Responses of thalamic neurons in rats to skin cooling and hypothalamic temperature

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. R1293-R1298
Author(s):  
Y. Sakata ◽  
A. Morimoto ◽  
N. Murakami
Keyword(s):  
Digital Signals ◽  
Cold Stimulation ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Hypothalamic Temperature ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Ventrobasal Complex ◽  
Graded Response ◽  
Skin Cooling ◽  
Specific Localization ◽  
Marginal Region

The responses of rat thalamic neurons to skin cooling were electrophysiologically examined. The responses of cold-excited neurons were classified into two types. One is a steplike response in which the activity abruptly increases with skin cooling, and the other is a graded response in which the activity gradually increases with skin cooling. The sites of these neurons were histologically identified in the ventrobasal complex of the thalamus, ventrolateral thalamus, and posterior thalamus. Two-thirds of them were found in a marginal region of the ventrobasal complex. There is no specific localization between the sites of thalamic neurons showing the steplike response and those showing the graded response. Furthermore, the effects of hypothalamic temperature on the thalamic neurons responding to skin cooling were observed. The response of thalamic neurons to cold stimulation of the skin was markedly suppressed during the hypothalamic warming. These results show that the steplike response is related to converting thermal analog signals to digital signals and that the graded response is related to relaying analog patterns of cold signals. Thermal afferent signals are modulated by hypothalamic temperature and subsequently cold sensation is modulated.

SCALING BEHAVIOR OF THE DENDRITIC BRANCHES OF THALAMIC NEURONS

Fractals ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 01 (02) ◽  
pp. 171-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
KLAUS-D. KNIFFKI ◽  
MATTHIAS PAWLAK ◽  
CHRISTIANE VAHLE-HINZ
Keyword(s):  
Growth Process ◽  
Scaling Law ◽  
Branching Ratio ◽  
Scaling Behavior ◽  
Neuronal Growth ◽  
Thalamic Neurons ◽  
Dendritic Trees ◽  
Ventrobasal Complex ◽  
Dendritic Branches

The morphology of Golgi-impregnated thalamic neurons was investigated quantitatively. In particular, it was sought to test whether the dendritic bifurcations can be described by the scaling law (d0)n=(d1)n+(d2)nwith a single value of the diameter exponent n. Here d0 is the diameter of the parent branch, d1 and d2 are the diameters of the two daughter branches. Neurons from two functionally distinct regions were compared: the somatosensory ventrobasal complex (VB) and its nociceptive ventral periphery (VBvp). It is shown that for the neuronal trees studied in both regions, the scaling law was fulfilled. The diameter exponent n, however, was not a constant. It increased from n=1.76 for the 1st order branches to n=3.92 for the 7th order branches of neurons from both regions. These findings suggest that more than one simple intrinsic rule is involved in the neuronal growth process, and it is assumed that the branching ratio d0/d1 is not required to be encoded genetically. Furthermore, the results support the concept of the dendritic trees having a statistically identical topology in neurons of VB and VBvp and thus may be regarded as integrative modules.

A Method of High Accuracy Control for Motor-Based Photoelectric Tracking Instrumentation Base on Inclinometer

2013 ◽  
Vol 423-426 ◽  
pp. 2846-2850
Author(s):  
Da Yong Ning ◽  
Chang Le Sun ◽  
Yong Jun Gong
Keyword(s):  
System Change ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Horizontal Axis ◽  
Cad Model ◽  
Accuracy Control ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Controlled System ◽  
Technology Analysis ◽  
Analog Signals

A mathematic method of ensuring motor-based photoelectric tracking instrumentation work high accurately was introduced, the SCA100T inclinometer was settled under the base, and examine plane of base real-timely. The inclinometer output analog signals and transmit it to AT89C51 through A/D converters, and AT89C51 output digital signals and transmit it to PC through RS-232. The PC convert signals of inclinometer into angle values of horizontal axis and vertical axis and transmit the values to main controlled system of photoelectric tracking instrumentation, the controlled system change the angles of horizontal axis and vertical axis. The CAD model was built and simulated with virtual prototype technology .Analysis and simulation proved that the mathematic method could keep tracking precision of motor-based photoelectric tracking instrumentation.

Research on Flow Sensor and the Pressure Sensor with Digital Asthma Diagnosis Technology

2014 ◽  
Vol 1014 ◽  
pp. 110-114
Author(s):  
Peng Yin ◽  
Miao Cao ◽  
Yun Lin
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Large Range ◽  
Forced Expiratory Volume ◽  
Flow Sensor ◽  
Asthma Diagnosis ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Disease Analysis ◽  
Signal Conditioning Circuit ◽  
Conditioning Circuit

The essay discusses on the flow sensor and the pressure sensor, which collect the signals of PEFR(peak expiratory flow rate) and FEV1(forced expiratory volume in 1 second) of the human body. After the two analog signals go through signal conditioning circuit, ATMEGA128 collects the correspondent digital signals so that realizing fast measuring the PEFR and FEV1, and the result of the diagnosis on the patient’s diseases will directly appear on the LCD, at the same time storing dynamic data as objective index for doctors’ prescriptions and disease analysis. The multiparameter digital asthma diagnosis instrument has a large range of measurement and highly accurate measuring ability, with a small size and high cost, suitable for rural medium- and small-sided hospitals and domestic supervisions.

Research on Plug and Play Sensors Based on IEEE1451.4

2011 ◽  
Vol 204-210 ◽  
pp. 1192-1196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Hui Tang ◽  
Jing Wang ◽  
Pei Guo Hou
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Mode ◽  
Data Sheet ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Plug And Play ◽  
Electronic Data ◽  
Analog Signals

The IEEE1451.4 is a new standard for plug and play sensors.The standard defines a mechanism for self-description and self-indentification for the traditional analog sensors.The mechanism reduce the time for configuration and diagnosis greatly.Introduce IEEE1451.4 and IEEE1451 other standards.The structure and model of the IEEE1451.4 sensors are analyzed.TEDS(Transducer Electronic Data Sheet) that contains the information of sensors and MMI(Mixed-Mode Interface) that transfers both digital signals and analog signals are carried on reseach in detail.

scholarly journals CPS Function for System Failure

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 6055-6061
Keyword(s):  
Traffic Accidents ◽  
Situational Awareness ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
System Failures ◽  
System A ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Process System ◽  
Software Code ◽  
Plant Process

A group of interacting or interrelated entities that forms a unified whole is known as a System. A system is portrayed by its spatial and temporal boundaries surrounded and influenced by its environment and it is also described by structure, purposes and expressed in its functioning. There are multiple types of problems, they are BSOD(Blue Screen Of Death) ,Missing of DLL Files, Computer Restarting Multiple Times , Overheating, Slow internet, Strange Noise, Slow computer, Failure of Peripheral devices, Downloading takes forever, Computer Freezes, App command not working, Jumbled computer screen. This problem may cause severe impact on the system, to avoid those impact it is mandatory to prevent the system from those problems before that occurs. There comes the major role of Cyber Physical System (CPS), which notifies the system about the problem before it occurs. CPS may be defined as combination of physics and cyber components, potentially networked and tightly interconnected with each other. Here, the term physics refers to the plant/process/system and the term cyber refers to the components/software/code. In the interconnection of the physics and cyber, two interfaces are used, one interface is used when the physic is connected to cyber and the other is used in vice versa. The first interface contains network and a convertor, which converts analog signals to digital, and the second interface consist of network and a convertor which converts digital signals to analog. The various application of CPS includes tracking and analysing CO2 emission, detect traffic accidents, insurance telematics and provide situational awareness services to first responders, measure traffic, monitor cardiac patients, etc. Our main aim is to deal with the usage of the CPS in various system failures. This paper gives a detailed description about the function of CPS in various system failures.

Development of a Control System of Testing Machine for Rock Breaking Based on Single-Chip Microcomputer

2014 ◽  
Vol 1082 ◽  
pp. 495-500
Author(s):  
Meng Yi Zhang ◽  
Yi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Rock Breaking ◽  
Displacement Sensor ◽  
Torque Sensor ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Single Chip Microcomputer ◽  
Analog Signals

A control system of testing machine for rock breaking is developed based on Atmega 16 single-chip microcomputer, which acquires analog signals by a pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and a torque sensor. The system converts the signals into digital signals by means of A/D conversion and data processing, and displays them on the LCD screen. The parameters on the testing machine, such as pressures, displacements and torques, can be achieved in real time in the system. Then they are analyzed to obtain rock breaking characteristics. It is shown by experiment that the system meets the control requirements of the testing machine for rock breaking.

scholarly journals Sistema de control de temperatura on-off implementado en el proceso de termoformado para elaboración de bloque a partir de envases multicapas

2019 ◽  
pp. 17-21
Author(s):  
Jaime Rosales-Davalos ◽  
Ma. de los Ángeles Enriquez-Perez ◽  
Roberto López-Ramírez ◽  
Jorge Edmundo Mastache-Mastache
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Reference Signal ◽  
Control Process ◽  
Temperature Control System ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Component Processes ◽  
Wall Construction ◽  
Thermoforming Process ◽  
And Control

In this work, a temperature control system (SCT) was designed and implemented in the thermoforming process for the manufacture of blocks for wall construction (BCM). The control process in the SCT consists in establishing the reference temperature for the thermoforming and send it to the Mega 2560 microcontroller. This component processes the input signal, obtaining six digital signals that control the surface temperature of each of the external faces of the BCM mold that has a rectangular prism geometry. These signals are sent to the electrical isolation stage where the actuators enable six electrical resistances (200 Watts to 120 Volts). The feedback of the temperature in the control system was made through type-k thermocouples, whose analog signals are compared with the reference signal to regulate the temperature. This project contributes to establish and control the temperature of the resistances, implemented for the thermoforming process, for the elaboration of blocks using multilayer containers.

FPGA – ARM Heterogeneous System for High Speed Signal Analysis

2011 ◽  
Vol 180 ◽  
pp. 207-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ernest Jamro ◽  
Maciej Wielgosz ◽  
Sławomir Bieniasz ◽  
Witold Cioch
Keyword(s):  
Processing Speed ◽  
Signal Analysis ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Sampling Frequency ◽  
Diagnostic Systems ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Gate Arrays ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Arm Microprocessor ◽  
Programmable Gate Arrays

This paper presents a version 2 of hardware solution denoted as Programmable Unit for Diagnostic (PUD-2) based on Filed Programmable Gate Arrays (FPGAs) and ARM-based OMAP3530 microprocessor adapted for diagnostic systems. The sampling frequency of the input analog signals and digital signals processing speed of the PUD is high beyond comparable DSP based systems. Employing ARM microprocessor allows for much quicker and easer design than only FPGA-based solution.

The Data Acquisition of High Speed A/D Conversion Based on STC12C5A32S2 SCM

2012 ◽  
Vol 182-183 ◽  
pp. 670-675
Author(s):  
Cheng Ying Wu ◽  
Zhan You Fan ◽  
Hong Jiao Ma ◽  
Zai Min He ◽  
Zhao Ming Wang
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
High Accuracy ◽  
Single Chip ◽  
Digital Signals ◽  
Single Chip Microcomputer ◽  
Display Module ◽  
Analog Signals ◽  
Lcd Display

In order to achieve high-accuracy, high speed and low cost A/D conversion, a new design based on STC12C5A32S2 single-chip microcomputer (SCM) is given. Compared with the previous A/D conversion, the biggest advantage is that the paper combine software with hardware and it can adjust the speed of transformation through procedure.We don't need to modify circuit, just need to modify signals of input and procedures. So the flexibility of A/D conversion can be enhanced, also saved costs. The design mainly makes use of new function of STC12C5A32S2 SCM to realize conversion between analog signals and digital signals. In order that researchers can analyze and use the convention results, the design add a LCD display module. The paper primarily analyses the design of circuit and interface technology between the SCM and other chips. Also, the peculiar function of STC, the LCD display method of LMB202DDC and the flow of software are expounded in detail. The simulation result based on Proteus is given by the end of paper.

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