scholarly journals Chemiluminescent measurements of nitric oxide pulmonary diffusing capacity and alveolar production in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 1931-1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene B. Perillo ◽  
Richard W. Hyde ◽  
Albert J. Olszowka ◽  
Anthony P. Pietropaoli ◽  
Lauren M. Frasier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
No Production ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Single Constant

Measurements of nitric oxide (NO) pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl NO) multiplied by alveolar NO partial pressure (Pa NO) provide values for alveolar NO production (V˙a NO). We evaluated applying a rapidly responding chemiluminescent NO analyzer to measure Dl NO during a single, constant exhalation (DexNO) or by rebreathing (DrbNO). With the use of an initial inspiration of 5–10 parts/million of NO with a correction for the measured NO back pressure, DexNO in nine healthy subjects equaled 125 ± 29 (SD) ml · min−1 · mmHg−1 and DrbNO equaled 122 ± 26 ml · min−1 · mmHg−1. These values were 4.7 ± 0.6 and 4.6 ± 0.6 times greater, respectively, than the subject's single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DsbCO). Coefficients of variation were similar to previously reported breath-holding, single-breath measurements of DsbCO. Pa NOmeasured in seven of the subjects equaled 1.8 ± 0.7 mmHg × 10−6 and resulted in V˙a NO of 0.21 ± 0.06 μl/min using DexNO and 0.20 ± 0.6 μl/min with DrbNO. DexNO remained constant at end-expiratory oxygen tensions varied from 42 to 682 Torr. Decreases in lung volume resulted in falls of DexNO and DrbNO similar to the reported effect of volume changes on DsbCO. These data show that rapidly responding chemiluminescent NO analyzers provide reproducible measurements of Dl NO using single exhalations or rebreathing suitable for measuring V˙a NO.

Pulmonary diffusing capacities for oxygen-labeled CO2 and nitric oxide in rabbits

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Heller ◽  
Gabi Fuchs ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Partial Pressures

Heller, Hartmut, Gabi Fuchs, and Klaus-Dieter Schuster. Pulmonary diffusing capacities for oxygen-labeled CO2 and nitric oxide in rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 606–611, 1998.—We determined the pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl) for18O-labeled CO2(C18O2) and nitric oxide (NO) to estimate the membrane component of the respective gas conductances. Six anesthetized paralyzed rabbits were ventilated by a computerized ventilatory servo system. Single-breath maneuvers were automatically performed by inflating the lungs with gas mixtures containing 0.9% C18O2or 0.05% NO in nitrogen, with breath-holding periods ranging from 0 to 1 s for C18O2and from 2 to 8 s for NO. The alveolar partial pressures of C18O2and NO were determined by using respiratory mass spectrometry. Dl was calculated from gas exchange during inflation, breath hold, and deflation. We obtained values of 14.0 ± 1.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 (mean value ± SD) ml ⋅ mmHg−1 ⋅ min−1for[Formula: see text]and Dl NO, respectively. The measured[Formula: see text]/Dl NOratio was one-half that of the theoretically predicted value according to Graham’s law (6.3 ± 0.5 vs. 12, respectively). Analyses of the several mechanisms influencing the determination of[Formula: see text]and Dl NOand their ratio are discussed. An underestimation of the membrane diffusing component for CO2 is considered the likely reason for the low[Formula: see text]/Dl NOratio obtained.

Single-breath diffusing capacity of NO independent of inspiratory NO concentration in rabbits

1997 ◽  
Vol 273 (6) ◽  
pp. R2055-R2058
Author(s):  
Hartmut Heller ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Gas Phase ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Endogenous Release ◽  
End Tidal ◽  
Alveolar Capillary

Pulmonary diffusing capacity of NO (Dl NO) was determined by performing single-breath experiments on six anesthetized paralyzed supine rabbits, applying inspiratory concentrations of NO (Fi NO) within a range of 10 parts per million (ppm) ≤ Fi NO ≤ 800 ppm. Starting from residual volume, the rabbit lungs were inflated by 50 ml of a NO-nitrogen-containing indicator gas mixture. Breath-holding time was set at 0.1, 1, 3, 5, and 7 s. Alveolar partial pressure of NO was determined by analyzing the end-tidal portion from expirates, with the use of respiratory mass spectrometry. In the six animals, pulmonary diffusing capacity of NO averaged Dl NO = 1.92 ± 0.21 ml ⋅ mmHg−1 ⋅ min−1(mean ± SD value). Despite extreme variations in Fi NO, we found very similar Dl NOvalues, and in three rabbits we found identical values even at such different Fi NO levels of 80 ppm or 500, 20, or 200 ppm as well as 10 or 800 ppm. There was also no dependence of Dl NO on the respective duration of the single-breath maneuvers. In addition, the time course of NO removal from alveolar space was independent of applied Fi NOlevels. These results suggest that Dl NOdeterminations are neither affected by chemical reactions of NO in alveolar gas phase as well as in lung tissue nor biased by endogenous release of NO from pulmonary tissue. It is our conclusion that the single-breath diffusing capacity of NO is able to provide a measure of alveolar-capillary gas conductance that is not influenced by the biochemical reactions of NO.

scholarly journals Rate of nitric oxide production by lower alveolar airways of human lungs

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar J. Geigel ◽  
Richard W. Hyde ◽  
Irene B. Perillo ◽  
Alfonso Torres ◽  
Peter T. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Constant Flow Rate ◽  
Oxide Production ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Lower Airways

This report describes methods for measuring nitric oxide production by the lungs’ lower alveolar airways (V˙no), defined as those alveoli and bronchioles well perfused by the pulmonary circulation. Breath holding or vigorous rebreathing for 15–20 s minimizes removal of NO from the lower airways and results in a constant partial pressure of NO in the lower airways (Pl). Then the amount of NO diffusing into the perfusing blood will be the pulmonary diffusing capacity for NO (Dno) multiplied by Pl and by mass balance equalsV˙no, or V˙no = Dno(Pl). To measure Pl, 10 normal subjects breath held for 20 s followed by exhalation at a constant flow rate of 0.83 ± 0.14 (SD) l/s or rebreathed at 59 ± 15 l/min for 20 s while NO was continuously measured at the mouth. Dno was estimated to equal five times the single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. By using breath holding, Pl equaled 2.9 ± 0.8 mmHg × 10−6and V˙noequaled 0.39 ± 0.12 μl/min. During rebreathing Pl equaled 2.3 ± 0.6 mmHg × 10−6 andV˙no equaled 0.29 ± 0.11 μl/min. Measurements of NO at the mouth during rapid, constant exhalation after breath holding for 20 s or during rebreathing provide reproducible methods for measuringV˙no in humans.

scholarly journals Standardisation and application of the single-breath determination of nitric oxide uptake in the lung

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1600962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Zavorsky ◽  
Connie C.W. Hsia ◽  
J. Michael B. Hughes ◽  
Colin D.R. Borland ◽  
Hervé Guénard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Hold Time ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Alveolar Oxygen

Diffusing capacity of the lung for nitric oxide (DLNO), otherwise known as the transfer factor, was first measured in 1983. This document standardises the technique and application of single-breathDLNO. This panel agrees that 1) pulmonary function systems should allow for mixing and measurement of both nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases directly from an inspiratory reservoir just before use, with expired concentrations measured from an alveolar “collection” or continuously sampledviarapid gas analysers; 2) breath-hold time should be 10 s with chemiluminescence NO analysers, or 4–6 s to accommodate the smaller detection range of the NO electrochemical cell; 3) inspired NO and oxygen concentrations should be 40–60 ppm and close to 21%, respectively; 4) the alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) should be measured by sampling the expired gas; 5) a finite specific conductance in the blood for NO (θNO) should be assumed as 4.5 mL·min-1·mmHg-1·mL-1of blood; 6) the equation for 1/θCO should be (0.0062·PAO2+1.16)·(ideal haemoglobin/measured haemoglobin) based on breath-holdingPAO2and adjusted to an average haemoglobin concentration (male 14.6 g·dL−1, female 13.4 g·dL−1); 7) a membrane diffusing capacity ratio (DMNO/DMCO) should be 1.97, based on tissue diffusivity.

Single-breath CO diffusing capacity influenced by initial alveolar partial pressure of CO

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. R339-R342
Author(s):  
Hartmut Heller ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Identical Manner ◽  
End Tidal

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of incorrect determinations of the initial alveolar partial pressure of carbon monoxide (CO) at the beginning of breath holding (Pia CO) on the pulmonary CO diffusing capacity of the lung (Dl CO). Single-breath maneuvers were performed on 14 anesthetized and artificially ventilated rabbits, using 0.2% CO in nitrogen as the indicator gas mixture. Inflation and deflation procedures were carried out in an identical manner on each animal, with inflation always starting from residual volume. End-tidal partial pressure of CO was determined by respiratory mass spectrometry and was used to calculate Dl CO values with the application of the three-equation ( method 1), as well as the conventional ( method 2), solution. In each rabbit, method 2 caused Dl CO values to be overestimated when compared with method 1, and this overestimation decreased with increasing time intervals of CO uptake. Because we were able to recalculate this deviation using Pia COvalues that were obtained by taking the diffusive removal of CO during inflation into account, we concluded that errors in estimating Pia CO by applying method 2 significantly contribute to the discrepancy between both methods.

Nitric oxide production and absorption in trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and respiratory bronchioles of humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 159-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arthur B. DuBois ◽  
Patrick M. Kelley ◽  
James S. Douglas ◽  
Vahid Mohsenin
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
No Production ◽  
Production Rates ◽  
Oral Production ◽  
Clean Air ◽  
Equilibrium Concentrations ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Young Subjects ◽  
No Absorption

Different volumes of dead-space gas were collected and analyzed for nitric oxide (NO) content, either immediately after inspiration or after a period of breath holding on clean air or NO mixtures. This allowed calculation of NO equilibrium, NO production, and NO absorption. In seven young, healthy, adult nonsmokers, the mean NO equilibrium values in parts per billion (ppb) were 56 ± 11 (SE) in the trachea, 37 ± 6 in the bronchi, 21 ± 3 in the bronchioles, and 16 ± 2 in the respiratory bronchioles. At any given NO concentration, the NO absorption rate (in nl/min) equaled the NO concentration (in ppb) times A (the absorption coefficient in l/min). A values (in l/min) were 0.11 ± 0.01 in the trachea, 0.17 ± 0.04 in the bronchi, 0.66 ± 0.09 in the bronchioles, and 1.35 ± 0.32 in the respiratory bronchioles. NO equilibrium concentrations and production rates in one 74-yr-old subject were three to five times as high as those found in the young subjects. Mouth equilibrium NO concentrations were 3 and 6 parts per million in two subjects who had oral production rates of 6 and 23 nl/min, respectively. In conclusion, production and absorption of NO occur throughout the first 450 ml of the airways.

scholarly journals Simultaneous measurement of nitric oxide production by conducting and alveolar airways of humans

1999 ◽  
Vol 87 (4) ◽  
pp. 1532-1542 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anthony P. Pietropaoli ◽  
Irene B. Perillo ◽  
Alfonso Torres ◽  
Peter T. Perkins ◽  
Lauren M. Frasier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
No Production ◽  
Large Contribution ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Expiratory Flow ◽  
Human Airways ◽  
Conducting Airways ◽  
Expiratory Flow Rates

Human airways produce nitric oxide (NO), and exhaled NO increases as expiratory flow rates fall. We show that mixing during exhalation between the NO produced by the lower, alveolar airways (V˙l NO) and the upper conducting airways (V˙u NO) explains this phenomenon and permits measurement ofV˙l NO,V˙u NO, and the NO diffusing capacity of the conducting airways (Du NO). After breath holding for 10–15 s the partial pressure of alveolar NO (Pa) becomes constant, and during a subsequent exhalation at a constant expiratory flow rate the alveoli will deliver a stable amount of NO to the conducting airways. The conducting airways secrete NO into the lumen (V˙u NO), which mixes with Pa during exhalation, resulting in the observed expiratory concentration of NO (Pe). At fast exhalations, Pa makes a large contribution to Pe, and, at slow exhalations, NO from the conducting airways predominates. Simple equations describing this mixing, combined with measurements of Pe at several different expiratory flow rates, permit calculation of Pa,V˙u NO, and Du NO.V˙l NOis the product of Pa and the alveolar airway diffusion capacity for NO. In seven normal subjects, Pa = 1.6 ± 0.7 × 10−6 (SD) Torr,V˙l NO= 0.19 ± 0.07 μl/min,V˙u NO= 0.08 ± 0.05 μl/min, and Du NO = 0.4 ± 0.4 ml ⋅ min−1 ⋅ Torr−1. These quantitative measurements ofV˙l NOandV˙u NOare suitable for exploring alterations in NO production at these sites by diseases and physiological stresses.

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