scholarly journals Food-entrained circadian rhythms are sustained in arrhythmic Clk/Clk mutant mice

2003 ◽  
Vol 285 (1) ◽  
pp. R57-R67 ◽  
Author(s):  
SiNae Pitts ◽  
Elizabeth Perone ◽  
Rae Silver
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Clock Gene ◽  
Wheel Running ◽  
Mutant Mice ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Clock Protein

Daily scheduled feeding is a potent time cue that elicits anticipatory activity in rodents. This food-anticipatory activity (FAA) is controlled by a food-entrainable oscillator (FEO) that is distinct from light-entrained oscillators of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Circadian rhythms within the SCN depend on transcription-translation feedback loops in which CLOCK protein is a key positive regulator. The Clock gene is expressed in rhythmic tissues throughout the brain and periphery, implicating its widespread involvement in the functioning of circadian oscillators. To examine whether CLOCK protein is also necessary for the FEO, the effect of daily food restriction was studied in homozygous Clock mutant ( Clk/Clk) mice. The results show that Clk/Clk mutant mice exhibit FAA, even when their circadian wheel-running behavior is arrhythmic. As in wild-type controls, FAA in Clk/Clk mutants persists after temporal feeding cues are removed for several cycles, indicating that the FEO is a circadian timer. This is the first demonstration that the Clock gene is not necessary for the expression of a circadian, food-entrained behavior and suggests that the FEO is mediated by a molecular mechanism distinct from that of the SCN.

Circadian properties of anticipatory activity to restricted water access in suprachiasmatic-ablated hamsters

1993 ◽  
Vol 264 (1) ◽  
pp. R22-R29 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Mistlberger
Keyword(s):  
Wheel Running ◽  
Activity Rhythm ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Water Access ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Water Restriction ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Daily Food ◽  
Daily Water ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

This study provides evidence that anticipation of daily water access in hamsters is regulated by nonphotically entrainable circadian oscillators located outside of the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). Intact and SCN-ablated hamsters receiving 2 h/day water access ate large meals (representing 17-55% of daily food intake) during the 2-h access time. Two of nine SCN-intact hamsters, five of five hamsters with partial SCN ablations, and seven of nine hamsters with total SCN ablations showed anticipatory wheel-running rhythms synchronized to water access time. These anticipation rhythms usually disappeared during subsequent ad libitum water access but reappeared when the hamsters were water deprived for 2 days. When the water restriction schedule was shortened to an 18-h interval in six SCN-ablated hamsters, an 18-h activity rhythm emerged that usually did not persist during water deprivation. When the schedule was lengthened to 30-h intervals, several hamsters showed 27- to 29-h rhythms that did not stably synchronize to water access time. These results indicate that hamsters, like rats, possess a non-SCN-based water- and/or food-entrainable, self-sustaining oscillator with circadian limits to entrainment.

scholarly journals Leptin-sensitive neurons in the arcuate nucleus integrate activity and temperature circadian rhythms and anticipatory responses to food restriction

2013 ◽  
Vol 305 (8) ◽  
pp. R949-R960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael F. Wiater ◽  
Ai-Jun Li ◽  
Thu T. Dinh ◽  
Heiko T. Jansen ◽  
Sue Ritter
Keyword(s):  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Food Restriction ◽  
Arcuate Nucleus ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Static Phase ◽  
Integrate Activity ◽  
Arcuate Nuclei ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Previously, we investigated the role of neuropeptide Y and leptin-sensitive networks in the mediobasal hypothalamus in sleep and feeding and found profound homeostatic and circadian deficits with an intact suprachiasmatic nucleus. We propose that the arcuate nuclei (Arc) are required for the integration of homeostatic circadian systems, including temperature and activity. We tested this hypothesis using saporin toxin conjugated to leptin (Lep-SAP) injected into Arc in rats. Lep-SAP rats became obese and hyperphagic and progressed through a dynamic phase to a static phase of growth. Circadian rhythms were examined over 49 days during the static phase. Rats were maintained on a 12:12-h light-dark (LD) schedule for 13 days and, thereafter, maintained in continuous dark (DD). After the first 13 days of DD, food was restricted to 4 h/day for 10 days. We found that the activity of Lep-SAP rats was arrhythmic in DD, but that food anticipatory activity was, nevertheless, entrainable to the restricted feeding schedule, and the entrained rhythm persisted during the subsequent 3-day fast in DD. Thus, for activity, the circuitry for the light-entrainable oscillator, but not for the food-entrainable oscillator, was disabled by the Arc lesion. In contrast, temperature remained rhythmic in DD in the Lep-SAP rats and did not entrain to restricted feeding. We conclude that the leptin-sensitive network that includes the Arc is required for entrainment of activity by photic cues and entrainment of temperature by food, but is not required for entrainment of activity by food or temperature by photic cues.

Daily food-anticipatory activity in golden shiners

2000 ◽  
Vol 70 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 35-43 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephan G Reebs ◽  
Martin Lague
Keyword(s):  
Daily Food ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Golden Shiners ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Food entrainment modifies the c-Fos expression pattern in brain stem nuclei of rats

2005 ◽  
Vol 288 (3) ◽  
pp. R678-R684 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manuel Ángeles-Castellanos ◽  
Jorge Mendoza ◽  
Mauricio Díaz-Muñoz ◽  
Carolina Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Brain Stem ◽  
Neural Systems ◽  
Solitary Tract ◽  
Hypothalamic Nuclei ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Neural Information ◽  
Meal Time ◽  
Differential Involvement ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
The Brain

When food is restricted to a few hours daily, animals increase their locomotor activity 2–3 h before food access, which has been termed food anticipatory activity. Food entrainment has been linked to the expression of a circadian food-entrained oscillator (FEO) and the anatomic substrate of this oscillator seems to depend on diverse neural systems and peripheral organs. Previously, we have described a differential involvement of hypothalamic nuclei in the food-entrained process. For the food entrainment pathway, the communication between the gastrointestinal system and central nervous system is essential. The visceral synaptic input to the brain stem arrives at the dorsal vagal complex and is transmitted directly from the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST) or via the parabrachial nucleus (PBN) to hypothalamic nuclei and other areas of the forebrain. The present study aims to characterize the response of brain stem structures in food entrainment. The expression of c-Fos immunoreactivity (c-Fos-IR) was used to identify neuronal activation. Present data show an increased c-Fos-IR following meal time in all brain stem nuclei studied. Food-entrained temporal patterns did not persist under fasting conditions, indicating a direct dependence on feeding-elicited signals for this activation. Because NST and PBN exhibited a different and increased response from that expected after a regular meal, we suggest that food entrainment promotes ingestive adaptations that lead to a modified activation in these brain stem nuclei, e.g., stomach distension. Neural information provided by these nuclei to the brain may provide the essential entraining signal for FEO.

scholarly journals Circadian influences on dopamine circuits of the brain: regulation of striatal rhythms of clock gene expression and implications for psychopathology and disease

F1000Research ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 2062 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Verwey ◽  
Sabine Dhir ◽  
Shimon Amir
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Circadian Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Clock ◽  
Clock Gene ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Physiological Importance ◽  
Clock Gene Expression ◽  
Dopamine Circuits ◽  
The Brain

Circadian clock proteins form an autoregulatory feedback loop that is central to the endogenous generation and transmission of daily rhythms in behavior and physiology. Increasingly, circadian rhythms in clock gene expression are being reported in diverse tissues and brain regions that lie outside of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), the master circadian clock in mammals. For many of these extra-SCN rhythms, however, the region-specific implications are still emerging. In order to gain important insights into the potential behavioral, physiological, and psychological relevance of these daily oscillations, researchers have begun to focus on describing the neurochemical, hormonal, metabolic, and epigenetic contributions to the regulation of these rhythms. This review will highlight important sites and sources of circadian control within dopaminergic and striatal circuitries of the brain and will discuss potential implications for psychopathology and disease. For example, rhythms in clock gene expression in the dorsal striatum are sensitive to changes in dopamine release, which has potential implications for Parkinson’s disease and drug addiction. Rhythms in the ventral striatum and limbic forebrain are sensitive to psychological and physical stressors, which may have implications for major depressive disorder. Collectively, a rich circadian tapestry has emerged that forces us to expand traditional views and to reconsider the psychopathological, behavioral, and physiological importance of these region-specific rhythms in brain areas that are not immediately linked with the regulation of circadian rhythms.

scholarly journals Food as circadian time cue for appetitive behavior

F1000Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
pp. 61 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E. Mistlberger
Keyword(s):  
Ketone Bodies ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Circadian Clocks ◽  
Feeding Time ◽  
Dopaminergic Drugs ◽  
Activity Rhythms ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Anticipatory Activity

Feeding schedules entrain circadian clocks in multiple brain regions and most peripheral organs and tissues, thereby synchronizing daily rhythms of foraging behavior and physiology with times of day when food is most likely to be found. Entrainment of peripheral clocks to mealtime is accomplished by multiple feeding-related signals, including absorbed nutrients and metabolic hormones, acting in parallel or in series in a tissue-specific fashion. Less is known about the signals that synchronize circadian clocks in the brain with feeding time, some of which are presumed to generate the circadian rhythms of food-anticipatory activity that emerge when food is restricted to a fixed daily mealtime. In this commentary, I consider the possibility that food-anticipatory activity rhythms are driven or entrained by circulating ghrelin, ketone bodies or insulin. While evidence supports the potential of these signals to participate in the induction or amount of food-anticipatory behavior, it falls short of establishing either a necessary or sufficient role or accounting for circadian properties of anticipatory rhythms. The availability of multiple, circulating signals by which circadian oscillators in many brain regions might entrain to mealtime has supported a view that food-anticipatory rhythms of behavior are mediated by a broadly distributed system of clocks. The evidence, however, does not rule out the possibility that multiple peripheral and central food-entrained oscillators and feeding-related signals converge on circadian oscillators in a defined location which ultimately set the phase and gate the expression of anticipatory activity rhythms. A candidate location is the dorsal striatum, a core component of the neural system which mediates reward, motivation and action and which contains circadian oscillators entrainable by food and dopaminergic drugs. Systemic metabolic signals, such as ghrelin, ketones and insulin, may participate in circadian food anticipation to the extent that they modulate dopamine afferents to circadian clocks in this area.

scholarly journals Dopamine receptor 1 neurons in the dorsal striatum regulate food anticipatory circadian activity rhythms in mice

eLife ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian M Gallardo ◽  
Martin Darvas ◽  
Mia Oviatt ◽  
Chris H Chang ◽  
Mateusz Michalik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dopamine D2 Receptor ◽  
D2 Receptor ◽  
Dorsal Striatum ◽  
D1 Receptor ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
Food Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Dopamine Signaling ◽  
Anticipatory Activity ◽  
Dopamine Receptor 1 ◽  
Deficient Mice

Daily rhythms of food anticipatory activity (FAA) are regulated independently of the suprachiasmatic nucleus, which mediates entrainment of rhythms to light, but the neural circuits that establish FAA remain elusive. In this study, we show that mice lacking the dopamine D1 receptor (D1R KO mice) manifest greatly reduced FAA, whereas mice lacking the dopamine D2 receptor have normal FAA. To determine where dopamine exerts its effect, we limited expression of dopamine signaling to the dorsal striatum of dopamine-deficient mice; these mice developed FAA. Within the dorsal striatum, the daily rhythm of clock gene period2 expression was markedly suppressed in D1R KO mice. Pharmacological activation of D1R at the same time daily was sufficient to establish anticipatory activity in wild-type mice. These results demonstrate that dopamine signaling to D1R-expressing neurons in the dorsal striatum plays an important role in manifestation of FAA, possibly by synchronizing circadian oscillators that modulate motivational processes and behavioral output.

Entrainment of circadian clocks in mammals by arousal and food

2011 ◽  
Vol 49 ◽  
pp. 119-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ralph E Mistlberger ◽  
Michael C Antle
Keyword(s):  
Clock Gene ◽  
Gene Mutations ◽  
Circadian System ◽  
Neural Pathways ◽  
Suprachiasmatic Nuclei ◽  
Social Stimuli ◽  
Clock Gene Expression ◽  
Circadian Oscillators ◽  
External Time ◽  
The Brain

Circadian rhythms in mammals are regulated by a system of endogenous circadian oscillators (clock cells) in the brain and in most peripheral organs and tissues. One group of clock cells in the hypothalamic SCN (suprachiasmatic nuclei) functions as a pacemaker for co-ordinating the timing of oscillators elsewhere in the brain and body. This master clock can be reset and entrained by daily LD (light–dark) cycles and thereby also serves to interface internal with external time, ensuring an appropriate alignment of behavioural and physiological rhythms with the solar day. Two features of the mammalian circadian system provide flexibility in circadian programming to exploit temporal regularities of social stimuli or food availability. One feature is the sensitivity of the SCN pacemaker to behavioural arousal stimulated during the usual sleep period, which can reset its phase and modulate its response to LD stimuli. Neural pathways from the brainstem and thalamus mediate these effects by releasing neurochemicals that inhibit retinal inputs to the SCN clock or that alter clock-gene expression in SCN clock cells. A second feature is the sensitivity of circadian oscillators outside of the SCN to stimuli associated with food intake, which enables animals to uncouple rhythms of behaviour and physiology from LD cycles and align these with predictable daily mealtimes. The location of oscillators necessary for food-entrained behavioural rhythms is not yet certain. Persistence of these rhythms in mice with clock-gene mutations that disable the SCN pacemaker suggests diversity in the molecular basis of light- and food-entrainable clocks.

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