Contribution of the proximal tubule to urinary ammonia excretion by the dog

Measurements of ammonia concentration were performed on 48 samples of proximal tubular fluid from antidiuretic dogs during normal acid-base balance, and acute or chronic ammonium chloride acidosis. Measurable concentrations of ammonia (>0.3 mmoles/liter) were not detectable in proximal fluid during either normal acid-base balance or acute ammonium chloride acidosis. However, in both conditions, an ammonia concentration in proximal fluid of less than 0.3 mmoles/liter could still have accounted for a large percentage of urinary ammonia. For this reason, the present data can neither confirm nor deny the existence of ammonia addition to proximal tubular fluid during normal acid-base balance and acute metabolic acidosis. In contrast, chronic metabolic acidosis was accompanied by the definite appearance of ammonia in proximal fluid, its concentration averaging 0.82 ± .32 mmoles/liter. This observation demonstrates clearly that net ammonia addition can be observed along the proximal tubule under certain circumstances. It suggests further that the proximal tubule also contributes to the adaptive rise of urinary ammonia excretion during chronic acidosis.

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Status Asthmaticus

Paediatrica Indonesiana ◽

10.14238/pi15.9-10.1975.269-72 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 15 (9-10) ◽

pp. 269

Author(s):

J.S Partana

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Status Asthmaticus ◽

Fluid Administration ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Extreme Caution ◽

Electrolyte Disturbances ◽

Oxygen Administration ◽

Base Balance ◽

Normal Acid

The therapy of status asthmaticus must be rational. Thus it is important to evaluate: 1. the severity and duration of an asthmatic attack. 2. the degree of dehydration. 3. whether infection plays a role. 4. all medication previously administered. 5. any possible complication.Treatment is as follows :Fluid and electrolyte therapy is important not only for the correction of dehydration and electrolyte disturbances but also for preventing inspissation of mucus in the bronchi. The best route of fluid administration is intravenous.Potassium iodide orally administered may be helpful as an expectorant.After hydration and normal acid-base balance have been established, epinephrine may be of benefit.Aminophylline is effective when administered intravenously. It should be used with extreme caution: the dose should not exceed 3 mg per kg of body weight, it should be given slowly and should not be given more frequently than every 8 hours.Corticosteroids should be administered, especially in cases who have received suppressive doses previously.Humidified oxygen administration is of the utmost importance.Antibiotics are recommended when infection is suspected.Management of complications.

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Effects of THAM Used with Normal Acid-Base Balance and with Respiratory Acidosis and Alkalosis During Anesthesia

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/00000542-196201000-00050 ◽

1962 ◽

Vol 23 (1) ◽

pp. 158-159

Author(s):

F. E. NOE ◽

E. SEKINO ◽

F. E. GREIFENSTEIN

Keyword(s):

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

Normal Acid

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ASSOCIATION OF ACID-BASE PARAMETERS WITH LACTATE LEVEL IN CRITICALLY ILL PATIENTS WITH METABOLIC ACIDOSIS

INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF CLINICAL PATHOLOGY AND MEDICAL LABORATORY ◽

10.24293/ijcpml.v24i2.1313 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (2) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Donaliazarti Donaliazarti ◽

Rismawati Yaswir ◽

Hanifah Maani ◽

Efrida Efrida

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Critically Ill ◽

Critically Ill Patients ◽

Lactate Level ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

P Value ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Parameters ◽

Base Balance

Metabolic acidosis is prevalent among critically ill patients and the common cause of metabolic acidosis in ICU is lactic acidosis. However, not all ICUs can provide lactate measurement. The traditional method that uses Henderson-Hasselbach equation (completed with BE and AG) and alternative method consisting of Stewart and its modification (BDEgap and SIG), are acid-base balance parameters commonly used by clinicians to determine metabolic acidosis in critically ill patients. The objective of this study was to discover the association between acid-base parameters (BE, AGobserved, AGcalculated, SIG, BDEgap) with lactate level in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. Eighty-four critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU department Dr. M. Djamil Padang Hospital were recruited in this study from January to September 2016. Blood gas analysis and lactate measurement were performed by potentiometric and amperometric method while electrolytes and albumin measurement were done by ISE and colorimetric method (BCG). Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the association between acid-base parameters with lactate level based on p-value less than 0.05. Fourty five (54%) were females and thirty-nine (46%) were males with participant’s ages ranged from 18 to 81 years old. Postoperative was the most reason for ICU admission (88%). Linear regression analysis showed that p-value for BE, AGobserved, AGcalculated, SIG and BDEgap were 119; 0.967; 0.001; 0.001; 0.689, respectively. Acid-base balance parameters which were mostly associated with lactate level in critically ill patients with metabolic acidosis were AGcalculated and SIG.

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Renal function and acid-base balance in the toad Bufo marinus during short-term dehydration

Canadian Journal of Zoology ◽

10.1139/z86-157 ◽

1986 ◽

Vol 64 (5) ◽

pp. 1054-1057 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

B. L. Tufts ◽

D. P. Toews

Keyword(s):

Renal Function ◽

Bufo Marinus ◽

Ambient Water ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Short Term ◽

Base Balance ◽

Toad Bufo ◽

Normal Acid ◽

Tubular Component

Specimens of Bufo marinus (L.) were cannulated in both ureters to partition between the regulatory contributions of the kidney and urinary bladder. These bladder-bypassed animals were then exposed to 10 h of dehydration in air and renal function and acid–base balance were assessed. The results indicated that the kidney showed an almost immediate response to dehydration which consisted of a large glomerular and smaller tubular component. Bypassing and emptying of the bladder and the removal of the ambient water had no effect on the animal's ability to maintain normal acid–base balance.

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Nitrogen excretion in germ-free and conventional chickens: effects of an alkali load

British Journal Of Nutrition ◽

10.1079/bjn19780016 ◽

1978 ◽

Vol 39 (1) ◽

pp. 99-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

J. Okumura ◽

D. Hewitt ◽

Marie E. Coates

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Uric Acid ◽

Ammonia Excretion ◽

Nitrogen Excretion ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Total N ◽

Germ Free ◽

Base Balance ◽

Micro Organisms

1. Groups of three colostomized germ-free (GF) and conventional (CV) chickens aged 4 months were maintained for successive periods of 8 d on a diet containing 200 g casein/kg without and with sodium bicarbonate at the rate of 20 mmol/d and a nitrogen-free diet without and with NaHCO3at 9 mmol/d. Urine and faeces were collected during the last 3 d of each period.2. Total N, uric acid- and ammonia-N were determined in urine and total N in faeces. Amino acids were measured in hydrolysates of faeces collected during the periods when no NaHCO3was included in the diets.3. The CV birds excreted more N on the casein diets but less on the N-free diets than did their GF counterparts, the differences being mainly shown in the urine.4. On both diets hydrolysates of the faeces of CV birds contained smaller amounts of amino acids. On the N-free diet the proportions (g/160 g N) of serine, proline and threonine were reduced, suggesting some conservation of endogenous N by micro-organisms, and the proportions of histidine, alanine, lysine and methionine increased, possibly through microbial synthesis; on the casein diet, proportions of most amino acids were less, probably because bacterial deamination had occurred.5. Urinary excretion of total N, uric acid and ammonia was much greater on the casein than on the N-free diets. Inclusion of NaHCO3caused a sharp fall in urinary ammonia on both diets and in both environments.6. It was concluded that the level of dietary protein and the regulation of acid-base balance have more effect than microbial activity on the urinary ammonia excretion.

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Effect of systemic acid-base balance on ileal secretion

AJP Gastrointestinal and Liver Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpgi.1987.253.3.g330 ◽

1987 ◽

Vol 253 (3) ◽

pp. G330-G335

Author(s):

D. S. Goldfarb ◽

P. M. Ingrassia ◽

A. N. Charney

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Cholera Toxin ◽

Metabolic Disorders ◽

Respiratory Acidosis ◽

Secretory Process ◽

Sprague Dawley ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Ph Change ◽

Base Balance

We previously reported that systemic pH and HCO3 concentration affect ileal water and electrolyte absorption. To determine whether these effects could influence an ongoing secretory process, we measured transport in ileal loops exposed to either saline or 50-75 micrograms cholera toxin in mechanically ventilated Sprague-Dawley rats anesthetized with pentobarbital sodium. The effects of acute respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis were then examined. Decreases in systemic pH during respiratory acidosis caused equivalent increases in net water (54 +/- 8 microliters . cm-1 . h-1) and Na absorption (7 +/- 1 mu eq . cm- . h-1) and smaller increases in Cl absorption in cholera toxin compared with saline loops. These increases reversed the net secretion of these ions observed during alkalemia in the cholera toxin loops to net absorption. Metabolic acidosis and alkalosis and respiratory compensation of systemic pH of these metabolic disorders also altered cholera toxin-induced secretion in a direction consistent with the pH change. The increase in net HCO3 secretion caused by cholera toxin was unaffected by the respiratory disorders and did not vary with the HCO3 concentration in the metabolic disorders. These findings suggest that the systemic acid-base disorders that characterize intestinal secretory states may themselves alter intestinal absorptive function and fluid losses.

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Normal Acid-Base Balance

Comprehensive Clinical Nephrology ◽

10.1016/b978-0-323-05876-6.00011-3 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 149-154 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Biff F. Palmer ◽

Robert J. Alpern

Keyword(s):

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Base Balance ◽

Normal Acid

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Effects of nutritionally induced metabolic acidosis with or without glutamine infusion on acid-base balance, plasma amino acids, and plasma nonesterified fatty acids in sheep1

Journal of Animal Science ◽

10.2527/jas.2008-1165 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 87 (3) ◽

pp. 1077-1084 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

N. E. Odongo ◽

S. L. Greenwood ◽

M. M. Or-Rashid ◽

D. Radford ◽

O. AlZahal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Amino Acids ◽

Fatty Acids ◽

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Plasma Amino Acids ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Nonesterified Fatty Acids ◽

Base Balance

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Chronic metabolic acidosis upregulates rat kidney Na-HCO 3 − cotransporters NBCn1 and NBC3 but not NBC1

AJP Renal Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajprenal.00104.2001 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 282 (2) ◽

pp. F341-F351 ◽

Cited By ~ 77

Author(s):

Tae-Hwan Kwon ◽

Christiaan Fulton ◽

Weidong Wang ◽

Ira Kurtz ◽

Jørgen Frøkiær ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Rat Kidney ◽

Free Access ◽

Thick Ascending Limb ◽

Acid Base Balance ◽

Acid Base ◽

Chronic Metabolic Acidosis ◽

Daily Water Intake ◽

Base Balance ◽

Access To Water

Several members of the Na-HCO[Formula: see text] cotransporter (NBC) family have recently been identified functionally and partly characterized, including rkNBC1, NBCn1, and NBC3. Regulation of these NBCs may play a role in the maintenance of intracellular pH and in the regulation of renal acid-base balance. However, it is unknown whether the expressions of these NBCs are regulated in response to changes in acid-base status. We therefore tested whether chronic metabolic acidosis (CMA) affects the abundance of these NBCs in kidneys using two conventional protocols. In protocol 1, rats were treated with NH4Cl in their drinking water (12 ± 1 mmol · rat−1 · day−1) for 2 wk with free access to water ( n = 8). Semiquantitative immunoblotting demonstrated that whole kidney abundance of NBCn1 and NBC3 in rats with CMA was dramatically increased to 995 ± 87 and 224 ± 35%, respectively, of control levels ( P < 0.05), whereas whole kidney rkNBC1 was unchanged (88 ± 14%). In protocol 2, rats were given NH4Cl in their food (10 ± 1 mmol · rat−1 · day−1) for 7 days, with a fixed daily water intake ( n = 6). Consistent with protocol 1, whole kidney abundances of NBCn1 (262 ± 42%) and NBC3 (160 ± 31%) were significantly increased compared with controls ( n = 6), whereas whole kidney rkNBC1 was unchanged (84 ± 17%). In both protocols, immunocytochemistry confirmed upregulation of NBCn1 and NBC3 with no change in the segmental distribution along the nephron. Consistent with the increase in NBCn1, measurements of pH transients in medullary thick ascending limb (mTAL) cells in kidney slices revealed two- to threefold increases in DIDS- sensitive, Na+-dependent HCO[Formula: see text] uptake in rats with CMA. In conclusion, CMA is associated with a marked increase in the abundance of NBCn1 in the mTAL and NBC3 in intercalated cells, whereas the abundance of NBC1 in the proximal tubule was not altered. The increased abundance of NBCn1 may play a role in the reabsorption of NH[Formula: see text] in the mTAL and increased NBC3 in reabsorbing HCO[Formula: see text].

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