scholarly journals The absence or temporal offset of visual feedback does not influence adaptation to novel movement dynamics

2017 ◽  
Vol 118 (4) ◽  
pp. 2483-2498 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin McKenna ◽  
Laurence C. Jayet Bray ◽  
Weiwei Zhou ◽  
Wilsaan M. Joiner
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Temporal Separation ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
End Point ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Temporal Offset

Delays in transmitting and processing sensory information require correctly associating delayed feedback to issued motor commands for accurate error compensation. The flexibility of this alignment between motor signals and feedback has been demonstrated for movement recalibration to visual manipulations, but the alignment dependence for adapting movement dynamics is largely unknown. Here we examined the effect of visual feedback manipulations on force-field adaptation. Three subject groups used a manipulandum while experiencing a lag in the corresponding cursor motion (0, 75, or 150 ms). When the offset was applied at the start of the session (continuous condition), adaptation was not significantly different between groups. However, these similarities may be due to acclimation to the offset before motor adaptation. We tested additional subjects who experienced the same delays concurrent with the introduction of the perturbation (abrupt condition). In this case adaptation was statistically indistinguishable from the continuous condition, indicating that acclimation to feedback delay was not a factor. In addition, end-point errors were not significantly different across the delay or onset conditions, but end-point correction (e.g., deceleration duration) was influenced by the temporal offset. As an additional control, we tested a group of subjects who performed without visual feedback and found comparable movement adaptation results. These results suggest that visual feedback manipulation (absence or temporal misalignment) does not affect adaptation to novel dynamics, independent of both acclimation and perceptual awareness. These findings could have implications for modeling how the motor system adjusts to errors despite concurrent delays in sensory feedback information.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A temporal offset between movement and distorted visual feedback (e.g., visuomotor rotation) influences the subsequent motor recalibration, but the effects of this offset for altered movement dynamics are largely unknown. Here we examined the influence of 1) delayed and 2) removed visual feedback on the adaptation to novel movement dynamics. These results contribute to understanding of the control strategies that compensate for movement errors when there is a temporal separation between motion state and sensory information.

Intermittency in the Control of Continuous Force Production

2000 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 1708-1718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew B. Slifkin ◽  
David E. Vaillancourt ◽  
Karl M. Newell
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Spectral Power ◽  
Force Production ◽  
Motor Output ◽  
Force Variability ◽  
Force Output ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Information Processes ◽  
Feedback Frequency

The purpose of the current investigation was to examine the influence of intermittency in visual information processes on intermittency in the control continuous force production. Adult human participants were required to maintain force at, and minimize variability around, a force target over an extended duration (15 s), while the intermittency of on-line visual feedback presentation was varied across conditions. This was accomplished by varying the frequency of successive force-feedback deliveries presented on a video display. As a function of a 128-fold increase in feedback frequency (0.2 to 25.6 Hz), performance quality improved according to hyperbolic functions (e.g., force variability decayed), reaching asymptotic values near the 6.4-Hz feedback frequency level. Thus, the briefest interval over which visual information could be integrated and used to correct errors in motor output was approximately 150 ms. The observed reductions in force variability were correlated with parallel declines in spectral power at about 1 Hz in the frequency profile of force output. In contrast, power at higher frequencies in the force output spectrum were uncorrelated with increases in feedback frequency. Thus, there was a considerable lag between the generation of motor output corrections (1 Hz) and the processing of visual feedback information (6.4 Hz). To reconcile these differences in visual and motor processing times, we proposed a model where error information is accumulated by visual information processes at a maximum frequency of 6.4 per second, and the motor system generates a correction on the basis of the accumulated information at the end of each 1-s interval.

The Synergistic Organization of Muscle Recruitment Constrains Visuomotor Adaptation

2009 ◽  
Vol 101 (5) ◽  
pp. 2263-2269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aymar de Rugy ◽  
Mark R. Hinder ◽  
Daniel G. Woolley ◽  
Richard G. Carson
Keyword(s):  
Time Course ◽  
Neural Circuits ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Joint Torques ◽  
Flexion Extension ◽  
Isometric Torque ◽  
The Individual

Reaching to visual targets engages the nervous system in a series of transformations between sensory information and motor commands. That which remains to be determined is the extent to which the processes that mediate sensorimotor adaptation to novel environments engage neural circuits that represent the required movement in joint-based or muscle-based coordinate systems. We sought to establish the contribution of these alternative representations to the process of visuomotor adaptation. To do so we applied a visuomotor rotation during a center-out isometric torque production task that involved flexion/extension and supination/pronation at the elbow-joint complex. In separate sessions, distinct half-quadrant rotations (i.e., 45°) were applied such that adaptation could be achieved either by only rescaling the individual joint torques (i.e., the visual target and torque target remained in the same quadrant) or by additionally requiring torque reversal at a contributing joint (i.e., the visual target and torque target were in different quadrants). Analysis of the time course of directional errors revealed that the degree of adaptation was lower (by ∼20%) when reversals in the direction of joint torques were required. It has been established previously that in this task space, a transition between supination and pronation requires the engagement of a different set of muscle synergists, whereas in a transition between flexion and extension no such change is required. The additional observation that the initial level of adaptation was lower and the subsequent aftereffects were smaller, for trials that involved a pronation–supination transition than for those that involved a flexion–extension transition, supports the conclusion that the process of adaptation engaged, at least in part, neural circuits that represent the required motor output in a muscle-based coordinate system.

scholarly journals Neural signatures of reward and sensory error feedback processing in motor learning

2019 ◽  
Vol 121 (4) ◽  
pp. 1561-1574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dimitrios J. Palidis ◽  
Joshua G. A. Cashaback ◽  
Paul L. Gribble
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Motor Adaptation ◽  
Learning Task ◽  
Reward Learning ◽  
P300 Amplitude ◽  
Error Feedback ◽  
Learning Mechanisms ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Motor Commands

At least two distinct processes have been identified by which motor commands are adapted according to movement-related feedback: reward-based learning and sensory error-based learning. In sensory error-based learning, mappings between sensory targets and motor commands are recalibrated according to sensory error feedback. In reward-based learning, motor commands are associated with subjective value, such that successful actions are reinforced. We designed two tasks to isolate reward- and sensory error-based motor adaptation, and we used electroencephalography in humans to identify and dissociate the neural correlates of reward and sensory error feedback processing. We designed a visuomotor rotation task to isolate sensory error-based learning that was induced by altered visual feedback of hand position. In a reward learning task, we isolated reward-based learning induced by binary reward feedback that was decoupled from the visual target. A fronto-central event-related potential called the feedback-related negativity (FRN) was elicited specifically by binary reward feedback but not sensory error feedback. A more posterior component called the P300 was evoked by feedback in both tasks. In the visuomotor rotation task, P300 amplitude was increased by sensory error induced by perturbed visual feedback and was correlated with learning rate. In the reward learning task, P300 amplitude was increased by reward relative to nonreward and by surprise regardless of feedback valence. We propose that during motor adaptation the FRN specifically reflects a reward-based learning signal whereas the P300 reflects feedback processing that is related to adaptation more generally. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied the event-related potentials evoked by feedback stimuli during motor adaptation tasks that isolate reward- and sensory error-based learning mechanisms. We found that the feedback-related negativity was specifically elicited by binary reward feedback, whereas the P300 was observed in both tasks. These results reveal neural processes associated with different learning mechanisms and elucidate which classes of errors, from a computational standpoint, elicit the feedback-related negativity and P300.

The Role of Online Visual Feedback for the Control of Target-Directed and Allocentric Hand Movements

2011 ◽  
Vol 105 (2) ◽  
pp. 846-859 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lore Thaler ◽  
Melvyn A. Goodale
Keyword(s):  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Sensory Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Sensorimotor Control ◽  
Hand Movements ◽  
Cast Doubt ◽  
Target Locations

Studies that have investigated how sensory feedback about the moving hand is used to control hand movements have relied on paradigms such as pointing or reaching that require subjects to acquire target locations. In the context of these target-directed tasks, it has been found repeatedly that the human sensory-motor system relies heavily on visual feedback to control the ongoing movement. This finding has been formalized within the framework of statistical optimality according to which different sources of sensory feedback are combined such as to minimize variance in sensory information during movement control. Importantly, however, many hand movements that people perform every day are not target-directed, but based on allocentric (object-centered) visual information. Examples of allocentric movements are gesture imitation, drawing, or copying. Here we tested if visual feedback about the moving hand is used in the same way to control target-directed and allocentric hand movements. The results show that visual feedback is used significantly more to reduce movement scatter in the target-directed as compared with the allocentric movement task. Furthermore, we found that differences in the use of visual feedback between target-directed and allocentric hand movements cannot be explained based on differences in uncertainty about the movement goal. We conclude that the role played by visual feedback for movement control is fundamentally different for target-directed and allocentric movements. The results suggest that current computational and neural models of sensorimotor control that are based entirely on data derived from target-directed paradigms have to be modified to accommodate performance in the allocentric tasks used in our experiments. As a consequence, the results cast doubt on the idea that models of sensorimotor control developed exclusively from data obtained in target-directed paradigms are also valid in the context of allocentric tasks, such as drawing, copying, or imitative gesturing, that characterize much of human behavior.

Study of Equilibrium Sense Improvement Displaying Visual Information

2008 ◽  
Vol 381-382 ◽  
pp. 369-372
Author(s):  
Gi Beum Kim ◽  
S.H. Jeong ◽  
Woo Suk Chong ◽  
H.S. Kang ◽  
S.J. Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Postural Balance ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Muscular Strength ◽  
Center Of Pressure ◽  
Vestibular Function ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Weight Shift ◽  
Repeated Training

The effectiveness of the visual feedback to improve ability with the sense and muscular strength of human in our bicycle system was quantitatively verified in our study. Experiments were performed to find the factors related to the training of equilibrium sense. The subjects consisted of young and the aged and the group of young people was compared against the group of the aged. We investigated three different training modes, non-visual feedback (NVF), visual feedback of the weight (VFW), and visual feedback of the center of pressure (VFC) and measured the riding time and speed, the weight shift, and the center of pressure (COP) for twenties and seventies. The results showed that the running capability of the young and the aged became much better after repeated training. In addition, it was found out that the ability to control postural balance and the capability of equilibrium sense were improved with the presentation of the visual feedback information. These results will be effective in the diagnosis of equilibrium sense and vestibular function with the aged.

scholarly journals Subjective visual perception: from local processing to emergent phenomena of brain activity

2014 ◽  
Vol 369 (1641) ◽  
pp. 20130534 ◽  
Author(s):  
Theofanis I. Panagiotaropoulos ◽  
Vishal Kapoor ◽  
Nikos K. Logothetis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Perception ◽  
Visual Stimulation ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Intrinsic Activity ◽  
Subjective Perception ◽  
Conscious Perception ◽  
Perceptual Awareness ◽  
Sensory Stimuli

The combination of electrophysiological recordings with ambiguous visual stimulation made possible the detection of neurons that represent the content of subjective visual perception and perceptual suppression in multiple cortical and subcortical brain regions. These neuronal populations, commonly referred to as the neural correlates of consciousness , are more likely to be found in the temporal and prefrontal cortices as well as the pulvinar, indicating that the content of perceptual awareness is represented with higher fidelity in higher-order association areas of the cortical and thalamic hierarchy, reflecting the outcome of competitive interactions between conflicting sensory information resolved in earlier stages. However, despite the significant insights into conscious perception gained through monitoring the activities of single neurons and small, local populations, the immense functional complexity of the brain arising from correlations in the activity of its constituent parts suggests that local, microscopic activity could only partially reveal the mechanisms involved in perceptual awareness. Rather, the dynamics of functional connectivity patterns on a mesoscopic and macroscopic level could be critical for conscious perception. Understanding these emergent spatio-temporal patterns could be informative not only for the stability of subjective perception but also for spontaneous perceptual transitions suggested to depend either on the dynamics of antagonistic ensembles or on global intrinsic activity fluctuations that may act upon explicit neural representations of sensory stimuli and induce perceptual reorganization. Here, we review the most recent results from local activity recordings and discuss the potential role of effective, correlated interactions during perceptual awareness.

Visual, Haptic, and Bimodal Perception of Size and Stiffness in Virtual Environments

1999 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wan-Chen Wu ◽  
Cagatay Basdogan ◽  
Mandayam A. Srinivasan
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Environments ◽  
Visual Feedback ◽  
Haptic Perception ◽  
Haptic Feedback ◽  
Sensory Information ◽  
Visual Images ◽  
Varying Length ◽  
Haptic Cues ◽  
Visual Bias

Abstract Human psychophysical experiments were designed and conducted to investigate the effect of 3D perspective visual images on the visual and haptic perception of size and stiffness in multimodal virtual environments (VEs). Virtual slots of varying length and buttons of varying stiffness were displayed to the subjects, who then were asked to discriminate their size and stiffness respectively using visual and/or haptic cues. The results of the size experiments show that under vision alone, farther objects are perceived to be smaller due to perspective cues and the addition of haptic feedback reduces this visual bias. Similarly, the results of the stiffness experiments show that compliant objects that are farther are perceived to be softer when there is only haptic feedback and the addition of visual feedback reduces this haptic bias. Hence, we conclude that our visual and haptic systems compensate for each other such that the sensory information that comes from visual and haptic channels is fused in an optimal manner.

Effect of visuomotor-map uncertainty on visuomotor adaptation

2012 ◽  
Vol 107 (6) ◽  
pp. 1576-1585 ◽  
Author(s):  
Naoki Saijo ◽  
Hiroaki Gomi
Keyword(s):  
Feedback Control ◽  
Probe Trial ◽  
Visual Target ◽  
Hand Movement ◽  
Visuomotor Adaptation ◽  
Proprioceptive Feedback ◽  
Visuomotor Rotation ◽  
Feedback Controls ◽  
Reaching Movement ◽  
End Point

Vision and proprioception contribute to generating hand movement. If a conflict between the visual and proprioceptive feedback of hand position is given, reaching movement is disturbed initially but recovers after training. Although previous studies have predominantly investigated the adaptive change in the motor output, it is unclear whether the contributions of visual and proprioceptive feedback controls to the reaching movement are modified by visuomotor adaptation. To investigate this, we focused on the change in proprioceptive feedback control associated with visuomotor adaptation. After the adaptation to gradually introduce visuomotor rotation, the hand reached the shifted position of the visual target to move the cursor to the visual target correctly. When the cursor feedback was occasionally eliminated (probe trial), the end point of the hand movement was biased in the visual-target direction, while the movement was initiated in the adapted direction, suggesting the incomplete adaptation of proprioceptive feedback control. Moreover, after the learning of uncertain visuomotor rotation, in which the rotation angle was randomly fluctuated on a trial-by-trial basis, the end-point bias in the probe trial increased, but the initial movement direction was not affected, suggesting a reduction in the adaptation level of proprioceptive feedback control. These results suggest that the change in the relative contribution of visual and proprioceptive feedback controls to the reaching movement in response to the visuomotor-map uncertainty is involved in visuomotor adaptation, whereas feedforward control might adapt in a manner different from that of the feedback control.

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