TOXIC EFFECTS OF LARGE DOSE OF QUASSIN IN NORMAL AND DEPRIVED MICROFLORA RAT GROUPS

Eighteen rats were divided into three equal groups. The first group was closed orally with quassin, the second group was dosed with quassin after the gut flora were suppressed by difierent antibiotics, and the third group was served as a control. Food intake, water intake, and change in body weight were measured daily before dosing, during two weeks of dosing, and during one week after stopping dosing. Two eats from each group were killed at the end of each week, and stomach, liver, and kidney were collected for histopathologic examination. The results show a significant decline in daily food intake and daily change in body weight, and a significant increase in daily water intake in both dosed groups during the dosing period. Microscopic lesions were seen in the kidneys of both dosed rats group killed at the end of first and second week

94 The Effects of Weather, Body Weight, and Dry Matter Intake on Total Daily Water Intake in Beef Steers

Weaned angus steers (n = 26; 272.92 + 21.29 kg) were selected to study the effects of weather, predicted daily BW, and DMI on total daily water intake (TDWI) from December 2019 to May 2020 (181 days). Calves were provided with ad libitum access to feed and water, under a monoslope barn, for the duration of the study. In periods of cold stress, cattle were provided with corn stalk bedding within the dry lot, away from the monoslope barn. Measurements of feed and water disappearance were obtained by utilizing an automated feed and water system (Insentec RIC, Hokofarm, Marknesse, Netherlands), where disappearance was assumed to be caused by intake. Calves were weighed every 28 days in order to calculate ADG and therefore predict daily BW for each calf. Daily weather records, including windchill (°C), solar radiation (W/m2), and maximum relative humidity (%), were obtained through the South Dakota Mesonet automated weather station located 3.86 km from where the calves were housed. A linear mixed effects model with both random intercept and slope were used to account for the within subject correlations. Increased TDWI was associated with increased wind chill (0.38-kg per 1°C; P < 0.0001), increased solar radiation (1.04-kg per 1 W/m2; P < 0.0001), and decreased maximum relative humidity (-0.14 kg per 1%; P < 0.0001). For every kg increase in DMI, TDWI increased by 1.07 kg (P < 0.0001). Lastly, for every kg increase in BW, TDWI increased by 0.05 kg (P < 0.0001). Effects of DMI, BW, SRAD, windchill, RHMax were predictive of TDWI in beef calves fed during the winter. This model will be useful for predicting TDWI during the winter months where calves are raised in regions where temperatures are regularly below freezing.

Analysis of the Effect of Daily Water Intake on Oral Health: Result from Seven Waves of a Population-Based Panel Study

Proper moisture is an essential condition for maintaining the homeostasis of the body, enhancing immunity, and preventing constipation, and it is an indispensable substance for maintaining human life and health. As the bacteria that cause oral disease are affected by water intake, there is a strong relationship between water intake and oral disease. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the effect of daily water intake on oral disease. The data analyzed were from a seven-year period (2010–2017) from the National Health and Nutrition Survey, conducted annually by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Out of a total of 48,422 people, 134 people in the ‘<1 cup’ group, 27,223 people in the ‘1–4 cups’ group, 14,693 people in the ‘5–7 cups’ group and 6372 people in the ‘>7 cups’ group were selected as subjects. Each time a person drank one less cup of water per day, the prevalence of periodontal disease increased by 1.018 times, the prevalence of dental caries increased by 1.032 times, and the experience of dental caries increased by 1.075 times. Even in Model 2, for which age and gender were adjusted, there was a significant effect. In addition, there was a significant impact in Model 3, which adjusted for oral health behavior, except for permanent caries prevalence. Based on the above results, oral health behavior and state were positive in those who consumed more water per day. Therefore, it is suggested that the government’s active promotion of water intake recommendations and policies should be prepared to include water intake as a component of improving oral health.

Medicinal plants used in the phytotherapeutical treatment of urolithiasis in dogs – na integrative review

Urolithiasis is a disease in which uroliths form in the urinary tract from individual predisposing factors of each species, and with aggravation, animals can have urethral obstruction and die. In this work, an integrative review of the medicinal plants most used for the treatment of urolithiasis in dogs was carried out. The objective of this work is to collaborate with the veterinary community to expand the use of herbal medicine to treat this pathology, mainly due to its relapsing nature. Its formation can occur in breeds with more evident urinary supersaturation, genetic predisposition, age, reduced daily water intake, metabolic problems, medications that alter urinary pH, inadequate nutrition and predisposition to alterations in the urinary tract. Drug and nutritional treatment is questionable, as there are types of differences in the composition of stones and the response to these can vary a lot and, in more serious cases, surgery is needed. At high rates of recurrence, the use of medicinal plants offers options aimed at the welfare of animals. Therefore, innovative research on their use of these plants informs how they can be consumed safely and with great pharmacological effect. With this, more tutors are looking for professionals who prescribe these plants in a preventive way, avoiding surgical emergencies and possible death of your animal. Urinary system herbal medicines control inflammation and increase diuresis, preventing crystal aggregation and possible growth, in addition to favoring their elimination through the urethra.

Consequences and management of symptoms of menstrual cycle and association with a healthy lifestyle among educated females in Tangail region of Bangladesh: a cross sectional study

Background: Menstrual cycle is a normal physiological incident in the life of a girl. Often it is not properly understanded or realised that, maintaining a proper hygiene and the symptom management play a vital role in leading a healthy life for a woman. The condition is even worse in developing countries. The aim of the study is to assay the effects, pattern of the cycle and symptom management among the educated female populations in Tangail region in Bangladesh.Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted in Tangail with 305 participants. Data collection took place from October,2020 to December, 2020 following a structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analysed through SPSS 23.0 version.Results: Among the study population 61.5% were in the age range from 20-30 years. Most of the participants have done their post graduation (42.4%). The daily water intake is really important for a good menstrual cycle. 40.8% of the female take less than 2 litres of water which is alarming. 78.3% having their cycle regular with 68.8% of normal flow. 70.4% having their cycle for 3-5 days which is okay. 53.6% of the participants faces Premenstrual syndrome for which 12.2% take medications and 18.8% participants take medicine during menstruation. The study demonstrates a statistically significant association between the age and PMS as well as between the life stress of a women and PMS.Conclusions: The study's goal is to look into the effects and management of menstruation, as well as the demographic and lifestyle characteristics of the participants. To ensure female's health, menstrual cycles must be maintained properly.

Comparison of two water measurement systems for feedlot beef cattle

The objective of this study was to compare cattle drinking water consumption collected electronically with that of direct human observation using water metres and to analyse whether an automated system compensates due to its greater precision. The study was conducted in the feedlot of Embrapa Pecuaria Sudeste. The reference unit had four pens: two with electronic drinkers and two with water metres. Experiment 1 utilised 52 Nelore steers and Experiment 2 utilised 44 Canchim steers. Nelore fed a conventional diet, the automated system median daily water intake (DWI) was higher than for animals drinking from the water metre, 17.9 L day-1 and 15.6 L day-1. The reverse was observed for animals fed the co-product diet, the automated system median DWI was 18.9 L day-1 and in the water metre pen was 23.0 L day-1. When the Canchim drank from water metres, the median DWI was lower than with the automated system group, 25.9 L day-1 and 27.8 L day-1, respectively. In Experiment 1, there was a statistical difference between the two sets of equipment for both diets. In Experiment 2, the animals were the same breed, had similar weights and were fed the same diet. There was no statistical difference between the equipment in these conditions. The results indicate that the water meter can have the same performance as high technology at a much lower cost. If a more simplified system for measuring water consumption has the same performance as an automated system, this will justify its use with environmental and economic advantages.

Effect of Water Amount Intake before Scuba Diving on the Risk of Decompression Sickness

Background and objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of pre-hydration levels on circulating bubble formation for scuba divers and to evaluate the appropriate volume of water intake for reducing the risk of decompression sickness (DCS). Materials and Methods: Twenty scuba divers were classified into four groups according to the volume of water taken in before scuba diving as follows: no-water-intake group (NWIG), 30%-water-intake group (30WIG), 50%-water intake group (50WIG), and 100%-water-intake group (100WIG). We measured the circulating bubbles using movement status by Doppler on the right and left subclavian veins and precordial regions at pre-dive, post-dive, and 30 min after diving to a depth of 30 m for a duration of 25 min at the bottom. Results: Participants belonging to the 30WIG showed the lowest frequency, percentage, and amplitude of bubbles and consequently the lowest bubble grade in the left and right subclavian veins and precordial region at post-time and 30 min after diving. Conclusions: It can be inferred that pre-hydration with 30% of the recommended daily water intake before scuba diving effectively suppressed the formation of bubbles after diving and decreased the risk of DCS.

Human biomarkers associated with low concentrations of arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) in groundwater in agricultural areas of Thailand

Human biomarkers were used to evaluate the lead (Pb) and arsenic (As) exposure of local people who lived in an agricultural area with intense agrochemical usage and who consumed groundwater. Although the heavy metals/metalloids in the groundwater were at low concentrations, they could cause adverse effects due to a high daily water intake rate over the long term. Biomarkers (hair, fingernails and urine) were collected from 100 subjects along with the local shallow groundwater and tap water, which is the treated deep groundwater, and investigated for the concentrations of As and Pb. Shallow groundwater had an average pH of 5.21 ± 1.90, ranging from 3.77 to 8.34, with average concentrations of As and Pb of 1.311 µg/L and 6.882 µg/L, respectively. Tap water had an average pH of 5.24 ± 1.63, ranging from 3.86 to 8.89, with the average concentrations of As and Pb of 0.77 µg/L and 0.004 µg/L, respectively. The levels of both As and Pb in the hair, fingernails and urine of shallow groundwater-consuming residents were greater than those in the hair, fingernails and urine of tap water-consuming residents. Interestingly, the As level in urine showed a linear relationship with the As concentration in groundwater (R2 = 0.91). The average water consumption rate was approximately two-fold higher than the standard; thus, its consumption posed a health risk even at the low As and Pb levels in the groundwater. The hazard index (HI) ranged from 0.01 to 16.34 (average of 1.20 ± 2.50), which was higher than the acceptable level. Finally, the concomitant factors for As and Pb in the urine, hair and nails from both binary logistic regression and odds ratio (OR) analysis indicated that groundwater consumption was the major concomitant risk factor. This study suggested that direct consumption of this groundwater should be avoided and that the groundwater should be treated, especially before consumption. In conclusion, urine is suggested to be a biomarker of daily exposure to As and Pb, while for long-term exposure to these metals, fingernails are suggested as a better biomarker than hair.