Plasma volume during stress in man: osmolality and red cell volume

Our purpose was 1) to test the hypothesis that in man there is a range of plasma osmolality within which the red cell volume (RCV) and mean corpuscular volume (MCV) remain essentially constant and 2) to determine the upper limit of this range. During a variety of stresses--submaximal and maximal exercise, heat and altitude exposure, +Gz acceleration, and tilting--changes in plasma osmolality between -1 and +13 mosmol/kg resulted in essentially no change in the regression of percent change in plasma volume (PV) calculated from a change in hematocrit (Hct) on that calculated from a change in Hct + hemoglobin (Hb), i.e., the RCV and MCV were constant. Factors that do not influence RCV are the level of metabolism, heat exposure at rest, and short-term orthostasis (heat-to-foot acceleration). Factors that may influence RCV are exposure to high altitude and long-term orthostasis (head-up tilting). Factors that definitely influence RCV are prior dehydration and extended (greater than 2 h) periods of stress. Thus, either the Hct or the Hct + Hb equations can be used to calculate percent changes in PV under short-term (less than 2 h) periods of stress when the change in plasma osmolality is less than 13 mosmol/kg.

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Blood volume and hemoglobin mass in long-term heart transplant recipients with and without Anemia

Journal of Cardiothoracic Surgery ◽

10.1186/s13019-021-01510-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Florian Seiler ◽

Christoph Ahlgrim ◽

Philipp Birkner ◽

Nina Wrobel ◽

Jonathan Rilinger ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Heart Transplant ◽

Control Group ◽

Red Cell ◽

Transplant Recipients ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

Heart Transplant Recipients

Abstract Background In systolic chronic heart failure, a heterogeneous blood volume (BV) regulation can be found with plasma volume expansion in many cases, possibly leading to pseudoanemia. Little is known about the volume status after heart transplantation (HTX). So far, anemia of HTX recipients was solely investigated using hemoglobin-concentration that may be misleading in a clinical context. The objective of the study was whether a difference in plasma volume and red cell volume can be observed in clinically stable heart transplant recipients compared to matched control subjects. Secondary, the aim was to describe anemia in the long-term after HTX based on quantitative data. Methods Blood volume and its constituents red cell volume and plasma volume were quantified using an abbreviated carbon monoxide rebreathing method (aCORM) with focus on its primary measure total hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and coincidental anemia in 36 (7 women) heart transplant recipients. For comparison, a matched control group of 46 (5 women) healthy subjects was selected. Results Neither Hbmass nor blood volumes were significantly different in HTX patients compared to matched healthy control group subjects. The prevalence of anemia 6.3 ± 4.3 years after transplantation was 19%. Hbmass and red cell volume were significantly lower in anemic HTX patients compared to non-anemic patients while plasma volume was not expanded. Various immunosuppressant regimens did not have an effect on Hbmass, plasma volume or red cell volume. Conclusions There was no difference in blood volumes and Hbmass between HTX patients and control subjects. The pathophysiologic blood volume regulation in chronic heart failure does not seem to be longer active in long-term HTX recipients. However, in the long-term after HTX, anemia occurs in a considerable number of patients as true anemia without a clear association with immunosuppression. Trial registration German registry for clinical studies, DRKS00006078. Registered 09 May 2014, https://www.drks.de/drks_web/navigate.do?navigationId=trial. HTML&TRIAL_ID=DRKS00006078.

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Blood Volume Measurement in Baboons: Simultaneous Estimation of Red Cell Volume and Plasma Volume

Journal of Medical Primatology ◽

10.1111/j.1600-0684.1985.tb00274.x ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 345-356

Author(s):

Michael G. Garner ◽

Andrew F. Phippard ◽

John S. Horvath ◽

Geoffrey G. Duggin ◽

David J. Tiller

Keyword(s):

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Volume Measurement ◽

Simultaneous Estimation ◽

Red Cell ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

Blood Volume Measurement

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Circulating and tissue hematocrits of normal unanesthetized mice

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1959.196.2.420 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 196 (2) ◽

pp. 420-422 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Julius J. Friedman

Keyword(s):

Serum Albumin ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Venous Blood ◽

Red Cells ◽

Red Cell ◽

Volume Data ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

Volume Measurements ◽

Total Body

The circulating and tissue hematocrits of normal unanesthetized mice were determined by means of independent red cell and plasma volume measurements. The red cell volume-indicator which was used in this study was radioiron (Fe59) tagged red cells. The plasma volume data were derived by means of radioiodine (I131) labeled serum albumin and were reported earlier (Friedman, Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 88: 323, 1955). The hematocrits of the various tissues were found to be: for spleen 51.3, lung 47.9, muscle 49.9, liver 38.9, intestine, 32.2, skin 29.2 and kidney 24.0%. The total body hematocrit was 35.4% as compared to 48.4 for venous blood. All tissues, with the exception of spleen and lung, contained hematocrits which were lower than that of venous blood suggesting the presence of some mechanism within the various tissues which is capable of effectively separating plasma from red cells.

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Adjustments of the Circulatory System in Normal Dogs to Massive Transfusions

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.186.1.92 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 186 (1) ◽

pp. 92-96 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

R. A. Huggins ◽

E. L. Smith ◽

R. A. Seibert

Keyword(s):

Cell Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Vascular System ◽

Circulatory System ◽

Red Cell ◽

Group V ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

Group Iii ◽

Group I ◽

Transfusion Volume

On the basis of the amount of blood transfused in cubic centimeters per kilogram the dogs were arranged into five groups: group I, 0.0–49.0 cc/kg, group II, 50.0–99.0 cc/kg, group III, 100.0–149.0 cc/kg, group IV, 150.0– 199.0 cc/kg and group V, 200.0–249.0 cc/kg. The determinations made in each group were plasma volume, plasma proteins, hematocrit and hemoglobin. Plasma including protein escaped rapidly from the vascular system even with the smallest transfusion and in the last two groups the plasma lost exceeded that infused. Thus, any method of determining blood volume based on measurement of plasma volume must be in error. The loss of plasma protein became progressively greater as the amount of transfusion increased. The apparent increase in measured red cell volume over the expected in groups I, II and III was probably the result of loss of dye from the circulation, giving an overestimate of plasma and red cell volume. There was no evidence that cells leave the circulation until the transfusion volume became very large ( groups IV, V) and hemorrhage supervened.

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Splenic red cell sequestration and blood volume measurements in conscious pigs

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.1985.248.3.r293 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 248 (3) ◽

pp. R293-R301 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

J. P. Hannon ◽

C. A. Bossone ◽

W. G. Rodkey

Keyword(s):

Red Blood Cells ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Blood Cells ◽

Physical Restraint ◽

Red Cell ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

Epinephrine Injection ◽

Volume Measurements

When estimated by the dilution of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells under nearly basal conditions, immature splenectomized pigs (n = 20) had a circulating red cell volume of 17.8 +/- 1.64 (SD) ml/kg. At an assumed body-to-large vessel hematocrit (BH:LH) ratio of 0.9, plasma volume was 49.6 +/- 3.12 ml/kg and blood volume 67.3 +/- 3.67 ml/kg. Sham-operated pigs (n = 20) had a circulating red cell volume of 16.2 +/- 1.39 ml/kg, a plasma volume of 51.1 +/- 3.42 ml/kg, and blood volume of 67.2 +/- 4.12 ml/kg. Kinetic analysis of early 51Cr loss from the circulating blood of the sham-operated pigs indicated a splenic red cell sequestration of 4.5 +/- 0.89 ml/kg and a t1/2 of 9.76 +/- 1.93 min for splenic red cell turnover. Epinephrine injection (n = 6) and physical restraint (n = 8) caused rapid mobilization of splenic red blood cells in sham-operated pigs. Volume estimates in splenectomized pigs (n = 7) based on simultaneous dilutions of 51Cr-labeled red blood cells and 125I-labeled bovine albumin gave circulating red cell, plasma, and blood volumes of 18.4 +/- 2.46, 60.7 +/- 4.01, and 79.0 +/- 3.51 ml/kg, respectively, and a BH:LH ratio of 0.756 +/- 0.029. The latter value may have reflected an overestimation of plasma volume by the 125I-labeled albumin procedure.

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Blood volume in monoclonal gammopathy

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v49.2.301.301 ◽

1977 ◽

Vol 49 (2) ◽

pp. 301-307 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

R Alexanian

Keyword(s):

Cell Volume ◽

Blood Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Monoclonal Gammopathy ◽

Red Cell ◽

Total Blood Volume ◽

Elevated Plasma ◽

Total Blood ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

The Relationship

Abstract The plasma volume, red cell volume, or both were measured in 170 normal, anemic, or polycythemic subjects. For anemic subjects without a serum protein abnormality or splenomegaly, the relationship between hematocrit and red cell volume was linear and predictable. In patients with a serum monoclonal globulin on electrophoresis, the plasma voluem was significantly increased for the hematocrit in 30%, and the total blood volume was increased in 45%. The frequency of an elevated plasma volume was higher in patients with a markedly increased level of monoclonal protein. Reductions of abnormal proteins with chemotherapy were associated with declines in plasma volume. For a specific concentration, the serum viscosity was highest in patients with IgM proteins and lowest in patients with IgG globulins. Marked elevations in viscosity were noted only in sera with macroglobulinemia or with more than 5 g/dl of IgG or IgA globulins.

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Simultaneous Estimation of Plasma Volume, Red Cell Volume and Thiocyanate Space in Unanesthetized Normal and Splenectomized Rats

American Journal of Physiology-Legacy Content ◽

10.1152/ajplegacy.1956.185.3.441 ◽

1956 ◽

Vol 185 (3) ◽

pp. 441-445 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Kee-Chang Huang ◽

James H. Bondurant

Keyword(s):

Body Weight ◽

Cell Volume ◽

Plasma Volume ◽

Albino Rats ◽

Simultaneous Estimation ◽

Red Cell ◽

Total Blood Volume ◽

Total Blood ◽

Red Cell Volume ◽

The Common

A method for simultaneous estimation of plasma volume, red cell volume and thiocyanate space in unanesthetized rats utilizing a polyethylene catheter in the common carotid artery with T-1824, P32-tagged red cells, and NaSCN was perfected and determinations were performed on 77 male albino rats. Determinations of plasma volume using T-1824 or I131-serum albumin in the same animal gave essentially identical results. Total blood volume was calculated as the sum of P32-red cell volume and T-1824-plasma volume and was found to be 5.75 ml/100 gm body weight in normal rats and 5.61 ml/100 gm in splenectomized rats. There was a wide variation in the Fcell values of normal rats but little in splenectomized rats. This difference was highly significant and was attributed to the presence of the spleen. The average thiocyanate space was found to be 33.0 ml and 35.8 ml/100 gm in normal and splenectomized rats, respectively.

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