Work performance of trained rats as affected by corticoadrenal steroids and by adrenalectomy

1960 ◽  
Vol 199 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-866
Author(s):  
Charles A. Winter ◽  
Lars Flataker
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Adrenal Insufficiency ◽  
Work Performance ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Food Reward ◽  
Narrow Range ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Fasted Rats

Fasted rats trained to climb a rope for a food reward were capable of carrying added weights approximately equal to their own body weights. The logclimbing time in seconds was linearly related to the total weight of the animal plus added load within a narrow range of body weight. When correction was made for skeletal muscle mass, the rate of work performance in gram-meters per long second per gram muscle was essentially the same over a wide range of body weights and of added load. Work performance as measured by this preparation was sensitive to changes in glucocorticoid levels, and was increased by cortisone or hydrocortisone in either intact or adrenalectomized animals, and was decreased by adrenal insufficiency.

scholarly journals Skeletal muscle mass is associated with erythropoietin response in hemodialysis patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tomoaki Takata ◽  
Yukari Mae ◽  
Kentaro Yamada ◽  
Sosuke Taniguchi ◽  
Shintaro Hamada ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Transferrin Saturation ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Hemodialysis Patients ◽  
Maintenance Hemodialysis ◽  
Weekly Dose

Abstract Background Hyporesponsiveness to erythropoietin stimulating agent (ESA) is associated with poor outcomes in patients with chronic kidney disease. Although ESA hyporesponsiveness and sarcopenia have a common pathophysiological background, clinical evidence linking them is scarce. The purpose of the study was to investigate the relationship between ESA responsiveness and skeletal muscle mass in hemodialysis patients. Methods This cross-sectional study analyzed 70 patients on maintenance hemodialysis who were treated with ESA. ESA responsiveness was evaluated by erythropoietin resistance index (ERI), calculated as a weekly dose of ESA divided by body weight and hemoglobin (IU/kg/week/dL), and a weekly dose of ESA/hemoglobin (IU/week/dL). A dose of ESA is equivalated to epoetin β. Correlations between ESA responsiveness and clinical parameters including skeletal muscle mass were analyzed. Results Among the 70 patients, ERI was positively correlated to age (p < 0.002) and negatively correlated to height (p < 0.001), body weight (p < 0.001), BMI (p < 0.001), skeletal muscle mass (p < 0.001), transferrin saturation (TSAT) (p = 0.049), and zinc (p = 0.006). In the multiple linear regression analysis, TSAT, zinc, and skeletal muscle mass were associated with ERI and weekly ESA dose/hemoglobin. Conclusions Skeletal muscle mass was the independent predictor for ESA responsiveness as well as TSAT and zinc. Sarcopenia is another target for the management of anemia in patients with hemodialysis.

scholarly journals Body composition and energy intake — skeletal muscle mass is the strongest predictor of food intake in obese adolescents: The HEARTY trial

2016 ◽  
Vol 41 (6) ◽  
pp. 611-617 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jameason D. Cameron ◽  
Ronald J. Sigal ◽  
Glen P. Kenny ◽  
Angela S. Alberga ◽  
Denis Prud’homme ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Composition ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Energy Intake ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Fat Free Mass ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Percentage Body Fat ◽  
Obese Adolescents

There has been renewed interest in examining the relationship between specific components of energy expenditure and the overall influence on energy intake (EI). The purpose of this cross-sectional analysis was to determine the strongest metabolic and anthropometric predictors of EI. It was hypothesized that resting metabolic rate (RMR) and skeletal muscle mass would be the strongest predictors of EI in a sample of overweight and obese adolescents. 304 post-pubertal adolescents (91 boys, 213 girls) aged 16.1 (±1.4) years with body mass index at or above the 95th percentile for age and sex OR at or above the 85th percentile plus an additional diabetes risk factor were measured for body weight, RMR (kcal/day) by indirect calorimetry, body composition by magnetic resonance imaging (fat free mass (FFM), skeletal muscle mass, fat mass (FM), and percentage body fat), and EI (kcal/day) using 3 day food records. Body weight, RMR, FFM, skeletal muscle mass, and FM were all significantly correlated with EI (p < 0.005). After adjusting the model for age, sex, height, and physical activity, only FFM (β = 21.9, p = 0.007) and skeletal muscle mass (β = 25.8, p = 0.02) remained as significant predictors of EI. FFM and skeletal muscle mass also predicted dietary protein and fat intake (p < 0.05), but not carbohydrate intake. In conclusion, with skeletal muscle mass being the best predictor of EI, our results support the hypothesis that the magnitude of the body’s lean tissue is related to absolute levels of EI in a sample of inactive adolescents with obesity.

scholarly journals Creatinine/(cystatin C × body weight) ratio is associated with skeletal muscle mass index

2020 ◽  
Vol 67 (7) ◽  
pp. 733-740 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kensuke Nishida ◽  
Yoshitaka Hashimoto ◽  
Ayumi Kaji ◽  
Takuro Okamura ◽  
Ryousuke Sakai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Cystatin C ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Body Weight Ratio ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass Index

Clinical pharmacokinetics (PK) of BMS-936558, a fully human anti-PD-1 monoclonal antibody.

2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. TPS2622-TPS2622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shruti Agrawal ◽  
Yan Feng ◽  
Georgia Kollia ◽  
Sally Saeger ◽  
Martin Ullmann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Monoclonal Antibody ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Half Life ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Volume Of Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Potentially Clinically Significant ◽  
Dose Proportional

TPS2622 Background: BMS-936558 is a fully human IgG4 monoclonal antibody targeted against human Programed Death-1 (PD1) receptor on activated T and B lymphocytes. Blocking of PD-1 prevents these activated cells from becoming anergic, thereby maintaining anti-tumor immunologic activity. Methods: The PK of BMS-936558 was characterized with data from a single ascending dose (SAD) and a multiple ascending dose (MAD) study in subjects with advanced solid malignancies. Subjects received a single IV infusion of 0.3 to 10 mg/kg BMS-936558 in the SAD study (MDX-1106-01 Study) and 0.1 to 10 mg/kg BMS-936558 every two weeks in the MAD study (MDX-1106-03/CA209003 Study). The PK of BMS-936558 was characterized by non-compartmental analysis of intensively sampled PK data from a SAD study, as well as by population PK analysis of available intensive and sparse PK data from the SAD and MAD studies, respectively. Results: The PK of BMS-936558 is linear in the studied dose range with dose-proportional increase in Cmax and AUC with low to moderate (20-44%) inter-subject variability. Geometric mean clearance ranged from 0.13 - 0.19 mL/h/kg, whereas mean volume of distribution ranged from 83 -113 mL/kg. The range of mean terminal elimination half-life of BMS-936558 is 17 to 25 days which is consistent with half-life of endogenous IgG4. BMS-936558 PK was adequately described by a linear two-compartment model, and there was no evidence of a contribution of target mediated drug disposition to drug elimination within tested dose range. Body weight and gender are potentially clinically significant covariate for both clearance and volume of distribution (> 20% effect); and baseline CRP, LDH, and albumin are potentially clinically significant covariates for CL. The body weight normalized dosing employed produces trough concentrations that are approximately constant over a wide range of body weights. Conclusions: The pharmacokinetics of BMS-936558 is dose-proportional and body weight normalized dosing is appropriate to ensure consistent exposure over a wide range of body weights.

Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) inhibition to increase muscle mass and function in cancer cachexia.

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e15633-e15633
Author(s):  
Matthew Peloquin ◽  
Brianna LaCarubba ◽  
Stephanie Joaqium ◽  
Gregory Weber ◽  
John Stansfield ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Muscle Function ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Cancer Cachexia ◽  
Tumor Model ◽  
Growth Differentiation Factor 15 ◽  
Myostatin Inhibition ◽  
And Function

e15633 Background: Almost half of cancer deaths are attributed to cancers most frequently associated with cachexia. Cachexia is a complex metabolic disease characterized by anorexia and unintentional weight loss. Skeletal muscle depletion has been recognized as a key feature of the disease, however muscle anabolic therapies have not been successful, suggesting that treatments that target multiple aspects of the disease will be most effective. Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) is a cytokine that induces anorexia and weight loss and is associated with cachexia in cancer patients. In preclinical cancer cachexia models, GDF-15 inhibition is sufficient to normalize food intake and body weight, including skeletal muscle mass. However, it remains to be determined whether the increased skeletal muscle mass also results in restoration of muscle function. Therefore, we examined the effect of GDF-15 inhibition on muscle mass and function in mouse models of cancer cachexia in comparison with myostatin inhibition, an established muscle anabolic pathway. Methods: Cachectic mouse tumor models were established with subcutaneous implantation of tumor cell lines reported to be GDF-15-dependent; mouse renal cell carcinoma (RENCA) and human ovarian cancer (TOV-21G) cell lines. Mice were treated with anti-GDF-15 (mAB2) or anti-myostatin (RK35) monoclonal antibodies and skeletal muscle function was assessed in vivo via maximum force, maximum rate of contraction and half relax time. In the RENCA tumor model, GDF-15 inhibition fully restored body weight and skeletal muscle mass whereas myostatin inhibition showed only a modest effect. Results: Consistent with the muscle mass improvement, GDF-15 inhibition dramatically increased functional muscle endpoints compared to the partial effect of myostatin inhibition. Interestingly, in the TOV-21G tumor model GDF-15 inhibition only partially restored body weight, however skeletal muscle mass and muscle function were completely normalized. Consistent with the functional assessment, GDF-15 inhibition in the RENCA tumor model decreased the expression of several catabolic genes (i.e. Trim63, Fbxo32, Myh7 and Myh2). The GDF-15 effect is likely to be secondary to the reversal of anorexia since wildtype mice pair-fed to Fc-GDF-15-treated mice demonstrated equivalent muscle mass loss. Conclusions: Taken together these data suggest that GDF-15 inhibition holds potential as an effective therapeutic approach to alleviate multiple aspects of cachexia.

Development of the testis and epididymis of the Clun Forest ram

1971 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-441 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Colyer
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Subsequent Phase ◽  
Dimensional Growth ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Ram Lambs

SUMMARYObservations were made on the development of the testes and epididymides of thirty-two Clun Forest ram lambs. There were no significant differences between the weights and volumes of the left and right testes and epididymides.The rate of increase in testicular and epididymal weights was linear up to a body weight of 46 lb (20·9 kg) followed subsequently by a significantly greater rate of increase at higher body weights. Similar patterns of growth occurred in relation to age, although at a given age there was a wide range of testicular and epididymal weights. There was a close relationship between the development of the testis and the epididymis at body weights greater than 46 lb (20·9 kg).There were two distinct phases in the dimensional growth of the testis. Increases in testicular length and breadth proceeded at much the same rate at testis weights of below 20 g. During the subsequent phase testicular length increased at a significantly greater rate than testis breadth.

Avian Egg Morphometrics - Allometric Models of Egg Volume, Clutch Volume and Shape

1994 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 307 ◽  
Author(s):  
PD Olsen ◽  
RB Cunningham ◽  
CF Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Body Size ◽  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Clutch Size ◽  
Egg Volume ◽  
Simple Power ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Body Weights ◽  
Body Sizes ◽  
Simple Power Function

This paper describes three comprehensive new models of the allometric relationships between egg volume, clutch volume and shape, and body weight. Mean egg dimensions, clutch sizes and adult body weights were obtained for 326 species, mainly of four bird types: raptors (including owls), shorebirds, frogmouths (including nightjars), and storks (including the New World vultures). These are groups in which there is a wide range of body sizes and of sexual dimorphism in body size (in direction and degree). Female body weight alone accounted for 92% of the variation in egg volume. Sexual dimorphism in body size, phylogenetic relationship, and clutch size were significant contributors to the model of egg volume; their addition increased the explained variance to over 98%. The model was curvilinear (quadratic) in form, rather than linear as assumed in previous models. Larger species laid smaller eggs than expected under a simple power function. For the fitted model, within bird types, generic groupings had parallel curvilinear slopes but differing intercepts. Between bird types, the slopes differed. Clutch volume was scaled to body weight; all the bird types had a common slope, which was curvilinear. Body weight and dimorphism accounted for 89.5% of the variation in clutch volume. For all bird types, eggs became proportionally longer in shape as body weight increased, according to a simple power law. The relevance of these relationships to hypotheses on the evolution and adaptive significance of sexual dimorphism and to the trade-off between egg size and clutch size is discussed briefly.

scholarly journals Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Protect Muscle Loss by miR-145-5p Activity Targeting Activin A Receptors

Cells ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 2169
Author(s):  
Kyung-Ah Cho ◽  
Da-Won Choi ◽  
Yu-Hee Kim ◽  
Jungwoo Kim ◽  
Kyung-Ha Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Total Body Weight ◽  
Activin A ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Muscle Loss ◽  
Total Body

Skeletal muscle mass is decreased under a wide range of pathologic conditions. In particular, chemotherapy is well known for inducing muscle loss and atrophy. Previous studies using tonsil-derived mesenchymal stem cells (T-MSCs) or a T-MSC-conditioned medium showed effective recovery of total body weight in the chemotherapy-preconditioned bone marrow transplantation mouse model. This study investigated whether extracellular vesicles of T-MSCs, such as exosomes, are a key player in the recovery of body weight and skeletal muscle mass in chemotherapy-treated mice. T-MSC exosomes transplantation significantly decreased loss of total body weight and muscle mass in the busulfan-cyclophosphamide conditioning regimen in BALB/c recipient mice containing elevated serum activin A. Additionally, T-MSC exosomes rescued impaired C2C12 cell differentiation in the presence of activin A in vitro. We found that T-MSC exosomes possess abundant miR-145-5p, which targets activin A receptors, ACVR2A, and ACVR1B. Indeed, T-MSC exosomes rescue muscle atrophy both in vivo and in vitro via miR-145-5p dependent manner. These results suggest that T-MSC exosomes have therapeutic potential to maintain or improve skeletal muscle mass in various activin A elevated pathologic conditions.

scholarly journals Effect of Daily Macadamia Nut Consumption on Anthropometric Indices in Overweight and Obese Men and Women

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 589-589
Author(s):  
Julie Jones ◽  
Sujatha Rajaram ◽  
Celine Heskey ◽  
Rawiwan Sirirat ◽  
Abigail Clarke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Body Weight ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Body Fat ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Percent Body Fat ◽  
Daily Consumption ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Macadamia Nuts

Abstract Objectives We sought to assess the effect of daily consumption of macadamia nuts as 15% of calories on body weight, BMI, waist circumference, percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass in overweight/obese men and women with elevated cardiometabolic risk. Methods Utilizing a randomized crossover design, we randomized 38 subjects to consume macadamia nuts daily as 15% of calories for 8 weeks (intervention) and their usual diet for 8 weeks (control), with a 2-week washout. Three subjects dropped out early; n = 35 for analysis. Subjects were healthy men and postmenopausal women with a BMI of 25–39, a waist circumference of &gt;101.6 cm for men and &gt;88.9 cm for women, and one additional cardiovascular risk factor (fasting plasma glucose &gt;100 mg/dL, triglycerides ≥150 mg/dl, total cholesterol &gt;200 mg/dL, LDL-C &gt; 100 mg/dL, blood pressure ≥130/85 mmHg or taking anti-hypertensive medication). Macadamia nuts were provided in pre-weighed daily portions as 15% of calories calculated using the Mifflin-St. Jeor equation. Percent body fat and skeletal muscle mass (kg) were determined by bioelectrical impedance analysis. A mixed model analysis was performed with treatment, sequence, phase, and baseline values as fixed-effect terms and subjects as a random-effects term. Results Compared to control, consumption of macadamia nuts led to a mean weight change of –348 g (84.13 vs. 83.78 kg; P = 0.15) a mean BMI change of –0.15 kg/m2 (30.61 vs. 30.47 kg/m2; P = 0.12), and a mean waist circumference change of 0.17 cm (107.41 vs. 107.58 cm; P = 0.61). Percent body fat increased by an average of 0.26% after eating nuts (42.70 vs. 42.96%; P = 0.16). Skeletal muscle mass was slightly but significantly lower after eating nuts with a mean change of –0.237 kg (26.33 vs. 26.09 kg; P = 0.017). Conclusions Daily consumption of high-fat macadamia nuts for eight weeks in overweight and obese individuals did not change anthropometrics including body weight, BMI, waist circumference, and % body fat. Skeletal muscle mass was slightly lowered but likely not clinically relevant. Funding Sources Hort Innovation, Sydney, Australia.

Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity

1997 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-239 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dympna Gallagher ◽  
Marjolein Visser ◽  
Ronald E. De Meersman ◽  
Dennis Sepúlveda ◽  
Richard N. Baumgartner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
African Americans ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Mass ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Mass Effects ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Appendicular Skeletal Muscle Mass

Gallagher, Dympna, Marjolein Visser, Ronald E. De Meersman, Dennis Sepúlveda, Richard N. Baumgartner, Richard N. Pierson, Tamara Harris, and Steven B. Heymsfield. Appendicular skeletal muscle mass: effects of age, gender, and ethnicity. J. Appl. Physiol. 83(1): 229–239, 1997.—This study tested the hypothesis that skeletal muscle mass is reduced in elderly women and men after adjustment first for stature and body weight. The hypothesis was evaluated by estimating appendicular skeletal muscle mass with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry in a healthy adult cohort. A second purpose was to test the hypothesis that whole body40K counting-derived total body potassium (TBK) is a reliable indirect measure of skeletal muscle mass. The independent effects on both appendicular skeletal muscle and TBK of gender ( n = 148 women and 136 men) and ethnicity ( n = 152 African-Americans and 132 Caucasians) were also explored. Main findings were 1) for both appendicular skeletal muscle mass (total, leg, and arm) and TBK, age was an independent determinant after adjustment first by stepwise multiple regression for stature and weight (multiple regression model r 2 = ∼0.60); absolute decrease with greater age in men was almost double that in women; significantly larger absolute amounts were observed in men and African-Americans after adjustment first for stature, weight, and age; and >80% of within-gender or -ethnic group between-individual component variation was explained by stature, weight, age, gender, and ethnicity differences; and 2) most of between-individual TBK variation could be explained by total appendicular skeletal muscle ( r 2 = 0.865), whereas age, gender, and ethnicity were small but significant additional covariates (total r 2 = 0.903). Our study supports the hypotheses that skeletal muscle is reduced in the elderly and that TBK provides a reasonable indirect assessment of skeletal muscle mass. These findings provide a foundation for investigating skeletal muscle mass in a wide range of health-related conditions.

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