Time course of deacclimatization to cold water immersion in Korean women divers

Seasonal basal metabolic rates (BMR), critical water temperature (Tcw), maximal body insulations (Imax), and finger blood flow during hand immersion in 6 degrees C water (Q finger) were measured periodically during the course of a 3-yr longitudinal study (1980–1982) of modern Korean diving women (ama), who have been wearing wet suits since 1977 to avoid cold stress during work. Methods and protocols were identical to previous studies of cotton-suited ama from 1961–1974. The BMR of modern ama did not undergo seasonal fluctuation (1980–1981) and was within the DuBois standard and comparable to nondivers year around Tcw of ama was still reduced by 2–3 degrees C in 1980 but increased progressively to equal that of nondivers in 1982, when compared at comparable subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT). Since modern ama and nondivers have 2.4 times thicker SFT (i.e., 4–13 mm) than in 1962 the absolute Tcw is significantly reduced. Q finger of ama was also significantly lower than controls in 1980 but in 1981–1982 was identical to controls. Imax of modern ama was identical to controls of comparable SFT in 1980–1982. The time course of cold deacclimatization thus was BMR, 3 yr; Imax, 3 yr; Q finger, 4 yr; and Tcw, 5 yr. This longitudinal study provides further evidence that acclimatization to cold did at one time exist in these diving women.

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Tolerance to extreme cold at altitude in a Nepalese pilgrim

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1963.18.6.1234 ◽

1963 ◽

Vol 18 (6) ◽

pp. 1234-1238 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

L. G. C. E. Pugh

Keyword(s):

Body Temperature ◽

Skin Temperature ◽

Rectal Temperature ◽

Cold Water ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽

Fat Thickness ◽

Extreme Cold

Body temperature and respiratory experiments are reported on a Nepalese pilgrim who survived, uninjured, 4 days of exposure at 15,000–17,500 ft in midwinter, wearing only light clothing and no shoes or gloves. His resistance to cold depended on elevation of metabolism and, unlike tolerance of immersion in cold water, was not related to subcutaneous fat thickness. He slept soundly in spite of the cold and so did not become exhausted. In 3–4-hr experiments at o C (clothed), rectal temperature and skin temperature over the trunk showed only minor changes; hand and foot temperatures did not fall below 10–13 C. Maintenance of body temperature was accounted for by elevation of metabolism. survival in cold Submitted on February 19, 1963

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Prediction of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Pregnant Korean Women Based on Abdominal Subcutaneous Fat Thickness as Measured by Ultrasonography

Diabetes & Metabolism Journal ◽

10.4093/dmj.2017.41.6.486 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 41 (6) ◽

pp. 486 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Sung Hee Yang ◽

Changsoo Kim ◽

Hyun Sook An ◽

Hyun An ◽

Jin Soo Lee

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Gestational Diabetes ◽

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Korean Women ◽

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽

Fat Thickness

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Core Temperature Responses to Cold-Water Immersion Recovery: A Pooled-Data Analysis

International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance ◽

10.1123/ijspp.2017-0661 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 13 (7) ◽

pp. 917-925 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Jessica M. Stephens ◽

Ken Sharpe ◽

Christopher Gore ◽

Joanna Miller ◽

Gary J. Slater ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Core Temperature ◽

Time Course ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Careful Consideration ◽

Double Difference ◽

Pooled Data ◽

Core Cooling ◽

Temperature Responses

Purpose: To examine the effect of postexercise cold-water immersion (CWI) protocols, compared with control (CON), on the magnitude and time course of core temperature (Tc) responses. Methods: Pooled-data analyses were used to examine the Tc responses of 157 subjects from previous postexercise CWI trials in the authors’ laboratories. CWI protocols varied with different combinations of temperature, duration, immersion depth, and mode (continuous vs intermittent). Tc was examined as a double difference (ΔΔTc), calculated as the change in Tc in CWI condition minus the corresponding change in CON. The effect of CWI on ΔΔTc was assessed using separate linear mixed models across 2 time components (component 1, immersion; component 2, postintervention). Results: Intermittent CWI resulted in a mean decrease in ΔΔTc that was 0.25°C (0.10°C) (estimate [SE]) greater than continuous CWI during the immersion component (P = .02). There was a significant effect of CWI temperature during the immersion component (P = .05), where reductions in water temperature of 1°C resulted in decreases in ΔΔTc of 0.03°C (0.01°C). Similarly, the effect of CWI duration was significant during the immersion component (P = .01), where every 1 min of immersion resulted in a decrease in ΔΔTc of 0.02°C (0.01°C). The peak difference in Tc between the CWI and CON interventions during the postimmersion component occurred at 60 min postintervention. Conclusions: Variations in CWI mode, duration, and temperature may have a significant effect on the extent of change in Tc. Careful consideration should be given to determine the optimal amount of core cooling before deciding which combination of protocol factors to prescribe.

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Stress-Induced Changes in the Gastrointestinal Motor System

Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.1155/1999/320626 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 13 (suppl a) ◽

pp. 26A-31A ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Victor Plourde

Keyword(s):

Gastric Emptying ◽

Time Course ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Colonic Motility ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Colonic Transit ◽

Neural Pathways ◽

Muscle Properties ◽

Gi Motility

Several autonomic, hormonal, behavioural and neuropeptidergic bodily responses to stressful stimuli have been described over the past few decades. Both animal models and human paradigms have been explored. It is acknowledged that stress modulates gastrointestinal (GI) motility through central mechanisms including corticotropin-releasing-factor. This process requires the integrity of autonomic neural pathways. It has become evident that the effects of stress on GI motility vary according to the stressful stimulus, its intensity, the animal species under study and the time course of the study. Recent evidence suggests that chronic or possibly permanent changes develop in enteric smooth muscle properties in response to stress. In animals, the most consistent findings include retardation of gastric emptying in response to various stressors; acceleration of gastric emptying upon cold stress, presumably through the secretion of brain thyroglobulin-hormone; acceleration of intestinal transit; and stimulation of colonic transit and fecal output. In humans, the cold water immersion test has been associated with an inhibition of gastric emptying, while labyrinthine stimulation induces the transition from postprandial to fasting motor patterns in the stomach and the small bowel. Psychological stress has been shown to induce a reduction in the number and amplitude of intestinal migrating motor complexes and to neither affect nor stimulate colonic motility. These various responses to stress are presumably attributed to the preferential activation of specific neuronal pathways under the influence of a given stimulus or its intensity. The significance of these findings and the directions of further studies are discussed.

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Thermal insulation and shivering threshold in Greek sponge divers

Journal of Applied Physiology ◽

10.1152/jappl.1982.52.4.845 ◽

1982 ◽

Vol 52 (4) ◽

pp. 845-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

A. Veicsteinas ◽

D. W. Rennie

Keyword(s):

Sharp Increase ◽

Cold Water ◽

Subcutaneous Fat ◽

Long Time ◽

Subcutaneous Fat Thickness ◽

Fat Thickness ◽

Tissue Insulation ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Average Skin

Sublingual temperature (Tor), average skin temperature (Tsk), and skin heat flow (Hsk) were determined in a field study for six Greek sponge divers and seven nondiving controls during head-out immersions at water temperature of 21 degrees C. Wetsuits kept Tsk at 22–28 degrees C for 1–3 h until Tor fell to 36.5–35.5 degrees C and violent shivering [metabolic rate (M) = 100–150 W . m-2] ended the test. At a steady Tsk, immediately before shivering, overall tissue insulation (It), calculated as (Tor--Tsk)/Hsk, was linearly related to mean subcutaneous fat thickness (MFT) in both groups without statistical difference between them. The onset of shivering, as detected by a sharp increase of M, occurred at the same Tor for a Tsk of about 26 degrees C, and the relationship of M vs. Tor (i.e., metabolic sensitivity) was the same for both groups. Contrary to other groups accustomed to diving in cold water, the use of a wetsuit for a long time has evidently prevented cold adaptation in these divers.

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Effects of β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid and cold water immersion on expression of CR3 and MIP-1β following resistance exercise

AJP Regulatory Integrative and Comparative Physiology ◽

10.1152/ajpregu.00542.2013 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 306 (7) ◽

pp. R483-R489 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Adam M. Gonzalez ◽

Maren S. Fragala ◽

Adam R. Jajtner ◽

Jeremy R. Townsend ◽

Adam J. Wells ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Time Course ◽

Immune Cell ◽

Inflammatory Responses ◽

Cold Water ◽

Free Acid ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Inflammatory Protein ◽

Cell Mobilization ◽

Tissue Recovery

The inflammatory response to muscle-damaging exercise requires monocyte mobilization and adhesion. Complement receptor type 3 (CR3) and macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)-1β enables monocyte recruitment, adhesion, and subsequent infiltration into damaged muscle tissue. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of cold water immersion (CWI) and/or β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate free acid (HMB-FA) on CR3 expression and MIP-1β concentration after four sets of up to 10 repetitions of squat, dead lift, and split squat exercises at 70–80% 1-repetition maximum. Thirty-nine resistance-trained men (22.2 ± 2.5 yr) were randomly divided into four groups: 1) placebo (PL), 2) HMB-FA, 3) HMB-FA-CWI, and 4) PL-CWI. The HMB-FA groups ingested 3 g/day, and CWI groups were submersed into 10–12°C water for 10 min after exercise. Blood was sampled at baseline (PRE), immediately post- (IP), 30 min post- (30P), 24 h post- (24P), and 48 h post (48P)-exercise. Circulating MIP-1β was assayed and CR3 expression on CD14+ monocytes was measured by flow cytometry. Without treatment, CR3 expression significantly elevated at 30P compared with other time points ( P = 0.030–0.047). HMB-FA significantly elevated the percentage of monocytes expressing CR3 between IP and 24P ( P = 0.046) and between IP and 48P ( P = 0.046). No time effect was observed for MIP-1β concentration. The recovery modalities showed to attenuate the rise in CR3 following exercise. Additionally, supplementation with HMB-FA significantly elevated the percentage of monocytes expressing CR3 during recovery. Although the time course that inflammatory responses are most beneficial remains to be determined, recovery modalities may alter immune cell mobilization and adhesion mechanisms during tissue recovery.

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Dissociated Time Course Response of Muscle Damage Recovery After Whole-body Cryotherapy and Cold-water Immersion

Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise ◽

10.1249/01.mss.0000477828.50730.29 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 47 ◽

pp. 508

Author(s):

Martim Bottaro ◽

João Batista Ferreira-Junior ◽

Amilton Vieira ◽

Angelina F. Siqueira ◽

João Durigan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Muscle Damage ◽

Time Course ◽

Cold Water ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Whole Body ◽

Whole Body Cryotherapy

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Patient Involvement in Treatment Decision Making Can Help or Hinder Placebo Analgesia

Zeitschrift für Psychologie ◽

10.1027/2151-2604/a000179 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 222 (3) ◽

pp. 165-170 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Andrew L. Geers ◽

Jason P. Rose ◽

Stephanie L. Fowler ◽

Jill A. Brown

Keyword(s):

Patient Involvement ◽

Cold Water ◽

Prior Experience ◽

Water Immersion ◽

Treatment Decision ◽

Cold Water Immersion ◽

Not Given ◽

Placebo Analgesia ◽

Treatment Decision Making ◽

Immersion Experience

Experiments have found that choosing between placebo analgesics can reduce pain more than being assigned a placebo analgesic. Because earlier research has shown prior experience moderates choice effects in other contexts, we tested whether prior experience with a pain stimulus moderates this placebo-choice association. Before a cold water pain task, participants were either told that an inert cream would reduce their pain or they were not told this information. Additionally, participants chose between one of two inert creams for the task or they were not given choice. Importantly, we also measured prior experience with cold water immersion. Individuals with prior cold water immersion experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia when given choice, whereas participants without this experience tended to display greater placebo analgesia without choice. Prior stimulus experience appears to moderate the effect of choice on placebo analgesia.

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