Pulmonary diffusing capacities for oxygen-labeled CO2 and nitric oxide in rabbits

1998 ◽  
Vol 84 (2) ◽  
pp. 606-611 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hartmut Heller ◽  
Gabi Fuchs ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Membrane Component ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Partial Pressures

Heller, Hartmut, Gabi Fuchs, and Klaus-Dieter Schuster. Pulmonary diffusing capacities for oxygen-labeled CO2 and nitric oxide in rabbits. J. Appl. Physiol. 84(2): 606–611, 1998.—We determined the pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl) for18O-labeled CO2(C18O2) and nitric oxide (NO) to estimate the membrane component of the respective gas conductances. Six anesthetized paralyzed rabbits were ventilated by a computerized ventilatory servo system. Single-breath maneuvers were automatically performed by inflating the lungs with gas mixtures containing 0.9% C18O2or 0.05% NO in nitrogen, with breath-holding periods ranging from 0 to 1 s for C18O2and from 2 to 8 s for NO. The alveolar partial pressures of C18O2and NO were determined by using respiratory mass spectrometry. Dl was calculated from gas exchange during inflation, breath hold, and deflation. We obtained values of 14.0 ± 1.1 and 2.2 ± 0.1 (mean value ± SD) ml ⋅ mmHg−1 ⋅ min−1for[Formula: see text]and Dl NO, respectively. The measured[Formula: see text]/Dl NOratio was one-half that of the theoretically predicted value according to Graham’s law (6.3 ± 0.5 vs. 12, respectively). Analyses of the several mechanisms influencing the determination of[Formula: see text]and Dl NOand their ratio are discussed. An underestimation of the membrane diffusing component for CO2 is considered the likely reason for the low[Formula: see text]/Dl NOratio obtained.

scholarly journals Standardisation and application of the single-breath determination of nitric oxide uptake in the lung

2017 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 1600962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerald S. Zavorsky ◽  
Connie C.W. Hsia ◽  
J. Michael B. Hughes ◽  
Colin D.R. Borland ◽  
Hervé Guénard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Hold Time ◽  
Haemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Detection Range ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Alveolar Oxygen

Diffusing capacity of the lung for nitric oxide (DLNO), otherwise known as the transfer factor, was first measured in 1983. This document standardises the technique and application of single-breathDLNO. This panel agrees that 1) pulmonary function systems should allow for mixing and measurement of both nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO) gases directly from an inspiratory reservoir just before use, with expired concentrations measured from an alveolar “collection” or continuously sampledviarapid gas analysers; 2) breath-hold time should be 10 s with chemiluminescence NO analysers, or 4–6 s to accommodate the smaller detection range of the NO electrochemical cell; 3) inspired NO and oxygen concentrations should be 40–60 ppm and close to 21%, respectively; 4) the alveolar oxygen tension (PAO2) should be measured by sampling the expired gas; 5) a finite specific conductance in the blood for NO (θNO) should be assumed as 4.5 mL·min-1·mmHg-1·mL-1of blood; 6) the equation for 1/θCO should be (0.0062·PAO2+1.16)·(ideal haemoglobin/measured haemoglobin) based on breath-holdingPAO2and adjusted to an average haemoglobin concentration (male 14.6 g·dL−1, female 13.4 g·dL−1); 7) a membrane diffusing capacity ratio (DMNO/DMCO) should be 1.97, based on tissue diffusivity.

Single-breath CO diffusing capacity influenced by initial alveolar partial pressure of CO

1998 ◽  
Vol 275 (1) ◽  
pp. R339-R342
Author(s):  
Hartmut Heller ◽  
Klaus-Dieter Schuster
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Partial Pressure ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Gas Mixture ◽  
Residual Volume ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Time Intervals ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Identical Manner ◽  
End Tidal

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of incorrect determinations of the initial alveolar partial pressure of carbon monoxide (CO) at the beginning of breath holding (Pia CO) on the pulmonary CO diffusing capacity of the lung (Dl CO). Single-breath maneuvers were performed on 14 anesthetized and artificially ventilated rabbits, using 0.2% CO in nitrogen as the indicator gas mixture. Inflation and deflation procedures were carried out in an identical manner on each animal, with inflation always starting from residual volume. End-tidal partial pressure of CO was determined by respiratory mass spectrometry and was used to calculate Dl CO values with the application of the three-equation ( method 1), as well as the conventional ( method 2), solution. In each rabbit, method 2 caused Dl CO values to be overestimated when compared with method 1, and this overestimation decreased with increasing time intervals of CO uptake. Because we were able to recalculate this deviation using Pia COvalues that were obtained by taking the diffusive removal of CO during inflation into account, we concluded that errors in estimating Pia CO by applying method 2 significantly contribute to the discrepancy between both methods.

scholarly journals Reference equations for pulmonary diffusing capacity of carbon monoxide and nitric oxide in adult Caucasians

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 1500677 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mathias Munkholm ◽  
Jacob Louis Marott ◽  
Lars Bjerre-Kristensen ◽  
Flemming Madsen ◽  
Ole Find Pedersen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Hold Time ◽  
Specific Conductance ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Capillary Membrane ◽  
Reference Equations ◽  
Hb Concentration

The aim of this study was to determine reference equations for the combined measurement of diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (CO) and nitric oxide (NO) (DLCONO). In addition, we wanted to appeal for consensus regarding methodology of the measurement including calculation of diffusing capacity of the alveolo-capillary membrane (Dm) and pulmonary capillary volume (Vc).DLCONO was measured in 282 healthy individuals aged 18–97 years using the single-breath technique and a breath-hold time of 5 s (true apnoea period). The following values were used: 1) specific conductance of nitric oxide (θNO)=4.5 mLNO·mLblood−1·min−1·mmHg−1; 2) ratio of diffusing capacity of the membrane for NO and CO (DmNO/DmCO)=1.97; and 3) 1/red cell CO conductance (1/θCO)=(1.30+0.0041·mean capillary oxygen pressure)·(14.6/Hb concentration in g·dL−1).Reference equations were established for the outcomes of DLCONO, including DLCO and DLNO and the calculated values Dm and Vc. Independent variables were age, sex, height and age squared.By providing new reference equations and by appealing for consensus regarding the methodology, we hope to provide a basis for future studies and clinical use of this novel and interesting method.

scholarly journals Implementing the Three-Equation Method of Measuring Single Breath Carbon Monoxide Diffusing Capacity

1996 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 247-257 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian L Graham ◽  
Joseph T Mink ◽  
David J Cotton
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Monoxide ◽  
Lung Volume ◽  
Equation Method ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Conventional Methods ◽  
Made In

Conventional methods of measuring the single breath diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLcoSB) are based on the Krogh equation, which is valid only during breath holding. Rigid standardization is used to approximate a pure breath hold manoeuvre, but variations in performing the manoeuvre cause errors in the measurement of DLcoSB. The authors previously described a method of measuring DLcoSBusing separate equations describing carbon monoxide uptake during each phase of the manoeuvre: inhalation, breath holding and exhalation. The method is manoeuvre-independent, uses all of the exhaled alveolar gas to improve estimates of mean DLcoSBand lung volume, and is more accurate and precise than conventional methods. A slow, submaximal, more physiological single breath manoeuvre can be used to measure DLcoSBin patients who cannot achieve the flow rates and breath hold times necessary for the standardized manoeuvre. The method was initially implemented using prototype equipment but commercial systems are now available that are capable of implementing this method. The authors describe how to implement the method and discuss considerations to be made in its use.

scholarly journals Rate of nitric oxide production by lower alveolar airways of human lungs

1999 ◽  
Vol 86 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar J. Geigel ◽  
Richard W. Hyde ◽  
Irene B. Perillo ◽  
Alfonso Torres ◽  
Peter T. Perkins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Normal Subjects ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Nitric Oxide Production ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Constant Flow Rate ◽  
Oxide Production ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Human Lungs ◽  
Lower Airways

This report describes methods for measuring nitric oxide production by the lungs’ lower alveolar airways (V˙no), defined as those alveoli and bronchioles well perfused by the pulmonary circulation. Breath holding or vigorous rebreathing for 15–20 s minimizes removal of NO from the lower airways and results in a constant partial pressure of NO in the lower airways (Pl). Then the amount of NO diffusing into the perfusing blood will be the pulmonary diffusing capacity for NO (Dno) multiplied by Pl and by mass balance equalsV˙no, or V˙no = Dno(Pl). To measure Pl, 10 normal subjects breath held for 20 s followed by exhalation at a constant flow rate of 0.83 ± 0.14 (SD) l/s or rebreathed at 59 ± 15 l/min for 20 s while NO was continuously measured at the mouth. Dno was estimated to equal five times the single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity. By using breath holding, Pl equaled 2.9 ± 0.8 mmHg × 10−6and V˙noequaled 0.39 ± 0.12 μl/min. During rebreathing Pl equaled 2.3 ± 0.6 mmHg × 10−6 andV˙no equaled 0.29 ± 0.11 μl/min. Measurements of NO at the mouth during rapid, constant exhalation after breath holding for 20 s or during rebreathing provide reproducible methods for measuringV˙no in humans.

scholarly journals Chemiluminescent measurements of nitric oxide pulmonary diffusing capacity and alveolar production in humans

2001 ◽  
Vol 91 (5) ◽  
pp. 1931-1940 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irene B. Perillo ◽  
Richard W. Hyde ◽  
Albert J. Olszowka ◽  
Anthony P. Pietropaoli ◽  
Lauren M. Frasier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
No Production ◽  
Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Volume Changes ◽  
Pulmonary Diffusing Capacity ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Coefficients Of Variation ◽  
Oxygen Tensions ◽  
Single Constant

Measurements of nitric oxide (NO) pulmonary diffusing capacity (Dl NO) multiplied by alveolar NO partial pressure (Pa NO) provide values for alveolar NO production (V˙a NO). We evaluated applying a rapidly responding chemiluminescent NO analyzer to measure Dl NO during a single, constant exhalation (DexNO) or by rebreathing (DrbNO). With the use of an initial inspiration of 5–10 parts/million of NO with a correction for the measured NO back pressure, DexNO in nine healthy subjects equaled 125 ± 29 (SD) ml · min−1 · mmHg−1 and DrbNO equaled 122 ± 26 ml · min−1 · mmHg−1. These values were 4.7 ± 0.6 and 4.6 ± 0.6 times greater, respectively, than the subject's single-breath carbon monoxide diffusing capacity (DsbCO). Coefficients of variation were similar to previously reported breath-holding, single-breath measurements of DsbCO. Pa NOmeasured in seven of the subjects equaled 1.8 ± 0.7 mmHg × 10−6 and resulted in V˙a NO of 0.21 ± 0.06 μl/min using DexNO and 0.20 ± 0.6 μl/min with DrbNO. DexNO remained constant at end-expiratory oxygen tensions varied from 42 to 682 Torr. Decreases in lung volume resulted in falls of DexNO and DrbNO similar to the reported effect of volume changes on DsbCO. These data show that rapidly responding chemiluminescent NO analyzers provide reproducible measurements of Dl NO using single exhalations or rebreathing suitable for measuring V˙a NO.

Changing effect of lung volume on respiratory drive in man

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 768-773 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. N. Stanley ◽  
M. D. Altose ◽  
S. G. Kelsen ◽  
C. F. Ward ◽  
N. S. Cherniack
Keyword(s):  
Human Subjects ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Respiratory Drive ◽  
Lung Inflation ◽  
Single Breath ◽  
Single Breath Hold ◽  
Sustained Effect ◽  
Residual Capacity

Experiments were conducted on human subjects to study the effect of lung inflation during breath holding on respiratory drive. Two series of experiments were performed: the first to examine respiratory drive during a single breath hold, the second designed to examine the sustained effect of lung inflation on subsequent breath holds. The experiments involved breath holding begun either at the end of a normal expiration or after a maximum inspiration. When breath holding was repeated at 10-min intervals, the increase in BHT produced by lung inflation was greater in short breath holds (after CO2 rebreathing) than in long breath holds (after hyperventilation). If breath holds were made in rapid succession, the first breath hold was much longer when made at total lung capacity than at functional residual capacity, but this effect of lung inflation diminished in subsequent breath holds. It is concluded that the inhibitory effect of lung inflation decays during breath holding and is regained remarkably slowly during the period of breathing immediately after breath holding.

Control of ventilation in elite synchronized swimmers

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1019-1024 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. Bjurstrom ◽  
R. B. Schoene
Keyword(s):  
Heart Rate ◽  
Ventilatory Response ◽  
Minute Ventilation ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Heart Rate Change ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Breath Hold ◽  
Lung Volumes ◽  
Co2 Partial Pressure ◽  
Control Of Ventilation

Synchronized swimmers perform strenuous underwater exercise during prolonged breath holds. To investigate the role of the control of ventilation and lung volumes in these athletes, we studied the 10 members of the National Synchronized Swim Team including an olympic gold medalist and 10 age-matched controls. We evaluated static pulmonary function, hypoxic and hypercapnic ventilatory drives, and normoxic and hyperoxic breath holding. Synchronized swimmers had an increased total lung capacity and vital capacity compared with controls (P less than 0.005). The hypoxic ventilatory response (expressed as the hyperbolic shape parameter A) was lower in the synchronized swimmers than controls with a mean value of 29.2 +/- 2.6 (SE) and 65.6 +/- 7.1, respectively (P less than 0.001). The hypercapnic ventilatory response [expressed as S, minute ventilation (1/min)/alveolar CO2 partial pressure (Torr)] was no different between synchronized swimmers and controls. Breath-hold duration during normoxia was greater in the synchronized swimmers, with a mean value of 108.6 +/- 4.8 (SE) vs. 68.03 +/- 8.1 s in the controls (P less than 0.001). No difference was seen in hyperoxic breath-hold times between groups. During breath holding synchronized swimmers demonstrated marked apneic bradycardia expressed as either absolute or heart rate change from basal heart rate as opposed to the controls, in whom heart rate increased during breath holds. Therefore the results show that elite synchronized swimmers have increased lung volumes, blunted hypoxic ventilatory responses, and a marked apneic bradycardia that may provide physiological characteristics that offer a competitive advantage for championship performance.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Nitric Oxide Chemical Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry for the Determination of Automotive Exhaust Constituents

1997 ◽  
Vol 69 (24) ◽  
pp. 5121-5129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark A. Dearth ◽  
Keiji G. Asano ◽  
Kevin J. Hart ◽  
Michelle V. Buchanan ◽  
Douglas E. Goeringer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitric Oxide ◽  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Chemical Ionization ◽  
Ion Trap ◽  
Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Automotive Exhaust

Determination of oxygenated, mixed venous blood CO2 tension by a breath-holding method

1960 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-228 ◽  
Author(s):  
John H. Knowles ◽  
William Newman ◽  
Wallace O. Fenn
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Mixed Venous Blood ◽  
Clinical Method ◽  
Straight Line ◽  
Zero Rate ◽  
The Mean

At the end of a normal expiration the subject inhaled a given volume of gas mixtures containing different concentrations of CO2 in O2 from 5 to 17%. These were held in the lung for 3 and then again for 12 seconds and were then expired and analyzed. Analyses were made with an infrared analyzer and times were obtained from the graphical record. If the rate of change of CO2 tension is plotted against the mean CO2 tension a straight line results which passes through zero rate at the tension which equals the tension of CO2 in the mixed oxygenated venous blood. From the slope of this straight line it is possible to calculate the cardiac output if the lung volume and slope of the CO2 dissociation curve of the blood are known. Data are presented from 37 experiments on 10 subjects. The method is believed to be theoretically sound but has not been validated as a practical clinical method. Occasional erratic points were obtained, especially in untrained subjects. The standard error of the mean value for venous CO2 tension was 1.9 mm Hg. Submitted on July 13, 1959

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