Salt restriction lowers blood pressure at rest and during exercise without altering peripheral hemodynamics in hypertensive individuals

Dietary salt restriction is a well-established approach to lower blood pressure and reduce cardiovascular disease risk in hypertensive individuals. However, little is currently known regarding the effects of salt restriction on central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to exercise in those with hypertension. Therefore, this study sought to determine the impact of salt restriction on the central and peripheral hemodynamic responses to static-intermittent handgrip (HG) and dynamic single-leg knee extension (KE) exercise in individuals with hypertension. Twenty-two subjects (14 men and 8 women, 51 ± 10 yr, 173 ± 11 cm, 99 ± 23 kg) forewent their antihypertensive medication use for at least 2 wk before embarking on a 5-day liberal salt (LS: 200 mmol/day) diet followed by a 5-day restricted salt (RS: 10 mmol/day) diet. Subjects were studied at rest and during static intermittent HG exercise at 15, 30, and 45% of maximal voluntary contraction and KE exercise at 40, 60, and 80% of maximum KE work rate. Salt restriction lowered resting systolic blood pressure (supine: −12 ± 12 mmHg, seated: −17 ± 12 mmHg) and diastolic blood pressure (supine: −3 ± 9 mmHg, seated: −5 ± 7 mmHg, P < 0.05). Despite an ~8 mmHg lower mean arterial blood pressure during both HG and KE exercise following salt restriction, neither central nor peripheral hemodynamics were altered. Therefore, salt restriction can lower blood pressure during exercise in subjects with hypertension, reducing the risk of cardiovascular events, without impacting central and peripheral hemodynamics during either arm or leg exercise. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to examine the potential blood pressure-lowering benefit of a salt-restrictive diet in individuals with hypertension without any deleterious effects of exercising blood flow. While mean arterial pressure decreased by ~8 mmHg following salt restriction, these findings provide evidence for salt restriction to provide protective effects of reducing blood pressure without inhibiting central or peripheral hemodynamics required to sustain arm or leg exercise in subjects with hypertension.

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Deletion of proton-sensing receptor GPR4 associates with lower blood pressure and lower binding of angiotensin II receptor in SFO

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00410.2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 311 (6) ◽

pp. F1260-F1266 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Xuming Sun ◽

Ellen Tommasi ◽

Doris Molina ◽

Renu Sah ◽

K. Bridget Brosnihan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Angiotensin Ii ◽

Fractional Excretion ◽

Urine Osmolality ◽

Brain Regions ◽

Lower Blood Pressure ◽

Angiotensin Ii Receptor ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Fractional Excretion Of Sodium ◽

The Impact

Diets rich in grains and meat and low in fruits and vegetables (acid-producing diets) associate with incident hypertension, whereas vegetarian diets associate with lower blood pressure (BP). However, the pathways that sense and mediate the effects of acid-producing diets on BP are unknown. Here, we examined the impact of the deletion of an acid sensor GPR4 on BP. GPR4 is a proton-sensing G protein-coupled receptor and an acid sensor in brain, kidney, and blood vessels. We found that GPR4 mRNA was higher in subfornical organ (SFO) than other brain regions. GPR4 protein was abundant in SFO and present in capillaries throughout the brain. Since SFO partakes in BP regulation through the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), we measured BP in GPR4−/− and GPR4+/+ mice and found that GPR4 deletion associated with lower systolic BP: 87 ± 1 mmHg in GPR4−/− ( n = 35) vs. 99 ± 2 mmHg ( n = 29) in GPR4+/+; P < 0.0001, irrespective of age and sex. Angiotensin II receptors detected by 125I-Sarthran binding were lower in GPR4−/− than GPR4+/+ mice in SFO and in paraventricular nucleus of hypothalamus. Circulating angiotensin peptides were comparable in GPR4−/− and GPR4+/+ mice, as were water intake and excretion, serum and urine osmolality, and fractional excretion of sodium, potassium, or chloride. A mild metabolic acidosis present in GPR4−/− mice did not associate with elevated BP, implying that deficiency of GPR4 may preclude the effect of chronic acidosis on BP. Collectively, these results posit the acid sensor GPR4 as a novel component of central BP control through interactions with the RAS.

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Breastfeeding in the First Days of Life Is Associated With Lower Blood Pressure at 3 Years of Age

Journal of the American Heart Association ◽

10.1161/jaha.120.019067 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Kozeta Miliku ◽

Theo J. Moraes ◽

Allan B. Becker ◽

Piushkumar J. Mandhane ◽

Malcolm R. Sears ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Breast Milk ◽

Body Mass ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Maternal Body Mass Index ◽

Lower Blood Pressure ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Underlying Mechanisms

Background Breastfeeding in infancy is associated with lower cardiovascular disease risk in adulthood; however, the amount of breastfeeding required to achieve this benefit is unknown. Methods and Results In the CHILD (Canadian Healthy Infant Longitudinal Development) Cohort Study, we analyzed 2382 children with complete data on early life feeding and blood pressure. Infant feeding was documented from hospital records in the first few days of life and reported by mothers throughout infancy. Blood pressure was measured at 3 years of age. Analyses controlled for birth weight, gestational age, socioeconomic status, maternal body mass index, and other potential confounders. We found that nearly all children (2333/2382; 97.9%) were ever breastfed, of whom 98 (4.2%) only briefly received breast milk during their birth hospitalization (“early limited breastfeeding”). At 3 years of age, blood pressure was higher in children who were never breastfed (mean systolic/diastolic 103/60 mm Hg) compared with those who were ever breastfed (99/58 mm Hg), including those who received only early limited breastfeeding (99/57 mm Hg). These differences in systolic blood pressure persisted in adjusted models (ever breastfed: −3.47 mm Hg, 95% CI, −6.14 to −0.80; early limited breastfeeding: −4.24 mm Hg, 95% CI, −7.45 to −1.04). Among breastfed children, there was no significant dose‐response association according to the duration or exclusivity of breastfeeding. Associations were not mediated by child body mass index. Conclusions Although the benefits of sustained and exclusive breastfeeding are indisputable, this study indicates any breastfeeding, regardless of duration or exclusivity, is associated with lower blood pressure at 3 years of age. Further research examining the bioactive components of early breast milk, underlying mechanisms, and long‐term associations is warranted.

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Phytochemical Screening and Antihypertensive Testing of Traditional Medicinal Ingredients of Indonesia

International Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Medicine ◽

10.47760/ijpsm.2021.v06i07.005 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (7) ◽

pp. 50-60

Author(s):

Oryza Sativa Fitriani ◽

Suhatri Suhatri ◽

Harrizul Rivai

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Antihypertensive Effect ◽

Chemical Compounds ◽

Medicinal Herb ◽

Male Rats ◽

Lower Blood Pressure ◽

Phytochemical Screening ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Phytochemical Compounds

Traditional medicinal ingredients originating from the Province of East Kalimantan (Indonesia) with the composition of meniran leaves (Phyllanthus niruri L.), cat whiskers leaves (Orthosiphon aristatus), ceplukan leaves (Physalis minima L.), and lempuyang emprit rhizome (Zingiberis amaricana Bl.) are used to help lower blood pressure by the local community. This study aimed to analyze the content of chemical compounds, determine the levels of chemical compounds, and the antihypertensive effect of these traditional medicinal ingredients. This traditional medicinal herb is made into a fine powder and then brewed with boiling water. Phytochemical screening and determination of levels of phytochemical compounds were carried out on these traditional medicinal ingredients. Testing the antihypertensive effect of these traditional medicinal ingredients was carried out on white male rats. The results of the qualitative analysis showed that the chemical compounds contained in the traditional medicinal ingredients were flavonoids, phenols, tannins, and carbohydrates. Quantitative analysis of the traditional medicinal ingredients showed that the content of flavonoid compounds was 0.6375%, phenolic compounds were 3.2412%, and tannin compounds were 0.6593%. Testing the antihypertensive effect of this traditional medicinal herb on rats can reduce systolic, diastolic, and arterial blood pressure. The conclusion is that this traditional medicinal herb contains phytochemical compounds that can help lower blood pressure in rats.

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Salt restriction might lower blood pressure, but are there any beneficial effects on mortality?

Nature Reviews Cardiology ◽

10.1038/nrcardio.2011.113 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 8 (9) ◽

pp. 479-479

Author(s):

Gregory B. Lim

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Lower Blood Pressure ◽

Salt Restriction ◽

Beneficial Effects ◽

Lower Blood

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Cerebral autoregulation following minor head injury

Neurosurgical FOCUS ◽

10.3171/foc.1997.2.1.1 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. E1

Author(s):

Elisabeth C. Jünger ◽

David W. Newell ◽

Gerald A. Grant ◽

Anthony M. Avellino ◽

Saadi Ghatan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Head Injury ◽

Cerebral Autoregulation ◽

Minor Head Injury ◽

Doppler Velocity ◽

Lower Blood Pressure ◽

Arterial Blood ◽

Lower Blood ◽

Head Injured ◽

Injured Patients

The purpose of this study was to determine whether patients with minor head injury experience impairments in cerebral autoregulation. Twenty-nine patients with minor head injuries defined by Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores of 13 to 15 underwent testing of dynamic cerebral autoregulation within 48 hours of their injury using continuous transcranial Doppler velocity recordings and blood pressure recordings. Twenty-nine age-matched normal volunteers underwent autoregulation testing in the same manner to establish comparison values. The function of the autoregulatory response was assessed by the cerebral blood flow velocity response to induced rapid brief changes in arterial blood pressure and measured as the autoregulation index (ARI).Eight (28%) of the 29 patients with minor head injury demonstrated poorly functioning or absent cerebral autoregulation versus none of the controls, and this difference was highly significant (p = 0.008). A significant correlation between lower blood pressure and worse autoregulation was found by regression analysis in head-injured patients (r = 0.6, p < 0.001); however, lower blood pressure did not account for the autoregulatory impairment in all patients. Within this group of head-injured patients there was no correlation between ARI and initial GCS or 1-month Glasgow Outcome Scale scores. This study indicates that a significant number of patients with minor head injury may have impaired cerebral autoregulation and may be at increased risk for secondary ischemic neuronal damage.

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