3D CITYGML BUILDING MODELS DEVELOPMENT WITH CROSS-SCALE QUERY DATABASE

CityGML model-based is now a norm for smart city or digital twin city development for better planning, management, risk-related modelling and other applications. CityGML comes with five levels of details (LoD, in version 2.0) of buildings. The LoDs are also known as pre-defined multi-scale models requiring a large storage-memory-graphic consumption than a single scale model. LoD CityGML models are primarily constructed using point cloud measurements and images of multiple systems, resulting in a range of accuracies and detailed model representations. Additionally, it entails several software, procedures, and formats for the construction of the respective LoDs prior to the final result in the CityGML schema. Thus, this paper discusses several issues of accuracy and consistency, proposing several quality controls (QC) for multiple data acquisition systems (e.g. airborne laser systems and mobile laser systems), model construction techniques (e.g. LoD1, LoD2, and LoD3), software (interchange formats), and migration to a PostgreSQL database. Additionally, the paper recommends the importance of minimising implementation errors. A scale-specific unique identifier is introduced to link all associated LoDs, enabling cross-LoD information queries within a database. Proper model construction, accuracy control, and format interchange of LoD models in accordance with national and international standards will undoubtedly encourage and expedite data sharing among data owners, agencies, stakeholders, and public users. A summary of the work and accomplishments is included, as well as a plan for future research on this subject.

Adaptive entry guidance for the Tianwen-1 mission

To meet the requirements of the Tianwen-1 mission, adaptive entry guidance for entry vehicles, with low lift-to-drag ratios, limited control authority, and large initial state bias, was presented. Typically, the entry guidance law is divided into four distinct phases: trim angle-of-attack phase, range control phase, heading alignment phase, and trim-wing deployment phase. In the range control phase, the predictor—corrector guidance algorithm is improved by planning an on-board trajectory based on the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) entry guidance algorithm. The nominal trajectory was designed and described using a combination of the downrange value and other states, such as drag acceleration and altitude rate. For a large initial state bias, the nominal downrange value was modified onboard by weighing the landing accuracy, control authority, and parachute deployment altitude. The biggest advantage of this approach is that it allows the successful correction of altitude errors and the avoidance of control saturation. An overview of the optimal trajectory design process, including a discussion of the design of the initial flight path angle, relevant event trigger, and transition conditions between the four phases, was also presented. Finally, telemetry data analysis and post-flight assessment results were used to illustrate the adaptive guidance law, create good conditions for subsequent parachute reduction and power reduction processes, and gauge the success of the mission.

Research and Application of Precision Fertilizer Application Algorithm Based on PSO Optimized Fuzzy PID Control

In irrigation’s process and fertilizer application in production of agriculture, the accuracy of fertilizer application and water maintains at a relatively low level, which results in waste of soil slabbing and resources. In this research, a fuzzy PID algorithm based on PSO optimization is designed to control the fertilizer application process and irrigation of the fertilizer applicator. Firstly, a mathematical model of the fertilizer applicator is established according to the relevant modules and corresponding parameters. Based on the MATLAB/Simulink platform, the PID controller, the fuzzy PID controller and the controller proposed in this article are constructed respectively, which can be applied to the established transfer functions. The simulation outcomes demonstrate that the response time of the control algorithm proposed in this research is shortened to 30s, compared to fuzzy PID and PID, which is 62.5% and 50% shorter respectively, and the overshoot of the control algorithm in this article is nearly 0 of apart from the early oscillation. In order to verify the algorithm’s reliability in practical application, this research designs groups of different pressure for the accuracy control test, the test consequences illustrate that the fuzzy PID control based on PSO optimization has excellent control effect under each pressure. The control accuracy is concentrated at around 2%, while PID control maintains around 20% and fuzzy PID control distributed at 10%.The results show that the control algorithm proposed in this research enhances the irrigation accuracy in the practical application process.

An Automated Canine Line-Up for Detection Dog Research

Currently, there is a need to develop technology that facilitates and improves detection dog research. The aim of this research was to develop an automated computer-driven olfactory line-up task. The apparatus consisted of three olfactometers. Each olfactometer was equipped with flow meters to regulate air flow and dilution and six solenoid valves connected to odor jars. Each olfactometer generated an odor which was carried to an odor port where the dogs sample it. The olfactometer's valves were activated by a microcontroller, and a Python program was built to control each olfactometer and randomize and balance the odor presentation. Dogs (N = 12) received one or two 40-trial training sessions in a day where they progressed through a series of training phases where they learned to detect and alert to double-base smokeless powder (SP). An “alert” consisted of a 4-s nose hold. This was measured by infrared sensors in the ports. For each trial, the apparatus recorded dogs' search latency, sniff time, port entries, and response. All this information was automatically recorded in a csv file. A photoionization detector (PID) and solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME-GC/MS) were used to evaluate the odor dynamics and to instrumentally verify odor presence and clearance. A control test was conducted at the end of the training to ensure dogs were alerting exclusively to the odorant. All 12 dogs readily learned to operate the apparatus within 23 days, and all exceeded 85% accuracy. Control tests indicated dogs were leveraging only olfactory cues and not unintentional cues such as auditory cues from the apparatus. Analytical data showed that odor was detected in the port immediately after the activation of a valve and that odor clearance occurred immediately after the valve was closed. The apparatus developed was easy to operate by the dogs and allowed substantial data collection using double-blind testing procedures in a very short period at an affordable cost point for research equipment (~$5,000 USD). The apparatus may prove to be a useful research tool to provide optimal odor stimuli control, ensure double-blind conditions, reduce labor, and significantly increase the amount of data collected.

Iterative Learning-Based PID Precision Control for Sports Performance Analysis

Traditional function algorithms are contradictory to accuracy and performance. Therefore, taking into account the balance of accuracy and performance, the research of accuracy control-oriented mathematical function algorithms is of great significance to the design of high-precision and high-performance mathematical function algorithms. This paper is aimed at the design of mathematical function algorithm for precision control and has conducted indepth research on traditional PID control algorithm and fuzzy logic control theory. By analyzing the advantages and disadvantages of the two in practical applications, a parameter fuzzy cascade PID control is designed. The algorithm and its performance simulation and comparative analysis provide a theoretical basis for the follow-up accuracy control algorithm research and realization process. The accuracy control algorithm is then used to calculate and statistically analyze the sports performance including speed, strength (comprehensiveness and explosiveness), endurance, sensitivity, and coordination. The results show that the optimized function random point (nonextreme) test calculation accuracy is 99.5%, and the control accuracy improvement rate of the parameter fuzzy cascade PID control algorithm is about 18.24%. It has better control effect, stronger stability, and higher control accuracy. In the test of extreme points, the optimized test results are obviously better than those before optimization, which can effectively calculate sports results with high accuracy.

INDICATORS OF SENSE OF CONTROL AT A YOUNG AGE: A COMPARATIVE ASPECT

Sense of control over life events which happen in everyday life (personal and social) can play a role of a self-defence mechanism in stress situations that occurs in a crisis society. The research suggests that process of searching ways and methods to take control over stress events not only is a process of psychological adaptation to unusual stress situation but also is a natural instinct is presented in everyone. Interestingly, there is a lack of empirical studies of subjective sense of being in control and indicators of sense of personal control among young Ukrainians. The purpose of this article is to investigate indicators of sense of control factors’ distribution in two independent study of young Lviv citizens. The study uses established metrics called «subjective control measure». Two studies were conducted for proper assessment of working hypothesis. 90 participants of different sexes, aged from 14 to 35, who work and study in Lviv, took part in the first study. 68 female and male participants aged from 16 to 17, who were students of Lviv secondary school № 2, took part in the second study. The null hypothesis suggests that participants from the first and second study will have different subjective sense of control factors’ distribution. Factor analysis of the first study (2016) participants highlighted the following sense of control factors: measure of personal presentation in control, control factors for outside social world, methods of upbringing (education) and life principles, quality of implementation controls, future without obeying, pedantic control, democratic control, external presentation control, work process management control. In the second study (2017), factor analysis showed the following six sense of control indicators: structured progressive control, perfection business control, external presentation control, work accuracy control, over control, parental control. Next steps for the study will be the analysis of sense of control in participants of different ages on the basis of the improved «subjective control measure».

Improving the Tracking Performance under Nonlinear Time-Varying Constraints in Motion Control Applications: From Theoretical Servo Model to Experimental Validation

In the high-accuracy control of an AC machine, the knowledge of pure system parameters, with no deviation in drive coefficients and no disturbance or other nonlinear components, is a difficult issue for operators, even though it is occasionally nonviable. To overcome these troubles, this paper introduces a robust adaptation strategy based on pseudo fuzzy logic and sliding mode control (PFSMC) for an AC servo drive subject to uncertainties and/or external disturbance. Owing to the robustness of the SMC technique, the reduced sensitivity to uncertainties, and the enhanced resistance to disturbances from the pseudo fuzzy mechanism, this control algorithm can guarantee not only system stability but also the improvement of tracking errors in the steady state. To validate the design efficiency of PFSMC, both simulation and laboratory tests of the proposed scheme and a conventional PID scheme were performed to compare them as follows. In a computer environment, test cases with and without certainties were implemented with two controllers to visualize the comparative responses. Then, the two control methods were integrated into a real-world hardware platform to acquire practical outcomes. From these results, it can be noted that our successful approach showed a feasible, effective, and robust performance in AC drive.