Fluorometric studies of recovery metabolism of rat fast- and slow-twitch muscles

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (6) ◽  
pp. 1644-1649 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Wendt ◽  
JB Chapman
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Nicotinamide Adenine ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Initial Reduction ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Recovery metabolism of fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat has been investigated using fluorometric monitoring of reduction of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). In both EDL and SOL, groups of twitch contractions produced a decrease in fluorescence (oxidation of NADH) which returned to the resting base line after contraction ceased. These responses proceeded more quickly in EDL than SOL and were abolished by anoxia. A 1-s tetanus of SOL produced an initial reduction which could be abolished with iodoacetate followed by a prolonged oxidation which could be blocked by anoxia. The fluorescence of EDL was decreased immediately following a 1-s tetanus but then rapidly increased well beyond the resting level of reduction and persisted throughout the recovery period. This reduction was largely depressed by iodoacetate. The results indicate marked differences in the recovery metabolism of these muscles, consistent with predominantly mitochondrial oxidative activity in the slow-twitch muscles and predominantly glycolytic activity in the fast-twitch muscles.

Effect of cross-reinnervation on the expression of GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 in slow and fast rat muscles

1996 ◽  
Vol 270 (6) ◽  
pp. R1355-R1360
Author(s):  
E. Johannsson ◽  
O. Waerhaug ◽  
A. Bonen
Keyword(s):  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Metabolic Phenotype ◽  
Glut 1 ◽  
Glut 4 ◽  
Slow Twitch Muscle ◽  
Fast Twitch Muscle ◽  
Oxidative Phenotype ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

We determined whether the twitch-velocity phenotype or the metabolic phenotype of a muscle influences the content of GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 proteins. The soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles were cross-reinnervated (X-Sol, X-EDL). After 3 mo the X-EDL had become enriched in slow-twitch oxidative (SO) fibers (70.5% SO) compared with its control (3.8% SO), whereas the X-Sol became enriched in fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic (FOG) fibers (78.6% FOG) compared with its control (10% FOG). Thus the twitch phenotype of X-Sol shifted to fast-twitch muscle, whereas X-EDL shifted to a slow-twitch muscle. In the X-EDL, the oxidative nature of the X-EDL was increased to 97% oxidative fibers compared with 43% oxidative fibers in the normal EDL. In the Sol the oxidative nature of the X-Sol was retained at 100%. GLUT-4 content was increased 1.6-fold in the X-EDL (P < 0.05) but was not changed in the X-Sol (P > 0.05). GLUT-1 content was increased fourfold in X-EDL but was not altered in the X-Sol. We conclude that GLUT-4 and GLUT-1 content in muscle is related to the oxidative phenotype of the muscle rather than the twitch-velocity phenotype.

scholarly journals Effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism in the soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of the rat

1977 ◽  
Vol 162 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-568 ◽  
Author(s):  
E Z Maizels ◽  
N B Ruderman ◽  
M N Goodman ◽  
D Lau
Keyword(s):  
Glucose Metabolism ◽  
Glucose Uptake ◽  
Glucose Oxidation ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Similar Rate ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Lactate Release ◽  
Red Muscle ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

1. The effect of acetoacetate on glucose metabolism was compared in the soleus, a slow-twitch red muscle, and the extensor digitorum longus, a muscle composed of 50% fast-twitch red and 50% white fibres. 2. When incubated for 2h in a medium containing 5 mM-glucose and 0.1 unit of insulin/ml, rates of glucose uptake, lactate release and glucose oxidation in the soleus were 19.6, 18.6 and 1.47 micronmol/h per g respectively. Acetoacetate (1.7 mM) diminished all three rates by 25-50%; however, it increased glucose conversion into glycogen. In addition, it caused increases in tissue glucose, glucose 6-phosphate and fructose 6-phosphate, suggesting inhibition of phosphofructokinase. The concentrations of citrate, an inhibitor of phosphofructokinase, and of malate were also increased. 3. Rates of glucose uptake and lactate release in the extensor digitorum longus were 50-80% of those in the soleus. Acetoacetate caused moderate increases in tissue glucose 6-phosphate and possibly citrate, but it did not decrease glucose uptake or lactate release. 4. The rate of glycolysis in the soleus was approximately five times that previously observed in the perfused rat hindquarter, a muscle preparation in which acetoacetate inhibits glucose oxidation, but does not alter glucose uptake or glycolysis. A similar rate of glycolysis was observed when the soleus was incubated with a glucose-free medium. Under these conditions, tissue malate and the lactate/pyruvate ratio in the medium were decreased, and acetoacetate did not decrease lactate release or increase tissue citrate or glucose 6-phosphate. An intermediate rate of glycolysis, which was not decreased by acetoacetate, was observed when the soleus was incubated with glucose, but not insulin. 5. The data suggest that acetoacetate glucose inhibits uptake and glycolysis in red muscle under conditions that resemble mild to moderate exercise. They also suggest that the accumulation of citrate in these circumstances is linked to the rate of glycolysis, possibly through the generation of cytosolic NADH and malate formation.

scholarly journals Carbonic anhydrase activity in skeletal muscle fiber types, axons, spindles, and capillaries of rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles.

1982 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 1275-1288 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Riley ◽  
S Ellis ◽  
J Bain
Keyword(s):  
Carbonic Anhydrase ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Female Rats ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

Carbonic anhydrase (CA) activities were studied in soluble extracts and cryostat sections of skeletal muscles from prepubertal and postpubertal rats. Acetazolamide inhibition was utilized to distinguish between activities of the acetazolamide-sensitive (CA I and II) and acetazolamide-resistant (CA III) forms of the enzyme. The inhibition studies indicated that fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers contained both the sensitive and resistant forms of CA. Acetazolamide-sensitive activity was localized within muscle fibers, axons, myelin, and capillaries. Axoplasmic staining was restricted to subpopulations of myelinated axons in both the dorsal and ventral roots. Soleus muscles exhibited significantly greater activity of CA III than extensor digitorum longus muscles at all ages examined. CA III was richest in slow-twitch oxidative and intrafusal fibers. During puberty, soleus muscle fibers matured and converted from fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic to slow-twitch oxidative fibers. There was a shift from the sensitive to the resistant form of CA; CA III activity increased about sevenfold. This activity peaked earlier in the muscles of female rats than male rats. These results demonstrated a complex distribution of CA isozymes in the neuromuscular system and pointed out that isozyme content depends on both the type of muscle and the age and sex of the animal.

Glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis in skeletal muscle: effects of pH and hormones

1990 ◽  
Vol 258 (4) ◽  
pp. E693-E700 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Bonen ◽  
J. C. McDermott ◽  
M. H. Tan
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Effects Of Ph ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Highly Correlated ◽  
Fast Twitch

We examined the effects of selected hormones and pH on the rates of glyconeogenesis (L-[U-14C]-lactate----glycogen) and glycogenesis (D-[U-14C]glucose----glycogen) in mouse fast-twitch (FT) and slow-twitch muscles incubated in vitro (37 degrees C). Glyconeogenesis and glycogenesis increased linearly with increasing concentrations of lactate (5-20 mM) and glucose (2.5-10 mM), respectively, in both muscles. Glyconeogenesis was approximately three- to fourfold greater in the extensor digitorum longus (EDL) than in the soleus, whereas basal glycogenesis was twofold greater in the soleus muscle than in the EDL. Lactate accounted for up to 5% of the glycogen formed in the soleus and up to 32% in the EDL relative to the rates of glycogenesis (i.e., 5 mM glucose + 10 nM insulin) in each muscle. Corticosterone (10(-12)-10(-6) M) failed to alter glyconeogenesis, whereas this hormone reduced glycogenesis. Insulin (10 nM) markedly stimulated glycogenesis but failed to stimulate glyconeogenesis. The rates of both glycogenesis and glyconeogenesis were pH sensitive, with optimal rates at pH 6.5-7.0 in both muscles. Glyconeogenesis increased by 49% in the soleus and by 39% EDL at pH 6.5 compared with pH 7.4. Glycogenesis increased in the soleus (SOL) and EDL in the absence (SOL: +22%; EDL: +52%) and presence of insulin (SOL: +22%; EDL: +51%) at pH 6.5 when compared with pH 7.4. In additional experiments with the perfused rat hindquarter, rates of glyconeogenesis were shown to be highly correlated with proportion of FT muscle fibers in a muscle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

scholarly journals Catalase-positive microperoxisomes in rat soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscle fiber types.

1988 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 633-637 ◽  
Author(s):  
D A Riley ◽  
S Ellis ◽  
J L Bain
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Fiber ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Muscle Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Types ◽  
Fiber Area ◽  
Longus Muscle ◽  
Crystalloid Inclusions ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch

The size, distribution, and content of catalase-reactive microperoxisomes were studied cytochemically in slow-twitch oxidative (SO), fast-twitch oxidative glycolytic (FOG), and fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) fibers of soleus and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) rat muscles. Fiber types were classified on the basis of mitochondrial content and distribution, Z-band widths, and myofibril size and shape. Microperoxisomes were generally located between myofibrils at the I-bands. The absence of crystalloid inclusions prevented positive identification of microperoxisomes in nonreacted and aminotriazole-inhibited muscles. EDL and soleus SO fibers possessed the largest microperoxisomes, whereas FOG and FG fibers of the EDL contained small- to medium-sized microperoxisomes. Comparing either microperoxisome number per muscle fiber area or microperoxisome area per fiber area revealed significant differences between fiber types with this ranking: soleus SO greater than EDL SO greater than EDL FOG greater than EDL FG. The present observations demonstrate that the content of catalase-positive microperoxisomes is greatest in the oxidative muscle fiber types. These cytochemical findings account for the higher catalase activity in homogenates of soleus muscles as compared to that of EDL muscles, because the soleus contains more oxidative fibers than EDL.

scholarly journals Activity of mu- and m-calpain in regenerating fast and slow twitch skeletal muscles.

1996 ◽  
Vol 43 (4) ◽  
pp. 693-700 ◽  
Author(s):  
J Moraczewski ◽  
E Piekarska ◽  
M Zimowska ◽  
M Sobolewska
Keyword(s):  
Intracellular Calcium ◽  
Soleus Muscle ◽  
Muscle Regeneration ◽  
Skeletal Muscles ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Edl Muscle ◽  
Calpain Ii ◽  
Complete Regeneration

Calpains--non-lysosomal intracellular calcium-activated neutral proteinases, form a family consisting of several distinct members. Two of the isoenzymes: mu (calpain I) and m (calpain II) responded differently to the injury during complete regeneration of Extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle and partial regeneration of Soleus muscle. In the crushed EDL the level of m-calpain on the 3rd and 7th day of regeneration was higher than in non-operated muscles, whereas the activity of this calpain in injured Soleus decreased. The level of mu-calpain in EDL oscillated irregularly during regeneration whereas in Soleus of both injured and contralateral muscles its level rapidly rose. Our results support the hypothesis that m-calpain is involved in the process of fusion of myogenic cells whereas mu-calpain plays a significant but indirect role in muscle regeneration.

Recovery heat production of mammalian fast- and slow-twitch muscles

1976 ◽  
Vol 230 (6) ◽  
pp. 1637-1643 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Wendt ◽  
CL Gibbs
Keyword(s):  
Heat Production ◽  
Total Heat ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
A Value ◽  
Glycolytic Activity ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Initial Recovery ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Mitochondrial Oxidative Metabolism ◽  
Initial Heat

Relationships between initial heat and recovery heat in fast-twitch extensor digitorum longus (EDL) and slow-twitch soleus (SOL) muscles of the rat have been investigated by estimating the ratio of total heat (initial + recovery) to estimated initial heat. Results obtained from SOL agreed well with earlier data from amphibian skeletal muscle and indicated that in tetanic contractions of SOL the ratio,total heat/initial heat, was slightly greater than 2. Experiments on EDL revealed complexities not previously reported for amphibian muscle. Anaerobic total heat production by EDL was as much as 75% of aerobic heat production. When the initial heat was estimated under anaerobic conditions and with iodacetate present, the apparent ratio of total heat/initial heat in tetanic contractions of EDL approached a value of 2. The results are discussed in relation to the enzymatic characteristics of these muscles, and it is suggested that the recovery heat of SOL arises mainly from mitochondrial oxidative metabolism while that of EDL arises, to a large extent, from glycolytic activity.

Effects of thyroidectomy on development of skeletal muscle in fetal sheep

1991 ◽  
Vol 261 (5) ◽  
pp. R1300-R1306 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Finkelstein ◽  
P. Andrianakis ◽  
A. R. Luff ◽  
D. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Thyroid Gland ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Relaxation Times ◽  
Medial Gastrocnemius ◽  
Fetal Sheep ◽  
Twitch Contraction ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Contraction And Relaxation ◽  
Fast Twitch

The influence of the thyroid gland on the functional and histochemical development of fast- and slow-twitch skeletal muscle of fetal sheep has been studied in euthyroid fetal sheep (n = 6) and athyroid fetuses (n = 4) surgically thyroid-ectomized at 70-75 days of gestation. Two fast-twitch muscles, the medial gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus, and the slow-twitch soleus muscle were studied at the fetal age of 140 days gestation. The athyroid fetuses had significantly slower twitch contraction and relaxation times in both the medial gastrocnemius and extensor digitorum longus muscles compared with the euthyroid fetuses. Twitch contraction and relaxation times of the soleus were not different in the two groups. Thyroidectomy resulted in an increase in the proportion of fast (type II) muscle fibers and myosin, as shown histochemically and by gel electrophoresis of heavy-chain myosins. These results indicate that the functional maturation of the fast-twitch muscles of sheep is influenced by the presence of an intact thyroid gland from at least 70 days of gestation. In contrast, the slow-twitch soleus muscle fiber diameter and twitch contraction and relaxation times were not different in the two groups.

Diazepam reveals different rate-limiting processes in rat skeletal muscle contraction

1987 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Chua ◽  
Angela F. Dulhunty
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Sarcoplasmic Reticulum ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Calcium Uptake ◽  
Rat Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Contraction ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Fast Twitch ◽  
Rate Limiting

The action of the tranquilizer diazepam on rat skeletal muscle showed that relaxation of isometric twitches is controlled by different processes in extensor digitorum longus (fast-twitch) and soleus (slow-twitch) muscles. Diazepam caused an increase in the amplitude of twitches in fibres from both muscles but increased the twitch duration only in soleus. The amplitude of fused tetani were reduced in both muscles and the rate of relaxation after the tetanus slowed by as much as 34% when the amplitude of the tetanus was reduced by only 11%. The slower tetanic relaxation indicated that calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum was slower than normal in slow- and fast-twitch fibres. We conclude therefore that calcium uptake by the sarcoplasmic reticulum is rate limiting for twitch relaxation in slow-twitch but not fast-twitch fibres and suggest that calcium binding to parvalbumin controls relaxation in the fast fibres.

Insulin binding and 2-deoxy-D-glucose uptake in fast- and slow-twitch mouse skeletal muscle at 18 and 37 °C

1984 ◽  
Vol 62 (12) ◽  
pp. 1460-1465 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wendy M. Watson-Wright ◽  
Meng H. Tan ◽  
Arend Bonen
Keyword(s):  
Extensor Digitorum Longus ◽  
Insulin Binding ◽  
Extensor Digitorum ◽  
Insulin Degradation ◽  
Response Curves ◽  
Slow Twitch Muscle ◽  
Two Temperatures ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Slow Twitch ◽  
Insulin Responsiveness

Insulin binding, insulin degradation, and 2-deoxyglucose uptake were examined at 18 and 37 °C in soleus and extensor digitorum longus muscles of mice. Insulin binding and degradation were greater in the soleus than in the extensor digitorum longus at both temperatures (p < 0.05). At 37 °C, binding was decreased in both muscles while percentage degradation was increased in comparison with 18 °C (p < 0.05). Dose–response curves (percentage of binding at 4 nM of insulin) remained the same for both muscles at the two temperatures. Basal (no insulin) 2-deoxyglucose uptake was increased at 37 °C in the extensor digitorum longus but not the soleus. Insulin responsiveness in terms of the amount of 2-deoxyglucose taken up per femtomole of insulin bound was almost identical for the two muscles at 18 °C, whereas at 37 °C it was increased more in the soleus than in the extensor digitorum longus. The results indicate that in the presence of physiological concentrations of insulin (0.2–4 nM), insulin binding trends are minimally affected by increased temperature. In contrast, the ability of insulin to stimulate 2-deoxyglucose uptake varies between the two temperatures, and at the higher temperature between fast- and slow-twitch muscle.

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