Adrenal cortex and neurohypophyseal deficiency in salt and water homeostasis of rats

1962 ◽  
Vol 203 (4) ◽  
pp. 697-701 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sydney M. Friedman ◽  
Frank A. Sréter ◽  
Miyoshi Nakashima ◽  
Constance L. Friedman
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Equilibrium Distribution ◽  
Sodium Gradient ◽  
Adrenal Deficiency ◽  
Intracellular Compartments ◽  
Potassium Gradient ◽  
Sodium And Potassium ◽  
Intermediate Pattern

The role of adrenal cortex and neurohypophysis in controlling the equilibrium distribution and handling of water, sodium, and potassium was studied for a 2-week period in rats deprived of these glands. Adrenal deficiency is characterized by a loss of sodium from both extracellular and intracellular compartments (gastrocnemius, aorta) and a shift of water into cells. The sodium gradient, [Na]o/[Na]i, remains relatively unchanged. There is a marked fall in the potassium gradient, [K]i/[K]o, due in large part to the shift of water and in smaller part to a translocation of potassium. Neurohypophyseal deficiency is characterized mainly by an increase in intracellular sodium both in amount and concentration. A salt load administered by stomach tube tends to be excessively retained when cell sodium is low and excessively rejected when it is high. Animals deprived of both adrenal and neurohypophyseal function show an intermediate pattern. The pattern of salt and water distribution in either deficiency thus depends in part on the activity of the remaining gland. It is suggested that adrenal insufficiency and diabetes insipidus are counterpoint states.

scholarly journals Water Distribution from Artificial Recharge via Infiltration Basin under Constant Head Conditions

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 1052
Author(s):  
Tiansong Qi ◽  
Longcang Shu ◽  
Hu Li ◽  
Xiaobo Wang ◽  
Yanqing Men ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vadose Zone ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Artificial Recharge ◽  
Buffer Zone ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Correlation And Regression Analysis ◽  
Infiltration Basin ◽  
Constant Head ◽  
3D Software

The vadose zone plays a significant role during artificial recharge via the infiltration basin. Its thickness, lithology, heterogeneity, among others greatly affect the recharge efficiency. The main objective of this research is to establish the role of the vadose zone and the impacts of infiltration basin features and vadose zone factors on water distributions. In this work, an ideal conceptual model was considered, and mathematical models were built using HYDRUS (2D/3D) software package version 2.05. A total of 138 numerical experiments were implemented under seven types of experimental conditions. The experimental data were analyzed with the aid of correlation and regression analysis. The results showed that infiltration basin features and vadose zone factors had various impacts on water distribution, low permeability formation had various effects on evaporation depending on its depth, and there were consistent, similar, or different variation trends between infiltration and recharge. In conclusion, it is recommended that when the vadose zones are to be chosen as an infiltration basin site, the trade-off among the infiltration, recharge, storage, and evaporation should be seriously considered. This paper may contribute to a better understanding of the vadose zone as a buffer zone for artificial recharge.

scholarly journals Role of the V1G1 subunit of V-ATPase in breast cancer cell migration

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria De Luca ◽  
Roberta Romano ◽  
Cecilia Bucci
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cell Migration ◽  
Cell Motility ◽  
Cancer Progression ◽  
Tumor Formation ◽  
Downstream Signaling ◽  
Late Endosomes ◽  
Intracellular Compartments

AbstractV-ATPase is a large multi-subunit complex that regulates acidity of intracellular compartments and of extracellular environment. V-ATPase consists of several subunits that drive specific regulatory mechanisms. The V1G1 subunit, a component of the peripheral stalk of the pump, controls localization and activation of the pump on late endosomes and lysosomes by interacting with RILP and RAB7. Deregulation of some subunits of the pump has been related to tumor invasion and metastasis formation in breast cancer. We observed a decrease of V1G1 and RAB7 in highly invasive breast cancer cells, suggesting a key role of these proteins in controlling cancer progression. Moreover, in MDA-MB-231 cells, modulation of V1G1 affected cell migration and matrix metalloproteinase activation in vitro, processes important for tumor formation and dissemination. In these cells, characterized by high expression of EGFR, we demonstrated that V1G1 modulates EGFR stability and the EGFR downstream signaling pathways that control several factors required for cell motility, among which RAC1 and cofilin. In addition, we showed a key role of V1G1 in the biogenesis of endosomes and lysosomes. Altogether, our data describe a new molecular mechanism, controlled by V1G1, required for cell motility and that promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis.

ROLE OF THE ADRENAL CORTEX IN DISEASE

1951 ◽  
Vol 2 (17) ◽  
pp. 549-553
Author(s):  
Keith Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Adrenal Cortex

Gut peptides and the autonomic nervous system in cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcer. Role of adrenal cortex and medulla

1990 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 258
Author(s):  
Kimitoshi Koto ◽  
Kazuhiro Imatake ◽  
Hideki Mochizuki ◽  
Tomio Haramoto ◽  
Emiko Ito ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Duodenal Ulcer ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Adrenal Cortex ◽  
Gut Peptides ◽  
Autonomic Nervous

scholarly journals A thermodynamic formulation of root water uptake

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (8) ◽  
pp. 3441-3454 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anke Hildebrandt ◽  
Axel Kleidon ◽  
Marcel Bechmann
Keyword(s):  
Soil Water ◽  
Water Uptake ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Bound Water ◽  
Root Water Uptake ◽  
Flow Path ◽  
Thermodynamic Evaluation ◽  
Entire Flow ◽  
Soil Water Distribution

Abstract. By extracting bound water from the soil and lifting it to the canopy, root systems of vegetation perform work. Here we describe how root water uptake can be evaluated thermodynamically and demonstrate that this evaluation provides additional insights into the factors that impede root water uptake. We derive an expression that relates the energy export at the base of the root system to a sum of terms that reflect all fluxes and storage changes along the flow path in thermodynamic terms. We illustrate this thermodynamic formulation using an idealized setup of scenarios with a simple model. In these scenarios, we demonstrate why heterogeneity in soil water distribution and rooting properties affect the impediment of water flow even though the mean soil water content and rooting properties are the same across the scenarios. The effects of heterogeneity can clearly be identified in the thermodynamics of the system in terms of differences in dissipative losses and hydraulic energy, resulting in an earlier start of water limitation in the drying cycle. We conclude that this thermodynamic evaluation of root water uptake conveniently provides insights into the impediments of different processes along the entire flow path, which goes beyond resistances and also accounts for the role of heterogeneity in soil water distribution.

The Role of Cost Breakdown Structure in Life Cycle Cost Model

2015 ◽  
Vol 74 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ooi Chu Hui ◽  
Abdul Hakim Mohammed
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Cost Model ◽  
Pipeline Networks ◽  
Useful Life ◽  
Cost Breakdown Structure ◽  
Cost Breakdown

This paper highlights the basic process of developing a life cycle cost model and the role of cost breakdown structure for water distribution pipeline networks. A life cycle cost is the total cost of owning an asset during its predicted useful life, while a cost breakdown structure illustrates all the costs emerged in each single phase of the asset’s life cycle cost. Its purpose is to identify, define and organize all cost elements to be taken into account in a life cycle cost. Each cost element included in developing a cost breakdown structure will also be discussed in this paper.

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