean, young male participants. It has, however, been suggested that there is a marked interindividual variability in the effects of nutrient ‘preloads’ on energy intake in this group. Whether there is significant intraindividual variation in acute energy intake after a nutrient preload, and, if so, how this relates to day-to-day differences in gastric emptying and gastrointestinal hormone release, is unclear. The purpose of the present paper is to evaluate the hypothesis that energy intake after a nutrient preload would be reproducible and associated with reproducible patterns of gastric emptying, intragastric distribution and gastrointestinal hormone release. Fifteen healthy men (age 25 (sem5) years) consumed a glucose preload (50 g glucose in 300 ml water; 815 kJ) on three occasions. Gastric emptying and intragastric meal distribution (using three-dimensional ultrasound), blood glucose, plasma insulin and CCK concentrations and appetite perceptions were evaluated over 90 min, and energy intake from a cold buffet-style meal was then quantified. Energy intake was highly reproducible within individuals between visits (intraclass correlation coefficient,ri = 0·9). Gastric emptying, intragastric meal distribution, blood glucose, plasma insulin and CCK concentrations and appetite perceptions did not differ between visits (ri>0·7 for all). In healthy males, energy intake is highly reproducible, at least in the short term, and is associated with reproducible patterns of gastric emptying, glycaemia, insulinaemia and CCK release.

scholarly journals Acute Effects of Substitution, and Addition, of Carbohydrates and Fat to Protein on Gastric Emptying, Blood Glucose, Gut Hormones, Appetite, and Energy Intake

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Giezenaar ◽  
Kylie Lange ◽  
Trygve Hausken ◽  
Karen Jones ◽  
Michael Horowitz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Olive Oil ◽  
Whey Protein ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Young Men ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Gut Hormone ◽  
G 28

Whey protein, when ingested on its own, load-dependently slows gastric emptying and stimulates gut hormone concentrations in healthy young men. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of substitution, and addition, of carbohydrate (dextrose) and fat (olive oil) to whey protein. In randomized, double-blind order, 13 healthy young men (age: 23 ± 1 years, body mass index: 24 ± 1 kg/m2) ingested a control drink (450 mL; ~2 kcal/‘control’) or iso-volumetric drinks containing protein/carbohydrate/fat: (i) 14 g/28 g/12.4 g (280 kcal/‘M280′), (ii) 70 g/28 g/12.4 g (504kcal/‘M504′), and (iii) 70 g/0 g/0 g (280 kcal/‘P280′), on 4 separate study days. Gastric emptying (n = 11, 3D-ultrasonography), blood glucose, plasma insulin, ghrelin, cholecystokinin (CCK) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) concentrations (0–180 min), appetite (visual analogue scales), and ad-libitum buffet-meal energy intake (180–210 min) were determined. Substitution of protein with carbohydrate and fat was associated with faster gastric emptying (lower 50% emptying time (T50)), reduced suppression of ghrelin, and stimulation of GLP-1 (all P < 0.001); while the addition of carbohydrate and fat to protein did not affect gastric emptying or gut hormone responses significantly. Total energy intake (i.e., drink plus meal) was greater after all caloric drinks than control (P < 0.001). In conclusion, substitution of whey protein with dextrose and olive oil accelerated gastric emptying. Higher protein content of a mixed macronutrient drink increased gut hormone and insulin responses.

Acceleration of Gastric Emptying by Insulin-Induced Hypoglycemia is Dependent on the Degree of Hypoglycemia

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tejaswini Arunachala Murthy ◽  
Jacqueline Grivell ◽  
Seva Hatzinikolas ◽  
Lee-anne S Chapple ◽  
Marianne J Chapman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Severe Hypoglycemia ◽  
Random Order ◽  
Solid Meal ◽  
Major Barrier ◽  
Postprandial Glycemia ◽  
Meal Ingestion ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Context Hypoglycemia is a major barrier to optimal glycemic control in insulin-treated diabetes. Recent guidelines from the American Diabetes Association have subcategorized “non-severe” hypoglycemia into level 1 (&lt;3.9 mmol/L) and 2 (&lt;3 mmol/L) hypoglycemia. Gastric emptying of carbohydrate is a major determinant of postprandial glycemia but its role in hypoglycemia counter-regulation remains underappreciated. “Marked” hypoglycemia (~2.6 mmol/L) accelerates gastric emptying and increases carbohydrate absorption in health and type 1 diabetes, but the impact of “mild” hypoglycemia (3.0-3.9 mmol/L) is unknown. Objective To determine the effects of 2 levels of hypoglycemia, 2.6 mmol/L (“marked”) and 3.6 mmol/L (“mild”), on gastric emptying in health. Design, Setting, and Subjects Fourteen healthy male participants (mean age: 32.9 ± 8.3 years; body mass index: 24.5 ± 3.4 kg/m2) from the general community underwent measurement of gastric emptying of a radiolabeled solid meal (100 g beef) by scintigraphy over 120 minutes on 3 separate occasions, while blood glucose was maintained at either ~2.6 mmol/L, ~3.6 mmol/L, or ~6 mmol/L in random order from 15 minutes before until 60 minutes after meal ingestion using glucose-insulin clamp. Blood glucose was then maintained at 6 mmol/L from 60 to 120 minutes on all days. Results Gastric emptying was accelerated during both mild (P = 0.011) and marked (P = 0.001) hypoglycemia when compared to euglycemia, and was more rapid during marked compared with mild hypoglycemia (P = 0.008). Hypoglycemia-induced gastric emptying acceleration during mild (r = 0.57, P = 0.030) and marked (r = 0.76, P = 0.0014) hypoglycemia was related to gastric emptying during euglycemia. Conclusion In health, acceleration of gastric emptying by insulin-induced hypoglycemia is dependent on the degree of hypoglycemia and baseline rate of emptying.

scholarly journals The effect of incorporating fat into different components of a meal on gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin responses

1989 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 285-290 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Cunningham ◽  
N. W. Read
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Delayed Gastric Emptying ◽  
The Other ◽  
Postprandial Blood Glucose ◽  
Lag Phase ◽  
Normal Volunteers ◽  
Insulin Responses

1. Three studies were carried out in each of six normal volunteers to investigate how lipid, when given at different stages during the course of a meal, affects gastric emptying and postprandial blood glucose and insulin concentrations.2. The control meal consisted of 300 ml beef consommé (50 kJ, 12 kcal), followed 20 min later by 300 g mashed potato (908 kJ, 217 kcal). In the two test meals, 60 g margarine were incorporated into either the soup or the mashed potato.3. The addition of margarine to either component of the meal delayed gastric emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05), but the pattern varied according to the component to which the fat was added.4. Incorporation of fat into the soup increased the lag phase (P< 0.05) but did not influence the slope of emptying of the mashed potato, while incorporation of fat into the mashed potato reduced the slope of emptying of the mashed potato (P< 0.05) but did not influence the lag phase.5. Addition of fat to either component of the meal reduced postprandial blood glucose (P< 0.05) and insulin responses, but when the fat was incorporated in the soup, peak glucose and insulin responses were delayed as well (P< 0.05).6. The results show that the effect of fat on gastric emptying and absorption of nutrients depends on when, in relation to the other components of the meal, the fat is consumed.

Load-dependent effects of duodenal glucose on glycemia, gastrointestinal hormones, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy men

2007 ◽  
Vol 293 (3) ◽  
pp. E743-E753 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia N. Pilichiewicz ◽  
Reawika Chaikomin ◽  
Ixchel M. Brennan ◽  
Judith M. Wishart ◽  
Christopher K. Rayner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormones ◽  
Saline Control ◽  
Gastrointestinal Hormone ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Glucose Plasma

Gastric emptying is a major determinant of glycemia, gastrointestinal hormone release, and appetite. We determined the effects of different intraduodenal glucose loads on glycemia, insulinemia, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and cholecystokinin (CCK), antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. Blood glucose, plasma hormone, and antropyloroduodenal motor responses to 120-min intraduodenal infusions of glucose at 1) 1 (“G1”), 2) 2 (“G2”), and 3) 4 (“G4”) kcal/min or of 4) saline (“control”) were measured in 10 healthy males in double-blind, randomized fashion. Immediately after each infusion, energy intake at a buffet meal was quantified. Blood glucose rose in response to all glucose infusions ( P < 0.05 vs. control), with the effect of G4 and G2 being greater than that of G1 ( P < 0.05) but with no difference between G2 and G4. The rises in insulin, GLP-1, GIP, and CCK were related to the glucose load ( r > 0.82, P < 0.05). All glucose infusions suppressed antral ( P < 0.05), but only G4 decreased duodenal, pressure waves ( P < 0.01), resulted in a sustained stimulation of basal pyloric pressure ( P < 0.01), and decreased energy intake ( P < 0.05). In conclusion, variations in duodenal glucose loads have differential effects on blood glucose, plasma insulin, GLP-1, GIP and CCK, antropyloroduodenal motility, and energy intake in healthy subjects. These observations have implications for strategies to minimize postprandial glycemic excursions in type 2 diabetes.

scholarly journals A Systemic Review of Worldwide Consumption of Ultra-Processed Foods: Findings and Criticisms

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 2778
Author(s):  
Mirko Marino ◽  
Federica Puppo ◽  
Cristian Del Bo’ ◽  
Valentina Vinelli ◽  
Patrizia Riso ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
The United States ◽  
Systemic Review ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Older Subjects ◽  
Actual Contribution ◽  
The Impact

A debate is ongoing on the significance and appropriateness of the NOVA classification as a tool for categorizing foods based on their degree of processing. As such, the role of ultra-processed food (UPF) on human health is still not completely understood. With this review, we aimed to investigate the actual level of consumption of UPF across countries and target populations to determine the impact in real contexts. Suitable articles published up to March 2021 were sourced through the PubMed and SCOPUS databases. Overall, 99 studies providing data on the level of UPF consumption expressed as the percentage of total energy intake were identified, for a total of 1,378,454 participants. Most of them were published in Brazil (n = 38) and the United States (n = 15), and the 24 h recall was the most-used tool (n = 63). Analysis of the results revealed that the United States and the United Kingdom were the countries with the highest percent energy intake from UPF (generally >50%), whereas Italy had the lowest levels (about 10%); the latter was inversely associated with adherence to the Mediterranean diet. High variability was also observed based on sex, age, and body mass index, with men, young people, and overweight/obese subjects generally having higher levels of consumption compared to older subjects. Overall, our findings underline the large differences in UPF intake. Since most of the observations derived from studies conducted with food questionnaires are not specifically validated for UPF, further efforts are essential to confirm the results previously obtained and to investigate further the association between UPF consumption and health status, also considering the actual contribution within different dietary patterns, which has been less investigated to date.

Variability of blood glucose and plasma insulin responses after replacing ham by egg in the breakfast of obese subjects

1988 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 605-615
Author(s):  
Christian Villaume ◽  
Bernard Beck ◽  
Nicolas Barthelemy ◽  
Raymond Rohr ◽  
Gérard Debry
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Plasma Insulin ◽  
Obese Subjects ◽  
Insulin Responses

scholarly journals Gastrointestinal Sensing of Meal-Related Signals in Humans, and Dysregulations in Eating-Related Disorders

Nutrients ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Hajishafiee ◽  
Vida Bitarafan ◽  
Christine Feinle-Bisset
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Gi Tract ◽  
Nutrient Contents ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Upper Gastrointestinal

The upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract plays a critical role in sensing the arrival of a meal, including its volume as well as nutrient and non-nutrient contents. The presence of the meal in the stomach generates a mechanical distension signal, and, as gastric emptying progresses, nutrients increasingly interact with receptors on enteroendocrine cells, triggering the release of gut hormones, with lipid and protein being particularly potent. Collectively, these signals are transmitted to the brain to regulate appetite and energy intake, or in a feedback loop relayed back to the upper GI tract to further adjust GI functions, including gastric emptying. The research in this area to date has provided important insights into how sensing of intraluminal meal-related stimuli acutely regulates appetite and energy intake in humans. However, disturbances in the detection of these stimuli have been described in a number of eating-related disorders. This paper will review the GI sensing of meal-related stimuli and the relationship with appetite and energy intake, and examine changes in GI responses to luminal stimuli in obesity, functional dyspepsia and anorexia of ageing, as examples of eating-related disorders. A much better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these dysregulations is still required to assist in the development of effective management and treatment strategies in the future.

Effects of varying combinations of intraduodenal lipid and carbohydrate on antropyloroduodenal motility, hormone release, and appetite in healthy males

2009 ◽  
Vol 296 (4) ◽  
pp. R912-R920 ◽  
Author(s):  
Radhika V. Seimon ◽  
Kate L. Feltrin ◽  
James H. Meyer ◽  
Ixchel M. Brennan ◽  
Judith M. Wishart ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
Gut Hormones ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Gut Function ◽  
Glucagon Like Peptide 1 ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
Healthy Males

Intraduodenal infusions of both lipid and glucose modulate antropyloroduodenal motility and stimulate plasma CCK, with lipid being more potent than glucose. Both stimulate glucagon-like peptide-1, but only lipid stimulates peptide YY (PYY), while only glucose raises blood glucose and stimulates insulin. When administered in combination, lipid and carbohydrate may, thus, have additive effects on energy intake. However, elevated blood glucose levels do not suppress energy intake, and the effect of insulin is controversial. We hypothesized that increasing the ratio of maltodextrin, a complex carbohydrate, relative to lipid would be associated with a reduction in effects on antropyloroduodenal pressures, gut hormones, appetite, and energy intake, when compared with lipid alone. Ten healthy males were studied on three occasions in double-blind, randomized order. Antropyloroduodenal pressures, plasma CCK, PYY and insulin, blood glucose, and appetite were measured during 90-min intraduodenal infusions of 1) 3 kcal/min lipid (L3), 2) 2 kcal/min lipid and 1 kcal/min maltodextrin (L2/CHO1), or 3) 1 kcal/min lipid and 2 kcal/min maltodextrin (L1/CHO2). Energy intake at a buffet lunch consumed immediately after the infusion was quantified. Reducing the lipid (thus, increasing the carbohydrate) content of the infusion was associated with reduced stimulation of basal pyloric pressures ( r = 0.76, P < 0.01), plasma CCK ( r = 0.66, P < 0.01), and PYY ( r = 0.98, P < 0.001), and reduced suppression of antral ( r = −0.64, P < 0.05) and duodenal ( r = −0.69, P < 0.05) pressure waves, desire-to-eat ( r = −0.8, P < 0.001), and energy intake ( r = 0.74, P < 0.01), with no differences in phasic (isolated) pyloric pressures. In conclusion, in healthy males, intraduodenal lipid is a more potent modulator of gut function, associated with greater suppression of energy intake, when compared with isocaloric combinations of lipid and maltodextrin.

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