Mechanisms by which ganglioplegics and atropine enhance cardiovascular responsiveness

1963 ◽  
Vol 205 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irvine H. Page ◽  
J. W. McCubbin
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Direct Effect ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Single Experiment ◽  
System Responsiveness ◽  
Expected Increase

At least four mechanisms contribute to the increased responsiveness to pressor drugs caused by ganglioplegic agents: 1) Elimination of parasympathetic reflexes alone was found to have a prominent effect on pressor responsiveness, especially to norepinephrine. 2) Elimination of sympathetic compensatory reflexes caused the expected increase in responsiveness. 3) Tetraethylammonium had a direct effect on blood vessels of the dog's perfused hind limb that resulted in sensitization to norepinephrine, though not to angiotensin; this direct effect of the ganglioplegic was similar to that produced by surgical denervation. 4) Tetraethylammonium caused enhancement of response to epinephrine but not to norepinephrine in pithed cats and this effect seems best explained by a blocking action of the ganglioplegic on adrenergic vasodilator receptors. Because of the participation of these different mechanisms, ganglioplegics and surgical denervation do not necessarily affect pressor responsiveness in the same manner. Additionally, the different mechanisms involved account for the various degrees of augmentation of response to different pressor drugs since the latter have their major actions on different portions of the cardiovascular system. Responsiveness may vary greatly during a single experiment and also from day to day; this variability is due in large part to the nervous system since it is abolished by cervical section of the spinal cord.

scholarly journals Differential Diagnostics of Vertebrogenic and Nonvertebrogenic Vascular Pathologies

Biomeditsina ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 47-59
Author(s):  
N. N. Karkischenko ◽  
A. A. Nikolaev ◽  
Yu. A. Chudina ◽  
D. B. Chaivanov ◽  
A. A. Vartanov
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cervical Spine ◽  
Autonomic Nervous System ◽  
Vertebral Artery ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Vascular Diseases ◽  
Differential Diagnostics ◽  
The Brain

This article investigates consistency in the work of the heart and blood vessels in vascular diseases of a vertebrogenic and non-vertebrogenic nature, which are characterized by disorders of the cardiovascular system leading to an insuffi cient blood supply to the spinal cord and the brain. Vertebrogenic vascular pathologies were studied by the example of vertebral artery disorders in osteochondrosis of the cervical spine, while non-vertebrogenic pathologies were considered in the syndrome of somatoform dysfunction of the autonomic nervous system. It is shown that, compared to the norm, the degree of consistence in the work of the heart and blood vessels is lower in vertebrogenic and non-vertebrogenic vascular pathologies.

A quantitative study of the development of the nerves in the hind-limb of Eleutherodactylus martinicensis

Development ◽  
1965 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 9-34
Author(s):  
Arthur Hughes
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Quantitative Study ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
The Caribbean

The present study is part of an attempt to collect information by different methods of approach to the development of the peripheral nervous system in the Caribbean Bufonid Eleutherodactylus martinicensis. Because of the small size and the rapidity of development of this animal, particular problems can be attempted with special and, in some instances, with unique facility. The present study is mainly concerned with changes in the number of constituent fibres in the nerves of the hind-limb during development. Here, where the number of fibres in any nerve never much exceeds a thousand, quantitative study is a less formidable task than in larger creatures. In other Anura, for instance, numbers would be at least five times greater. Although the fibres at particular sites of the adult nervous system have been counted, as for instance by Häggqvist (1936) in the spinal cord of man, and by Dunn (1902) in the limb nerves of the Frog, it does not seem that comparable studies on any developing animal have been undertaken.

Vascular Leakage of Horseradish Peroxidase Three Days Following Compression Injury to the Spinal Cord

1974 ◽  
Vol 32 ◽  
pp. 52-53
Author(s):  
John L. Beggs ◽  
John D. Waggener
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Horseradish Peroxidase ◽  
Cord Blood ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Transport Mechanism ◽  
Compression Injury ◽  
Permeability Characteristics ◽  
The Central Nervous System

Under normal conditions, intravascular horseradish peroxidase (HRP) fails to penetrate the endothelium of spinal cord blood vessels in mature cats due to the presence of interendothelial tight junctions and the lack of a transendothelial pinocytotic transport mechanism.Regenerating and developing capillaries in the central nervous system are morphologically and functionally dissimilar to mature capillaries. Typically, regenerating and developing capillaries exhibit increased permeability characteristics to circulating tracer materials.

The relationship between size and vascularity in the spinal cord of developing Xenopus laevis

Development ◽  
1964 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 491-499
Author(s):  
R. T. Sims
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
White Matter ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Metabolic Activity ◽  
Grey Matter ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Relationship

Sterzi (1904) studied the blood vessels of the spinal cord in the embryos and adults of a comprehensive series of chordates. He suggested that the formation of new blood vessels in the developing neural tube is controlled by local variations in the metabolic activity of the nerve cells, and that the grey matter of the adult central nervous system is more vascular than the white matter because it is functionally more active. A marked increase in the vascularity of the central nervous system during development has been demonstrated by quantitative observations on rats (Craigie, 1925), guinea-pigs (Petren, 1938), mice (Gyllensten, 1959a), chickens (Williams, 1937) and toads (Sims, 1961). This increase is associated with the maturation of the neurones and no experiments have been performed which separate the production of new blood vessels and the differentiation of these cells. Experimental conditions which prevent the increased vascularity of the mammalian central nervous system during development also prevent differentiation of the neurones.

scholarly journals XXIX. An inquiry regarding the parts of the nervous system which regulate the con­tractions of the arteries

1858 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 607-625 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
The Other ◽  
Spinal Nerves ◽  
Striking Result ◽  
Warm Blood ◽  
The Face ◽  
Flow Through

Great light has been thrown in recent times upon the nature of the influence exercised over the blood-vessels by the nervous system. In 1852 it was shown by M. Bernard that division of the sympathetic nerve in the neck of a cat, or other mammalian, was followed by turgescence of the blood-vessels of the ear, and increased heat of that part and of the whole side of the face, together with contraction of the pupil. Early in the following year Mr. Augustus Waller performed the converse experiment of galvanizing the sympathetic above the point where it had been cut or tied, with the very striking result of rapid subsidence of the turgescence of the vessels, and fall of the temperature of the face; while the pupil became so extremely large, as to imply that the dilating fibres of the iris were thrown into a state of energetic contraction. From these experiments it appeared to follow pretty clearly that the sympathetic nerve in the neck presides over the contraction of the vessels of the face, which, becoming relaxed and dilated when the influence of the nerve was removed by its division, allowed the blood to flow through them in larger mass than before; but on the other hand, when excited to extreme constriction by the galvanic stimulus applied to the nerve, permitted but little blood to pass. This conclusion appears to be confirmed by the observation since made by Brown-Séquard, that the elevation of temperature which occurs in Bernard’s experiment is never greater than is to be accounted for by the increased mass of warm blood which must be sent through the part, on the hypo­thesis that the turgescence of the vessels is simply the result of their dilatation. It was further shown by Messrs. Waller and Budge, that the same region of the spinal cord which they had previously ascertained to preside over dilatation of the pupil, namely, the part included between the last cervical and third dorsal vertebræ, also regulated the vessels of the face. When that part of the cord was removed, turgescence of those vessels occurred; but galvanizing the anterior roots of the spinal nerves proceeding from.

Overexpression of a membrane protein, neuropilin, in chimeric mice causes anomalies in the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs

Development ◽  
1995 ◽  
Vol 121 (12) ◽  
pp. 4309-4318 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Kitsukawa ◽  
A. Shimono ◽  
A. Kawakami ◽  
H. Kondoh ◽  
H. Fujisawa
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Membrane Protein ◽  
Cardiovascular System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Normal Development ◽  
Embryonic Stem ◽  
Nerve Fibers ◽  
Cellular Interactions ◽  
Es Cell ◽  
Cell Clones

Neuropilin is a type 1 membrane protein, which is highly conserved among Xenopus frog, chicken and mouse. The extracellular part of the neuropilin protein is composed of three unique domains, each of which is thought to be involved in molecular and/or cellular interactions. In mice, neuropilin is expressed in the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs at particular developmental stages. To clarify the roles of neuropilin in morphogenesis in vivo, we generated mouse embryonic stem (ES) cell clones that constitutively expressed exogenous neuropilin, then produced chimeras using these ES cell clones. The chimeras overexpressed neuropilin and were embryonic lethal. The chimeric embryos exhibited several morphological abnormalities; excess capillaries and blood vessels, dilation of blood vessels, malformed hearts, ectopic sprouting and defasciculation of nerve fibers, and extra digits. All of these abnormalities occurred in the organs in which neuropilin is expressed in normal development. The variety of abnormalities occurring in these chimeric embryos suggested diverse functions of neuropilin in embryonic morphogenesis, which may be ascribed to multiple interaction domains identified in the molecule. Correct spatiotemporal expression of neuropilin seems to be essential for normal development of the cardiovascular system, nervous system and limbs.

scholarly journals The Croonian Lecture—On the results of the method introduced by the author of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves

1870 ◽  
Vol 18 (114-122) ◽  
pp. 339-343 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Sympathetic Nerve ◽  
Granular Matter ◽  
Great Part ◽  
Sympathetic Nerves ◽  
The Body ◽  
Spinal Region ◽  
White Substance

Dr. Waller commenced by stating that he had been long engaged in the investigation of the nervous system by means of the method which he introduced many years ago. After drawing attention to the importance of the functions of the nervous system as the seat of all the higher faculties which distinguish animals from plants and man from the lower animals, he referred briefly to the general constitution and intimate structure of the nervous system. It is known that after a nerve has been disconnected from the central organs, its medullary part undergoes a series of changes. The tubular medulla, or white substance, is disintegrated and finally converted into dark granular matter. On this alteration the author founded his method of investigation, as it enables the inquirer to distinguish the altered from the sound fibres at any point of their course. Dr. Waller soon applied his method to the study of the sympathetic nerve, and was enabled thereby to clear up a great part of the mystery which hung over the origin and functions of this nerve—a nerve which supplies and presides over some of the most important organs in the body, the liver, the intestines, the womb, and especially the blood-vessels. In this manner, while associated with Dr. Budge, the author determined the part of the spinal cord termed by them the cilio-spinal region, which, through the part of the sympathetic connected with it, governs the dilating fibres of the iris. In the hands of Prof. C. Bernard, Brown-Sequard, Dr. Waller, and other the results obtained in this inquiry have shown the relation of the spinal cord to the important functions which the sympathetic nerve exercises in regulating the supply of blood in the vessels and, as a consequence, in controlling the general nutrition and temperature of the body.

β-Mannosidosis: Myelin and oligodendrocyte lesions in brain and spinal cord

1984 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 694-695
Author(s):  
Kathryn L. Lovell ◽  
Margaret Z. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Genetic Disorder ◽  
Neurological Deficits ◽  
Axonal Spheroids ◽  
South Wales ◽  
Pendular Nystagmus ◽  
Myelin Deficits ◽  
Recessive Defect ◽  
Brain And Spinal Cord

Caprine β-mannosidosis, an autosomal recessive defect of glycoprotein catabolism, is associated with a deficiency of tissue and plasma -mannosidase and with tissue accumulation and urinary excretion of oligosaccharides, including the trisaccharide Man(β1-4)GlcNAc(βl-4)GlcNAc and the disaccharide Man(β1-4)GlcNAc. This genetic disorder is evident at birth, with severe neurological deficits including a marked intention tremor, pendular nystagmus, ataxia and inability to stand. Major pathological characteristics described in Nubian goats in Michigan and in Anglo-Nubian goats in New South Wales include widespread cytoplasmic vacuolation in the nervous system and viscera, axonal spheroids, and severe myelin paucity in the brain but not spinal cord or peripheral nerves. Light microscopic examination revealed marked regional variation in the severity of central nervous system myelin deficits, with some brain areas showing nearly complete absence of myelin and other regions characterized by the presence of 25-50% of the control number of myelin sheaths.

Cytochemical Specializations on the Luminal Surface of Blood Vessels in the Developing Rat Central Nervous System

1975 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 462-463
Author(s):  
R. S. Hannah ◽  
T. H. Rosenquist
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Blood Vessels ◽  
Alcian Blue ◽  
Luminal Surface ◽  
High Voltage Electron Microscopy ◽  
Voltage Electron ◽  
Concentration Method ◽  
Endothelial Surface ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer

Developing blood vessels in the rat central nervous system exhibit several unusual luminal features. Hannah (1975) used high voltage electron microscopy to demonstrate numerous ridges of endothelium, some near junctional complexes. The ridges produced troughs (which may appear as depressions) in the endothelial surface. In some areas ridges extended over the troughs, removing them from direct contact with the luminal surface. At no time were the troughs observed to penetrate the basal laminae. Fingerlike projections also extended into the lumina.To determine whether any chemical specializations accompanied the unusual morphological features of the luminal surface, we added 0.1% Alcian blue (Behnke and Zelander, 1970) to the 3% glutaraldehyde perfusate (cacodylate buffer, pH 7.4). After Alcian blue had reacted with the luminal glycocalyces, the dye was dissociated with MgCl2 via critical electrolyte concentration method of Scott and Dorling (1965). When these methods are applied together, it is possible to differentiate mucopolysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans or GAG) with the electron microscope.

Central Nerve System Impairment, AMA Guides, Sixth Edition: An Overview

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13
Author(s):  
James B. Talmage ◽  
Jay Blaisdell
Keyword(s):  
Spinal Cord ◽  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Neurological Impairment ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Central Nerve System ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The One ◽  
Nerve System ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Injuries that affect the central nervous system (CNS) can be catastrophic because they involve the brain or spinal cord, and determining the underlying clinical cause of impairment is essential in using the AMA Guides to the Evaluation of Permanent Impairment (AMA Guides), in part because the AMA Guides addresses neurological impairment in several chapters. Unlike the musculoskeletal chapters, Chapter 13, The Central and Peripheral Nervous System, does not use grades, grade modifiers, and a net adjustment formula; rather the chapter uses an approach that is similar to that in prior editions of the AMA Guides. The following steps can be used to perform a CNS rating: 1) evaluate all four major categories of cerebral impairment, and choose the one that is most severe; 2) rate the single most severe cerebral impairment of the four major categories; 3) rate all other impairments that are due to neurogenic problems; and 4) combine the rating of the single most severe category of cerebral impairment with the ratings of all other impairments. Because some neurological dysfunctions are rated elsewhere in the AMA Guides, Sixth Edition, the evaluator may consult Table 13-1 to verify the appropriate chapter to use.

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