Mathematical model of the fetal cardiovascular system: the uncontrolled case

1980 ◽  
Vol 239 (3) ◽  
pp. R317-R325 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Huikeshoven ◽  
T. G. Coleman ◽  
H. W. Jongsma
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Cardiovascular Physiology ◽  
Control Mechanisms ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Upper Limits ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

A mathematical model was developed to study and to interpret the results of different experiments undertaken in the field of fetal cardiovascular physiology. This model consists of a total of six peripheral blood compartments and a detailed description of the heart. The unique characteristics of the fetal circulation, particularly the ductus arteriosus, the foramen ovale, and the placenta are incorporated into this model. No control mechanisms are incorporated. The model was validated by simulating several previously described experiments. First, the performance of the individual ventricles was measured. The results indicate that, in the normal physiological situation, the right ventricle is working near the upper limits of its function while the left ventricle works below its limits. Second, the circulatory system was stressed by increasing the blood volume and the results show a shift from right to left in the relative contributions of each ventricle to the total cardiac output. Finally, effects of clamping the several blood vessels of the umbilical cord were studied.

Determinants of arterial gas embolism after scuba diving

2012 ◽  
Vol 112 (1) ◽  
pp. 91-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Ljubkovic ◽  
Jaksa Zanchi ◽  
Toni Breskovic ◽  
Jasna Marinovic ◽  
Mihajlo Lojpur ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Patent Foramen Ovale ◽  
Scuba Diving ◽  
Exercise Bout ◽  
Moderate Exercise ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Cardiac Septal Defects ◽  
Novel Concept ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Systemic Arteries

Scuba diving is associated with breathing gas at increased pressure, which often leads to tissue gas supersaturation during ascent and the formation of venous gas emboli (VGE). VGE crossover to systemic arteries (arterialization), mostly through the patent foramen ovale, has been implicated in various diving-related pathologies. Since recent research has shown that arterializations frequently occur in the absence of cardiac septal defects, our aim was to investigate the mechanisms responsible for these events. Divers who tested negative for patent foramen ovale were subjected to laboratory testing where agitated saline contrast bubbles were injected in the cubital vein at rest and exercise. The individual propensity for transpulmonary bubble passage was evaluated echocardiographically. The same subjects performed a standard air dive followed by an echosonographic assessment of VGE generation (graded on a scale of 0–5) and distribution. Twenty-three of thirty-four subjects allowed the transpulmonary passage of saline contrast bubbles in the laboratory at rest or after a mild/moderate exercise, and nine of them arterialized after a field dive. All subjects with postdive arterialization had bubble loads reaching or exceeding grade 4B in the right heart. In individuals without transpulmonary passage of saline contrast bubbles, injected either at rest or after an exercise bout, no postdive arterialization was detected. Therefore, postdive VGE arterialization occurs in subjects that meet two criteria: 1) transpulmonary shunting of contrast bubbles at rest or at mild/moderate exercise and 2) VGE generation after a dive reaches the threshold grade. These findings may represent a novel concept in approach to diving, where diving routines will be tailored individually.

scholarly journals Electrocardiographic Pattern in the Newborn During the First Week of Life

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 59-70
Author(s):  
Maemunah Affandi ◽  
Bambang Madiyono ◽  
Sutarto H. ◽  
Asikin Hanafiah
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Anatomical Changes ◽  
T Wave ◽  
Pr Interval ◽  
The Right

One hundred and sixteen babies were given electrocardiogram examination on the 1st day until the 7th day of birth as well as the examination at 3 and 6 months. There were definite changes in the heart rate, P duration, PR interval, T axis, and T wave of the right precordial leads on the 1st day, especially on the 1st hours of birth. These changes may be caused by physiological adjustment after birth and anatomical changes like the closing of foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus. There were changes on the second day and thereafter caused by increased activities of the left side of the heart. Observations were made on ECG examination on fullterm normal babies on the 1st week of birth. Genetic factors should not be ignored (Sutin and Schrire, 1964) as data gathered in this study have shown some differences from data gathered in other studies.

Anatomy and spontaneous closure of the ductus arteriosus

2021 ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Michael Obladen
Keyword(s):  
Left Ventricle ◽  
Middle Ages ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Spontaneous Closure ◽  
Foramen Ovale ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Active Process ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
The Reformation ◽  
Postnatal Closure

The ductus arteriosus and foramen ovale were described by Galen without understanding their functions. His beliefs in soul localization and spiritization within the left ventricle established religious pneumatology which became a theological need in the Middle Ages. Pulmonary transit was recognized by Servetus and Colombo after the Reformation around 1550. This prompted Harvey’s full understanding of the fetal circulation. Botallo did not describe the ductus arteriosus, but in 1564 redescribed the foramen ovale, making his way into the Nomina Anatomica by mistake. Most authors of the 19th and 20th centuries believed ductal patency to be passive, and postnatal closure to be an active process, explained by mechanical theories. After the discovery of prostaglandins by Bergstrom and Vane, Coceani proved that ductal patency is maintained by the relaxant action of prostaglandins.

Persistence of the Fetal Circulation

1980 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 37-40
Author(s):  
Boyd W. Goetzman ◽  
Thomas A. Riemenschneider
Keyword(s):  
Pulmonary Hypertension ◽  
Myocardial Dysfunction ◽  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Newborn Infants ◽  
Structural Heart Disease ◽  
Atrial Pressure ◽  
Right Atrial ◽  
Fetal Circulation ◽  
Hemodynamic Pattern ◽  
The Right

Persistence of the fetal circulation (PFC) was initially described as a syndrome of central cyanosis in term newborn infants resulting from right-to-left shunting of blood via persisting fetal channels which mimicked structural heart disease. Subsequently, this abnormal hemodynamic pattern has been recognized as a complication of a spectrum of neonatal disease. The designation PFC has achieved wide acceptance; however, other terminology may be encountered, including persistence of the transitional circulation and persistent pulmonary hypertension of the newborn. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY Muscular pulmonary arterioles are constricted in the term fetus. If these vessels fail to dilate at birth, or if constriction recurs, pulmonary hypertension (PHN) ensues, with consequent elevation of right ventricular and right atrial pressures. Right-to-left (R→L) shunting of blood across the foramen ovale occurs when right atrial pressure exceeds left atrial pressure. R→L shunting through the ductus arteriosus requires pulmonary arterial pressure to exceed systemic pressure, as well as patency of the ductus (see Fig 1). PHN may independently be responsible for myocardial dysfunction by imposing an abnormal workload on the right ventricle or by adversely affecting right coronary artery blood flow with consequent subendocardial ischemia. The physiology of PFC is presented schematically in Fig 2. There are two potential pathways to PFC (see Fig 3).

Hová vezet a Botallo-vezeték? Tévedéshezr

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 (Supplement-1) ◽  
pp. 13-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Árpád Péterffy ◽  
Mikael Péterffy
Keyword(s):  
Ductus Arteriosus ◽  
Foramen Ovale

Absztrakt A közlemény célja, hogy felhívja a hazai orvostársadalom figyelmét arra a tényre, hogy helytelen “ductus Botalli”-nak nevezni a pulmonalis arteria és az aorta közti artériás vezetéket (ductus arteriosus), amely a magzati keringés fontos része, és ezért nyitva van, de a születés után, a tüdővel való légzés során feleslegessé válik, és elzáródik. A 16. században élt olasz Leonardo Botallo által leírt és saját magáról elnevezett anatómiai képlet a foramen ovale. Sajnálatos módon könyvének későbbi kiadásában történt meg a tévesztés, és társították össze a ductus arteriosust az olasz orvos és hadisebész nevével. Továbbá a mű németre való fordítása is hozzájárulhatott a tévedéshez, ugyanis a “ductus Botalli” elnevezés német nyelvterületen, Skandináviában és Magyarországon terjedt el, viszont az angolszász és spanyol orvosirodalomban nem. Tekintettel arra, hogy a “ductus Botalli” elnevezés tévedésen alapul, fölöttébb kívánatos lenne ennek a hibás elnevezésnek mellőzése a magyar orvosi nyelvben, hasonlóan a német és skandináv nyelvű orvosi irodalomhoz, ahol ez már megtörtént.

Boundaries of Restricting the Rights of Human and Citizen

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 232-236
Author(s):  
Manol Stanin
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Positive Results

AbstractLimitation of rights is a measure proved its effectiveness with positive results for the community in war, military or another emergency.Attitude to rightsmust be human with a view to the right-to-human relationshipbecause the crossing of a certain boundary leads to a disintegration of rights and a negative impact on the personality.This implies necessity from legal institutionalization of clear criteria to refine the limitation of rights, both for the purpose of their protection and for the purpose of protecting the individual.

Tourism as a Tool for the Fulfilment of the Rights to Rest and Leisure Enshrined in Article No. 24 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights

2019 ◽  
Vol 76 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 180-188
Author(s):  
Bianca Nicla Romano
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Universal Declaration ◽  
Title V ◽  
Negative Consequences ◽  
Real Right ◽  
Right To Work ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right ◽  
Italian Constitution

Art. 24 of the 1948 Declaration of Human Rights recognises and protects the right of the individual to rest and leisure. This right has to be fully exercised without negative consequences on the right to work and the remuneration. Tourism can be considered one of the best ways of rest and leisure because it allows to enrich the personality of the individual. Even after the reform of the Title V this area is no longer covered by the Italian Constitution, the Italian legal system protects and guarantees it as a real right, so as to get to recognize its existence and the consequent compensation of the so-called “ruined holiday damage”. This kind of damage has not a patrimonial nature, but a moral one, and the Tourist-Traveler can claim for it when he has not been able to fully enjoy his holiday - the essential fulcrum of tourism - intended as an opportunity for leisure and/or rest, essential rights of the individual.

VALUE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN INDIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jyoti Narayan Patra ◽  
Jayanta Mete
Keyword(s):  
Education System ◽  
Personality Development ◽  
The Family ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

Values are like seeds that sprout, become saplings, grow into trees and spread their branches all around. To be able to think right, to feel the right kind of emotions and to act in the desirable manner are the prime phases of personality development. Building up of values system starts with the individual, moves on to the family and community, reorienting systems, structures and institutions, spreading throughout the land and ultimately embracing the planet as a whole. The culture of inclusivity is particularly relevant and important in the context of our society, nation and making education a right for all children.

Ayurveda dietary guidelines during Covid-19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (SPL1) ◽  
pp. 1477-1481
Author(s):  
Ishwari Gaikwad ◽  
Priyanka Shelotkar
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Habits ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Dietary Guidelines ◽  
The Body ◽  
Daily Regimen ◽  
Web Page ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Health Disorders ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Right

The current world situation is both frightening and alarming due to the massive disruption caused by the Covid-19 pandemic. The next few days are censorious as we need to be very precautious in our daily regimen as well as dietary habits. Ayurveda offers knowledge about food based on certain reasoning. Indecent food custom is the chief cause for the rising development of health disorders in the current era. In classical texts of Ayurveda, the concept of diet explained well, ranging from their natural sources, properties and specific utility in pathological as well as physiological manner. In this work, the review of the relevant literature of Ahara (Diet) was carried out from Charak Samhita and other texts, newspapers, articles, web page related to the same.  Every human being is unique with respect to his Prakriti (Physical and mental temperament), Agni (Digestive capacity), Koshtha  (Nature of bowel) etc. For that reason, the specificity of the individual should be kept in mind. Ahara, when consumed in the appropriate amount at the right moment following all Niyamas (Guidelines) given in Ayurveda texts, gives immunity and keeps the body in a healthy state during pandemics such as Covid-19. Ultimately, this will help the human body to maintain its strength for life. This article reviews the concept of diet viz. combination of foods, their quantity and quality, methods of preparation and processing, which are to be followed during pandemics and are essential in maintenance and endorsement of health and preclusion of diseases.

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