Changes in blood plasma during progressive dehydration

1965 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 1136-1140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo C. Senay ◽  
Margaret L. Christensen
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Albumin ◽  
Average Decrease ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Potassium Plasma ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Male Subjects

Progressive dehydration of resting male subjects was accomplished by exposure to 43.3 C dry bulb, 29 C wet bulb for 12 hr. For control experiments, evaporative weight loss was replaced with 0.1% saline. For dehydrating subjects, the following relationships with evaporative weight losses were obtained: %Delta osmotic pressure = 1.14 (% evap wt loss) — 0.43; %Delta [Na+] = 1.37 (% evap wt loss) — 0.45; %Delta [K+] — 2.19 (% evap wt loss) — 1.29; %Delta hematocrit = 1.4 (%Delta evap wt loss) — 2.65. Comparison of dehydration with rehydration results indicated augmentation of plasma volume with fluids containing high concentrations of potassium. An average decrease in plasma volume of 13.6% (T-1824) from 2.5 to 11 hr after initial heat exposure in dehydrating subjects was accompanied by a 15.7% increase in total protein. Albumin increased 11.6% while globulin increase averaged 22.5%. Plasma protein fractions are not static during dehydration, probably due to augmentation of each protein fraction, particularly globulin. Measurement of plasma volume by T-1824 more likely indicates changes in protein concentration rather than plasma volume changes. A relationship between hematocrit changes and plasma albumin concentrations is suggested. plasma sodium; plasma potassium; plasma osmolarity; hematocrits; plasma albumin; plasma globulins Submitted on February 23, 1965

scholarly journals Plasma and Electrolyte Changes in Exercising Humans After Ingestion of Multiple Boluses of Pickle Juice

2015 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 141-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. McKenney ◽  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
James E. Deal ◽  
Julie A. Garden-Robinson ◽  
Yeong S. Rhee
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Blood Sample ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Potassium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration

Context: Twenty-five percent of athletic trainers administer pickle juice (PJ) to treat cramping. Anecdotally, some clinicians provide multiple boluses of PJ during exercise but warn that repeated ingestion of PJ may cause hyperkalemia. To our knowledge, no researchers have examined the effect of ingesting multiple boluses of PJ on the same day or the effect of ingestion during exercise. Objective: To determine the short-term effects of ingesting a single bolus or multiple boluses of PJ on plasma variables and to characterize changes in plasma variables when individuals ingest PJ and resume exercise. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated men (age = 23 ± 4 years, height = 180.9 ± 5.8 cm, mass = 80.7 ± 13.8 kg, urine specific gravity = 1.009 ± 0.005). Intervention(s): On 3 days, participants rested for 30 minutes, and then a blood sample was collected. Participants ingested 0 or 1 bolus (1 mL·kg−1 body weight) of PJ, donned sweat suits, biked vigorously for 30 minutes (approximate temperature = 37°C, relative humidity = 18%), and had a blood sample collected. They either rested for 60 seconds (0- and 1-bolus conditions) or ingested a second 1 mL·kg−1 body weight bolus of PJ (2-bolus condition). They resumed exercise for another 35 minutes. A third blood sample was collected, and they exited the environmental chamber and rested for 60 minutes (approximate temperature = 21°C, relative humidity = 18%). Blood samples were collected at 30 and 60 minutes postexercise. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume. Results: The number of PJ boluses ingested did not affect plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, or changes in plasma volume over time. The plasma sodium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, and plasma osmolality did not exceed 144.6 mEq·L−1 (144.6 mmol·L−1), 4.98 mEq·L−1 (4.98 mmol·L−1), and 289.5 mOsm·kg−1H2O, respectively, in any condition at any time. Conclusions: Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ and resuming exercise caused negligible changes in blood variables. Ingesting up to 2 boluses of PJ did not increase plasma sodium concentration or cause hyperkalemia.

scholarly journals Electrolyte and Plasma Responses After Pickle Juice, Mustard, and Deionized Water Ingestion in Dehydrated Humans

2014 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 360-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Deionized Water ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Similar Amount ◽  
Water Ingestion ◽  
Exercise Induced ◽  
Conventional Unit

Context: Some athletes ingest pickle juice (PJ) or mustard to treat exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs). Clinicians warn against this because they are concerned it will exacerbate exercise-induced hypertonicity or cause hyperkalemia. Few researchers have examined plasma responses after PJ or mustard ingestion in dehydrated, exercised individuals. Objective: To determine if ingesting PJ, mustard, or deionized water (DIW) while hypohydrated affects plasma sodium (Na+) concentration ([Na+]p), plasma potassium (K+) concentration ([K+]p), plasma osmolality (OSMp), or percentage changes in plasma volume or Na+ content. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: A total of 9 physically active, nonacclimated individuals (age = 25 ± 2 years, height = 175.5 ± 9.0 cm, mass = 78.6 ± 13.8 kg). Intervention(s): Participants exercised vigorously for 2 hours (temperature = 37°C ± 1°C, relative humidity = 24% ± 4%). After a 30-minute rest, a baseline blood sample was collected, and they ingested 1 mL/kg body mass of PJ or DIW. For the mustard trial, participants ingested a mass of mustard containing a similar amount of Na+ as for the PJ trial. Postingestion blood samples were collected at 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes. Main Outcome Measure(s): The dependent variables were [Na+]p, [K+]p, OSMp, and percentage change in plasma Na+ content and plasma volume. Results: Participants became 2.9% ± 0.6% hypohydrated and lost 96.8 ± 27.1 mmol (conventional unit = 96.8 ± 27.1 mEq) of Na+, 8.4 ± 2 mmol (conventional unit = 8.4 ± 2 mEq) of K+, and 2.03 ± 0.44 L of fluid due to exercise-induced sweating. They ingested approximately 79 mL of PJ or DIW or 135.24 ± 22.8 g of mustard. Despite ingesting approximately 1.5 g of Na+ in the PJ and mustard trials, no changes occurred within 60 minutes postingestion for [Na+]p, [K+]p, OSMp, or percentage changes in plasma volume or Na+ content (P > .05). Conclusions: Ingesting a small bolus of PJ or large mass of mustard after dehydration did not exacerbate exercise-induced hypertonicity or cause hyperkalemia. Consuming small volumes of PJ or mustard did not fully replenish electrolytes and fluid losses. Additional research on plasma responses pre-ingestion and postingestion to these treatments in individuals experiencing acute EAMCs is needed.

scholarly journals Electrolyte and Plasma Changes After Ingestion of Pickle Juice, Water, and a Common Carbohydrate-Electrolyte Solution

2009 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 454-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin C. Miller ◽  
Gary Mack ◽  
Kenneth L. Knight
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Plasma Potassium ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Magnesium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Calcium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Magnesium

Abstract Context: Health care professionals advocate that athletes who are susceptible to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) should moderately increase their fluid and electrolyte intake by drinking sport drinks. Some clinicians have also claimed drinking small volumes of pickle juice effectively relieves acute EAMCs, often alleviating them within 35 seconds. Others fear ingesting pickle juice will enhance dehydration-induced hypertonicity, thereby prolonging dehydration. Objective: To determine if ingesting small quantities of pickle juice, a carbohydrate-electrolyte (CHO-e) drink, or water increases plasma electrolytes or other selected plasma variables. Design: Crossover study. Setting: Exercise physiology laboratory. Patients or Other Participants: Nine euhydrated, healthy men (age  =  25 ± 2 years, height  =  179.4 ± 7.2 cm, mass  =  86.3 ± 15.9 kg) completed the study. Intervention(s): Resting blood samples were collected preingestion (−0.5 minutes); immediately postingestion (0 minutes); and at 1, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 45, and 60 minutes postingestion of 1 mL/kg body mass of pickle juice, CHO-e drink, or tap water. Main Outcome Measure(s): Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma potassium concentration, plasma osmolality, and changes in plasma volume were analyzed. Urine specific gravity, osmolality, and volume were also measured to characterize hydration status. Results: Mean fluid intake was 86.3 ± 16.7 mL. Plasma sodium concentration, plasma magnesium concentration, plasma calcium concentration, plasma osmolality, and plasma volume did not change during the 60 minutes after ingestion of each fluid (P ≥ .05). Water ingestion slightly decreased plasma potassium concentration at 60 minutes (0.21 ± 0.14 mg/dL [0.21 ± 0.14 mmol/L]; P ≤ .05). Conclusions: At these volumes, ingestion of pickle juice and CHO-e drink did not cause substantial changes in plasma electrolyte concentrations, plasma osmolality, or plasma volume in rested, euhydrated men. Concern that ingesting these volumes of pickle juice might exacerbate an athlete's risk of dehydration-induced hypertonicity may be unwarranted. If EAMCs are caused by large electrolyte loss due to sweating, these volumes of pickle juice or CHO-e drink are unlikely to restore any deficit incurred by exercise.

Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis during prolonged exercise at altitude

1983 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 409-412 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Withey ◽  
J. S. Milledge ◽  
E. S. Williams ◽  
B. D. Minty ◽  
E. I. Bryson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Prolonged Exercise ◽  
Sodium Concentration ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Intracellular Space ◽  
Plasma Sodium Concentration ◽  
Electrolyte Homeostasis ◽  
Male Subjects ◽  
Sodium And Potassium

The combined effect of exercise and altitude on fluid and electrolyte homeostasis was studied over 13 days on six male subjects eating a diet with constant sodium and potassium content. During the first 4 and last 4 days subjects were semisedentary at an altitude of 900 m. In the middle 5 days subjects exercised by hill walking for about 7 h daily at altitudes between 2,678 and 3,629 m. There was a retention of sodium (mean of 202 mM by the end of the exercise-altitude period) and a small retention of water (mean of 0.49 liters). Plasma volume increased by 0.76 liters and packed cell volume fell from a mean of 44.5 to 41.8%. There was no change in plasma sodium concentration. The retention of sodium implies an expansion in the extracellular space of 1.44 liters at the expense of the intracellular space, which decreased by a calculated 1.05 liters. These changes are similar to those resulting from comparable exercise at sea level and opposite to the effect of altitude on resting subjects.

Silicon Resorption from Equisetum arvense Tea – A Randomized, Three-Armed Pilot Study

Planta Medica ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moritz Winker ◽  
Amy Marisa Zimmermann-Klemd ◽  
Seema Devi ◽  
Aljoscha Waterstradt ◽  
Ann-Kathrin Lederer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Folk Medicine ◽  
Significant Rise ◽  
Equisetum Arvense ◽  
Immunological Parameters ◽  
Silicon Accumulation ◽  
Immunological Effects ◽  
Blood And Urine Samples ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Male Subjects

Abstract Equisetum arvense tea (TEA) contains high concentrations of silicon and has been used in folk medicine for the treatment of inflammatory ailments. We examined the resorption of silicon after TEA consumption. Safety and immunological effects were secondary outcomes. A monocentric, randomized, three-armed pilot study was conducted with 12 voluntary, healthy, male subjects. The study is registered in the German register for clinical trials (DRKS-ID: DRKS00016628). After a low silicon diet for 36 hours, 1000 mL TEA1 with approximately 200 000 µg silicon/L, TEA2 with approximately 750 000 µg silicon/L, or Si-low-Water (approximately 10 – 10 000 µg silicon/L as a control) were ingested on three consecutive days. Blood and urine samples were collected at baseline, day 1 examining silicon kinetics, day 3 examining silicon accumulation, and day 8 (safety, immunological parameters). Si-low-Water intake did not change silicon serum (Cmax 294 µg/L) or urine (19 000 µg/24 h) concentrations compared to baseline. Cmax was 2855 µg/L for TEA1 and 2498 µg/L for TEA2; tmax was 60 and 120 min, respectively. Silicon accumulation did not occur. Urine silica within 24 h (E24 h) was higher after TEA2 compared to TEA1 ingestion (142 000 vs. 109 000 µg/24 h). Serum silicon levels at t = 120 min differed significantly after intake of TEA2 or intake of Si-low-Water (p = 0.029). The immunological parameters did not show any significant changes indicating immunosuppressive effects in volunteers. TEA1 was well tolerated, while TEA2 caused diarrhoea in 4 subjects. Our investigations show that intake of TEA1 leads to significant rise in serum silicon concentration.

Plasma volume during stress in man: osmolality and red cell volume

1979 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 1031-1038 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Greenleaf ◽  
V. A. Convertino ◽  
G. R. Mangseth
Keyword(s):  
Cell Volume ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Plasma Osmolality ◽  
Red Cell ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Red Cell Volume ◽  
Altitude Exposure ◽  
Periods Of Stress

Our purpose was 1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and 2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses--submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting--changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended (greater than 2 h) periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term (less than 2 h) periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.

Aestivation and Ionic Regulation in Two Species of Pomacea (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia)

1968 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 569-585
Author(s):  
COLIN LITTLE
Keyword(s):  
Uric Acid ◽  
Ionic Composition ◽  
Posterior Chamber ◽  
Freshwater Gastropods ◽  
Normal Value ◽  
Weight Losses ◽  
Relative Composition ◽  
Loss Of Weight ◽  
Wet Weight ◽  
High Concentrations

1. The ionic composition of the haemolymph, and the concentrations of uric acid and protein, have been determined for the amphibious prosobranchs Pomacea lineata and P. depressa. Ionic composition of the haemolymph is similar to that of freshwater gastropods. 2. The urine is decidedly hypo-osmotic to the haemolymph, reabsorption of ions occurring in the anterior chamber of the kidney. The rate of production of urine is approximately 1 µl./g./min. at 25° C. 3. The onset of aestivation appears to be related to a loss of 20% of the normal wet weight of the tissues. The loss of weight during aestivation averages 0.009% of the initial wet weight/hr., and aestivation may continue for over 400 days. 4. During aestivation the osmotic pressure of the haemolymph may rise to twice its normal value; but this is 30 mM/l. NaCl less than that predicted from weight losses. The relative composition of the haemolymph alters little, except that the percentages of sodium and chloride increase. 5. Uric acid accumulates round the blood vessels during aestivation, especially in the lung. Relatively little accumulates in the two chambers of the kidney, and only that in the posterior chamber is excreted later. Since the volume of fluid in the posterior chamber falls to about 10% of its normal value, while the total loss of weight of the snail is about 50%, the fluid in the posterior chamber acts as a water reserve. 6. Recovery from aestivation occurs in about 24 hr., when the snails are placed in water. The posterior chamber of the kidney excretes high concentrations of uric acid during this time. 7. The characteristics of aestivation are discussed, and compared with those shown by the Pulmonata.

scholarly journals Influence of Heat Exposure on Serum Lipid and Lipoprotein Cholesterol in Young Male Subjects.

2003 ◽  
Vol 41 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromi YAMAMOTO ◽  
Kui-Cheng ZHENG ◽  
Makoto ARIIZUMI
Keyword(s):  
Serum Lipid ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Young Male ◽  
Lipoprotein Cholesterol ◽  
Male Subjects

Role of thermal and exercise factors in the mechanism of hypervolemia

1980 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 657-664 ◽  
Author(s):  
V. A. Convertino ◽  
J. E. Greenleaf ◽  
E. M. Bernauer
Keyword(s):  
Exercise Training ◽  
Plasma Protein ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Heat Exposure ◽  
Bicycle Ergometer ◽  
Thermal Factor ◽  
Albumin Content ◽  
Exercise Induced

Our purpose was to determine whether the chronic increase in plasma volume (PV), resulting from heat exposure (HE) and exercise training (ET), was due only to elevated rectal temperature (Tre) or whether there were additional nonthermal factors related to the exercise. Eight men were divided into two groups. The HE group sat for 2 h/day (Tdb = 42 degrees C, 93% rh) for 8 consecutive days; Tre was raised by 1.72 +/- 0.04 degrees C to 38.5 degrees C each day. The ET group rode a bicycle ergometer for 2 h/day for 8 days (Tdb = 25 degrees C, 60% rh) at a load (60-65 Vo2max) that gave the same area under their Tre curve. PV increased by 177 ml (4.9%, P less than 0.05) in the HE group and by 427 ml (12.0%, P less than 0.05) in the ET group. This exercise-induced hypervolemia was associated with thermal factor(s) that contributed 40% and nonthermal factors that accounted for the remaining 60%. Some nonthermal, exercise-induced factors were twofold greater increases in plasma osmotic and vasopressin levels during exercise, and a fivefold increase in resting plasma protein (albumin) content.

Intercompartmental fluid shifts due to glucose release during hemorrhage in rabbits

1983 ◽  
Vol 245 (1) ◽  
pp. H143-H149
Author(s):  
V. Mohsenin ◽  
A. B. DuBois
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Plasma Glucose ◽  
Interstitial Space ◽  
Volume Replacement ◽  
Plasma Sodium ◽  
Fluid Shift ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Fluid Shifts ◽  
Chloride Concentrations

Intercompartmental fluid shifts were studied in 18 anesthetized New Zealand White rabbits after hemorrhage. During graded hemorrhage the plasma volume spontaneously replaced was proportional both in time and amount to the hyperosmolar response. This, in turn, was mainly due to hyperglycemia. In 5 fed rabbits and 5 rabbits unfed for 40 h, all subjected to 16 ml/kg of hemorrhage, plasma volume replacement was closely correlated with the hyperglycemic response. Plasma glucose concentration gradually increased in fed animals throughout a 2-h posthemorrhagic period, whereas the hyperglycemic response ceased 15 min after hemorrhage in unfed animals, and further fluid shift also stopped. During the first 30 min after hemorrhage most of the fluid that shifted into the bloodstream came from the interstitial space, as judged by a lack of change in plasma sodium and chloride concentrations. However, during the second hour of the posthemorrhagic period of well-fed rabbits, plasma sodium and chloride concentrations decreased, suggesting that dilute fluid had shifted from the cells to the interstitial space and bloodstream. We concluded that the hyperglycemic response during and after hemorrhage played a significant role in plasma volume replacement, but this was less after a period of food deprivation.

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