Contribution of the Premotor Cortex to Consolidation of Motor Sequence Learning in Humans During Sleep

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2603-2614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael A. Nitsche ◽  
Michaela Jakoubkova ◽  
Nivethida Thirugnanasambandam ◽  
Leonie Schmalfuss ◽  
Sandra Hullemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Rem Sleep ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Motor Sequence

Motor learning and memory consolidation require the contribution of different cortices. For motor sequence learning, the primary motor cortex is involved primarily in its acquisition. Premotor areas might be important for consolidation. In accordance, modulation of cortical excitability via transcranial DC stimulation (tDCS) during learning affects performance when applied to the primary motor cortex, but not premotor cortex. We aimed to explore whether premotor tDCS influences task performance during motor memory consolidation. The impact of excitability-enhancing, -diminishing, or placebo premotor tDCS during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep on recall in the serial reaction time task (SRTT) was explored in healthy humans. The motor task was learned in the evening. Recall was performed immediately after tDCS or the following morning. In two separate control experiments, excitability-enhancing premotor tDCS was performed 4 h after task learning during daytime or immediately before conduction of a simple reaction time task. Excitability-enhancing tDCS performed during REM sleep increased recall of the learned movement sequences, when tested immediately after stimulation. REM density was enhanced by excitability-increasing tDCS and reduced by inhibitory tDCS, but did not correlate with task performance. In the control experiments, tDCS did not improve performance. We conclude that the premotor cortex is involved in motor memory consolidation during REM sleep.

scholarly journals Offline low-frequency rTMS of the primary and premotor cortices does not impact motor sequence memory consolidation despite modulation of corticospinal excitability

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Psurek ◽  
Bradley Ross King ◽  
Joseph Classen ◽  
Jost-Julian Rumpf
Keyword(s):  
Motor Skills ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Motor Evoked Potentials ◽  
Premotor Cortex ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Corticospinal Excitability ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Low Frequency Rtms

AbstractMotor skills are acquired and refined across alternating phases of practice (online) and subsequent consolidation in the absence of further skill execution (offline). Both stages of learning are sustained by dynamic interactions within a widespread motor learning network including the premotor and primary motor cortices. Here, we aimed to investigate the role of the dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) and its interaction with the primary motor cortex (M1) during motor memory consolidation. Forty-eight healthy human participants (age 22.1 ± 3.1 years) were assigned to three different groups corresponding to either low-frequency (1 Hz) repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) of left dPMC, rTMS of left M1, or sham rTMS. rTMS was applied immediately after explicit motor sequence training with the right hand. Motor evoked potentials were recorded before training and after rTMS to assess potential stimulation-induced changes in corticospinal excitability (CSE). Participants were retested on motor sequence performance after eight hours to assess consolidation. While rTMS of dPMC significantly increased CSE and rTMS of M1 significantly decreased CSE, no CSE modulation was induced by sham rTMS. However, all groups demonstrated similar significant offline learning indicating that consolidation was not modulated by the post-training low-frequency rTMS intervention despite evidence of an interaction of dPMC and M1 at the level of CSE. Motor memory consolidation ensuing explicit motor sequence training seems to be a rather robust process that is not affected by low-frequency rTMS-induced perturbations of dPMC or M1. Findings further indicate that consolidation of explicitly acquired motor skills is neither mediated nor reflected by post-training CSE.

scholarly journals Persistence of Hippocampal and Striatal Multivoxel Patterns during Awake Rest after Motor Sequence Learning

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bradley R. King ◽  
Mareike A. Gann ◽  
Dante Mantini ◽  
Julien Doyon ◽  
Genevieve Albouy
Keyword(s):  
Motor Learning ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Critical Role ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Task Practice

Memory consolidation is thought to be mediated by the offline reactivation of brain regions recruited during initial learning. Evidence for hippocampal reactivation in humans comes from studies showing that hippocampal response patterns elicited during learning can persist into subsequent rest intervals. Such investigations have largely been limited to declarative memory, which is surprising given the critical role of the hippocampus in motor memory processes. The primary goal of this study was therefore to investigate whether motor learning induces persistence of hippocampal patterns into subsequent rest. Based on their critical roles in motor learning and memory consolidation processes, we also assessed persistence in the striatum and primary motor cortex (M1). Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) data were recorded during motor learning as well as pre- and post-learning resting periods from 55 young healthy adults (males and females). Patterns of brain responses were assessed with intra- and inter-regional multivoxel correlation structure (MVCS). Intra-regional multivoxel patterns during motor sequence learning within the hippocampus and the striatum - but not within M1 - were more similar to post-learning as compared to pre-learning resting epochs, indicating persistence of task-related patterns thought to reflect reactivation processes. Interestingly, the multivoxel pattern of hippocampal connectivity with the striatum (i.e., inter-regional MVCS) was strongly dissimilar between post-learning rest and task practice. Altogether, these results provide evidence for the persistence of learning-related response patterns within the hippocampus and striatum into rest following motor learning. They also suggest that striatal-hippocampal connectivity patterns elicited by task practice are reorganized in post-learning waking rest.

scholarly journals The serial reaction time task revisited: a study on motor sequence learning with an arm-reaching task

2008 ◽  
Vol 194 (1) ◽  
pp. 143-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clara Moisello ◽  
Domenica Crupi ◽  
Eugene Tunik ◽  
Angelo Quartarone ◽  
Marco Bove ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Serial Reaction Time Task ◽  
Serial Reaction Time ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Reaching Task ◽  
Arm Reaching ◽  
Serial Reaction

scholarly journals Motor Sequence Learning across Multiple Sessions Is Not Facilitated by Targeting Consolidation with Posttraining tDCS in Patients with Progressive Multiple Sclerosis

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Harald Seelmann-Eggebert ◽  
Muriel Stoppe ◽  
Florian Then Bergh ◽  
Joseph Classen ◽  
Jost-Julian Rumpf
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Motor Learning ◽  
Task Performance ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Primary Motor Cortex ◽  
Training Session ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Double Blind ◽  
Cross Sectional

Compared to relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (MS), progressive MS is characterized by a lack of spontaneous recovery and a poor response to pharmaceutical immunomodulatory treatment. These patients may, therefore, particularly benefit from interventions that augment training-induced plasticity of the central nervous system. In this cross-sectional double-blind cross-over pilot study, effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor sequence learning were examined across four sessions on days 1, 3, 5, and 8 in 16 patients with progressive MS. Active or sham anodal tDCS of the primary motor cortex was applied immediately after each training session. Participants took part in two experiments separated by at least four weeks, which differed with respect to the type of posttraining tDCS (active or sham). While task performance across blocks of training and across sessions improved significantly in both the active and sham tDCS experiment, neither online nor offline motor learning was modulated by the type of tDCS. Accordingly, the primary endpoint (task performance on day 8) did not differ between stimulation conditions. In sum, patients with progressive MS are able to improve performance in an ecologically valid motor sequence learning task through training. However, even multisession posttraining tDCS fails to promote motor learning in progressive MS.

scholarly journals Focused-attention meditation increases cognitive control during motor sequence performance: Evidence from the N2 cortical evoked potential

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell Weili Chan ◽  
Phillip M. Alday ◽  
Lena Zou ◽  
Kurt Lushington ◽  
Matthias Schlesewsky ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Cognitive Control ◽  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Event Related Potential ◽  
The Other ◽  
Learning Performance ◽  
Focused Attention ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Central Regions

Previous work found that single-session focused attention meditation (FAM) enhanced motor sequence learning through increased cognitive control as a mechanistic action, although electrophysiological correlates of sequence learning performance following FAM were not investigated. We measured the persistent frontal N2 event-related potential (ERP) that is closely related to cognitive control processes and its ability to predict behavioural measures. Twenty-nine participants were randomised to one of three conditions reflecting the level of FAM experienced prior to a serial reaction time task (SRTT): 21 sessions of FAM (FAM21, N= 12), a single FAM session (FAM1, N= 9) or no preceding FAM control (Control, N= 8). Continuous 64-channel EEG were recorded during SRTT and N2 amplitudes for correct trials were extracted. Component amplitude, regions of interests, and behavioural outcomes were compared using mixed effects regression models between groups. FAM21 exhibited faster reaction time performances in majority of the learning blocks compared to FAM1 and Control. FAM21 also demonstrated a significantly more pronounced N2 over majority of anterior and central regions of interests during SRTT compared to the other groups. When N2 amplitudes were modelled against general learning performance, FAM21 showed the greatest rate of amplitude decline over anterior and central regions. The combined results suggest that FAM training provided greater cognitive control enhancement for improved sequence learning performance compared to the other groups. Importantly, FAM training facilitates dynamic modulation of cognitive control: lower levels of general learning performance was supported by greater levels of activation, whilst higher levels of general learning required less activation.

scholarly journals Schema and Motor-Memory Consolidation

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (7) ◽  
pp. 963-978
Author(s):  
Bradley R. King ◽  
Nina Dolfen ◽  
Mareike A. Gann ◽  
Zenzi Renard ◽  
Stephan P. Swinnen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Learning Paradigm ◽  
New Information ◽  
Motor Information ◽  
Schema Model ◽  
Perceptual Systems

Recent research has demonstrated that memory-consolidation processes can be accelerated if newly learned information is consistent with preexisting knowledge. Until now, investigations of this fast integration of new information into memory have focused on the declarative and perceptual systems. We employed a unique manipulation of a motor-sequence-learning paradigm to examine the effect of experimentally acquired memory on the learning of new motor information. Results demonstrate that new information is rapidly integrated into memory when practice occurs in a framework that is compatible with the previously acquired memory. This framework consists of the ordinal representation of the motor sequence. This enhanced integration cannot be explained by differences in the explicit awareness of the sequence and is observed only if the previously acquired motor memory was consolidated overnight. Results are consistent with the schema model of memory consolidation and offer insights into how previous motor experience can accelerate learning and consolidation processes.

Motor memory: Consolidation–based enhancement effect revisited

2005 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-69
Author(s):  
Julien Doyon ◽  
Julie Carrier ◽  
Alain Simard ◽  
Abdallah Hadj Tahar ◽  
Amélie Morin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Memory Consolidation ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Motor Memory ◽  
Enhancement Effect ◽  
Motor Sequence Learning ◽  
Motor Sequence ◽  
Seminal Work

Following Karni's seminal work, Walker and other researchers have recently provided gradually convincing evidence that sleep is critical for the consolidation-based enhancement (CBE) of motor sequence learning. Studies in our laboratory using a motor adaptation paradigm, however, show that CBE can also occur after the simple passage of time, suggesting that sleep effects on memory consolidation are task-related, and possibly dependent on anatomically dissociable circuits.

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