scholarly journals Parabolic flight as a spaceflight analog

2016 ◽  
Vol 120 (12) ◽  
pp. 1442-1448 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark Shelhamer
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Short Duration ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Artificial Gravity ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Suborbital Flights

Ground-based analog facilities have had wide use in mimicking some of the features of spaceflight in a more-controlled and less-expensive manner. One such analog is parabolic flight, in which an aircraft flies repeated parabolic trajectories that provide short-duration periods of free fall (0 g) alternating with high- g pullout or recovery phases. Parabolic flight is unique in being able to provide true 0 g in a ground-based facility. Accordingly, it lends itself well to the investigation of specific areas of human spaceflight that can benefit from this capability, which predominantly includes neurovestibular effects, but also others such as human factors, locomotion, and medical procedures. Applications to research in artificial gravity and to effects likely to occur in upcoming commercial suborbital flights are also possible.

Reduced-Gravity Human Factors Research with Aircraft

1969 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 463-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael J. Moran
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Space Flight ◽  
Gravity Data ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Gravity Level ◽  
Reduced Gravity ◽  
Low Gravity ◽  
Simulation Techniques ◽  
Space Experiments ◽  
Actual Space

Human factors in a low-gravity environment became important with the beginning of manned space flight programs. The costs and dangers associated with actual space experiments necessitated the development of reduced-gravity simulation techniques. Since parabolic flight is the only way to produce approximately the same physical conditions as orbital space flight, it is the only technique acceptable for many human factors studies. However, the shortness of periods at the desired gravity level and the high gravity levels of the pre- and post-parabola flight compromise the effectiveness of the technique. In spite of its faults, this technique has been used to produce many meaningful studies. These studies have done much to increase our limited knowledge of reduced-gravity human factors. It appears that this technique will continue to be a main source of low-gravity data, until the era of manned orbiting laboratories.

Respiratory modulation of cardiovascular rhythms before and after short-duration human spaceflight

2007 ◽  
Vol 191 (4) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Verheyden ◽  
F. Beckers ◽  
K. Couckuyt ◽  
J. Liu ◽  
A. E. Aubert
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Human Spaceflight ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Respiratory Modulation ◽  
Cardiovascular Rhythms

scholarly journals Editors’ Note

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Alberto Raposo ◽  
Cléber Corrêa
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Reality ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Peer To Peer ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Conference Program ◽  
Special Issue ◽  
Collaborative Virtual Environments ◽  
Computing Systems

It is our pleasure to introduce you the second issue of JIS in 2017. This issue contains six papers of the Special Issue of the 15th Brazilian Symposium on Human Factors in Computing Systems (IHC 2016). As we have been doing since IHC 2014, the best papers of the conference are invited to submit extended versions to a special issue of JIS, guest edited by the conference program chairs. In the current publication, our guest editors are Profs. Carla Leitão, from Pontifícia Universidade Católica - Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), and Luciana Salgado, from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), who we thank a lot for the dedication in the preparation of this issue. We invited you to read their editorial in the following.We also have in this issue an original paper by Paulo Paiva, Liliane Machado, Jauvane de Oliveira, and Ronei de Moraes, entitled “Networking Issues for 3D Medical Collaborative Virtual Environments: Design and Applications”. The authors discuss specific networking issues for Collaborative Virtual Environments (CVEs) applied to the simulation of medical procedures. They designed, developed, and validated a peer-to-peer multicast architecture on the collaborative module of the CyberMed Virtual Reality framework, aiming at providing better network scalability.Finally, we would like to thank the authors and reviewers that contributed to JIS. At the end of the issue we acknowledge the reviewers that contributed to JIS in 2015, 2016, and 2017.JIS Editorial Board is looking forward to receiving your contributions. We hope you enjoy reading this issue!

scholarly journals Dose Accuracy, Injection Force, and Usability Assessment of a New Half-Unit, Prefilled Insulin Pen

2017 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 364-372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher M. Kappes ◽  
James R. Kershner ◽  
Tina M. Morwick ◽  
Sheila M. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Diabetes Management ◽  
Dose Range ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Dose Accuracy ◽  
Injection Force

Background: This study examines the utility of the first prefilled, rapid-acting insulin pen that can be dialed in half-unit increments. Dose accuracy and injection force were examined through a series of design-verification tests, and usability was established by human factors validation testing. Methods: Devices were tested for dose accuracy at 3 different doses and temperatures and under free fall, vibration, and cold storage conditioning. Injection force was measured at the maximum dose (30 units). Both experiments used the same semiautomated testing system. Usability was validated in a human factors simulated-use study that included 60 participants (patients with type 1 or type 2 diabetes [aged 10-79 years], adult caregivers, and health care providers). Results: The pen met the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) 11608-1:2014 requirements for dose accuracy at all settings and conditions tested. Furthermore, all individual results were within the ISO specification limits. Mean injection force across temperature settings ranged from 9.25 to 10.85 N at the highest dose. The usability validation study confirmed that use-related risks were reduced to the extent possible and that additional modifications were not likely to afford further reductions. Conclusions: The results from these studies demonstrated accurate dosing over the dose range (0.5-30 units) at different temperatures and conditions with an injection force that should accommodate the intended users. Use safety and usability in patients with diabetes, caregivers, and health care professionals were validated. The added convenience of this new half-unit, prefilled pen may ease the burden of diabetes management for patients who require smaller incremental dosing.

Spatial Orientation in Weightless Environments

Perception ◽  
1992 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 803-812 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R Lackner
Keyword(s):  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Stimulation ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Virtual Absence ◽  
Cognitive Awareness ◽  
Microgravity Conditions ◽  
Apparent Orientation

Illusions of body inversion and of vehicle inversion can be evoked by exposure to weightlessness in the microgravity conditions of orbital and parabolic flight. Such illusions can involve all possible combinations of self-inversion and vehicle inversion. In the absence of any patterns of external stimulation, individuals may lose all sense of body orientation to their surroundings while retaining a sense of their overall body configuration and cognitive awareness of their actual position. Touch and pressure cues provide a perceptual ‘down’ in the absence of visual input. When vision is allowed, apparent orientation is influenced by a variety of factors including the direction of gaze, the architectural layout of the vehicle, and sight of the body. The relative importance of the various factors affecting orientation changes with repeated exposure. The virtual absence of sensations of falling during exposure to free-fall emphasizes the role of cognitive factors in experienced orientation.

Mass-Forced SHS Technology of Ceramic Materials

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 302-311 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osamu Odawara
Keyword(s):  
High Temperature ◽  
Centrifugal Force ◽  
Ceramic Composite ◽  
Parabolic Flight ◽  
Reaction System ◽  
Free Fall ◽  
Significant Feature ◽  
Mass Force ◽  
Mass Migration ◽  
Composite Synthesis

Self-propagating High-temperature Synthesis (SHS) technology is characterized with high-temperature generation, spontaneous reaction propagation and rapid synthesis. Our research and development on simultaneous synthesis and sintering has progressed by applying mass force effects to SHS technologies; metal-ceramic composite pipe formation with centrifugal force on thermite reactions (“Centrifugal-thermite Process”) and fine ceramic composite synthesis under micro-gravity environments (MGE) formed with a free-fall, parabolic flight and sounding rocket. The process has successfully attained to produce more than 3 m long composite-layered pipes with significant feature for the production in its reaction propagation under centrifugal effect as well as the centrifugal force and reaction heat. In the latter, the TiB2-Al composite synthesis under a free fall MGE, for example, has made clear that the lack of mass migration and the improvement of wetting between TiB2 and Al under the MGE affect the formation of a fine and dense cermet-like structure in the products. An advanced approach on the mass-forced SHS technologies performed is introduced by designing product densities and SHS reaction system.

Human Factors Assessment of International Space Station (ISS) Medical Equipment Packs

2005 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Danielle Paige Smith ◽  
Vicky E. Byrne ◽  
Cynthia Hudy ◽  
Mihriban Whitmore
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
International Space Station ◽  
Physical Environment ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Medical Emergency ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
International Space ◽  
Medical Environment ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
Clear Presentation

A human factors assessment was performed on several International Space Station (ISS) medical packs to evaluate the organization of items and provide recommendations for redesign. The overall goal was to recommend solutions that will improve the efficiency of identifying and locating items in the medical packs, thereby, potentially increasing the survival rate of crewmembers in the event of a medical emergency. Currently, each ISS crew remains on-orbit for six-month intervals. As there is not a standing requirement for a physician crewmember, the maintenance of crew health is dependant on individual crewmembers delivering care via telemedicine and their own limited training. In addition, medical procedures must be carried out within the limitations imposed by the unique physical environment of the space station. Given these challenges, the procedures and equipment designed to aid the crewmember in delivering that care should follow human-centered design principles in order to be as easy and simple to use as possible. The evaluation revealed six main categories of issues: Labeling, Location/Collocation of items, Clear Presentation of Information, Error Prevention, Stowage, and Equipment Design. Recommendations for each category are provided, and should be considered for efficiency and effectiveness in any medical environment.

Human Factors Applications in Medicine

1970 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-35 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maurice Rappaport
Keyword(s):  
Information System ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
Medical Information ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Medical Information System ◽  
Medical Procedures ◽  
Health Manpower ◽  
And Performance

The opportunity and the need to apply human factors concepts and techniques to problems in medicine are discussed. Directions in which such efforts should be exerted are described. Five specific problem areas considered include health manpower shortages, medical education shortcomings, medical information system needs, diagnostic and treatment instrumentation, and the effects of medical procedures on behavior and performance.

Human Factors and Artificial Gravity: A Review

1971 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 533-542 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Rudy Ramsey
Keyword(s):  
Human Factors ◽  
Space Station ◽  
Artificial Gravity ◽  
Specific Adaptation

Rotation of a spacecraft to induce artificial gravity will result in a number of unusual mechanical and perceptual phenomena. The nature of the unusual forces observed in artificial gravity is such that their effects are mediated by the position, orientation, and direction of motion of the astronaut. Thus, under artificial gravity, crew station design may have a significant impact on the performance of a space station crew. The effects on performance of the unusual forces resulting from artificial gravity are discussed. General guidelines are presented to aid the designer in floor layout and in the design and orientation of crew stations and translation aids. Some possible mission constraints resulting from incomplete or radius-specific adaptation are discussed.

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