scholarly journals Effects of Attention and Emotion on Repetition Priming and Their Modulation by Cholinergic Enhancement

2003 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 1171-1181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Bentley ◽  
Patrik Vuilleumier ◽  
Christiane M. Thiel ◽  
Jon Driver ◽  
Raymond J. Dolan
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Repetition Priming ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Repetition Effects ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Emotional Interaction ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Task Irrelevant ◽  
Or Task

We examined whether behavioral and neural effects of repeating faces are modulated by independent factors of selective attention, emotion, and cholinergic enhancement, during functional MRI. Face repetition occurred either between task-relevant (spatially attended) or task-irrelevant (unattended) stimuli; faces could be fearful or neutral; subjects received either placebo or physostigmine. Under placebo, a reaction time advantage occurred with repetition (i.e., priming) that did not differ between levels of attention, but was attenuated with emotion. Inferior temporo-occipital cortex demonstrated repetition decreases to both attended and unattended faces, and showed either equivalent or greater repetition decreases with emotional compared with neutral faces. By contrast, repetition decreases were attenuated for emotional relative to neutral faces in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. These results distinguish automatic repetition effects in sensory cortical regions from repetition effects modulated by emotion in orbitofrontal cortex, which parallel behavioral effects. Under physostigmine, unlike placebo, behavioral repetition effects were seen selectively for attended faces only, whereas emotional faces no longer impaired priming. Physostigmine enhanced repetition decreases in inferior occipital cortex selectively for attended faces, and reversed the emotional interaction with repetition in lateral orbitofrontal cortex. Thus we show that cholinergic enhancement both augments a neural signature of priming and modulates the effects of attention and emotion on behavioral and neural consequences of repetition.

scholarly journals Orbitofrontal cortex lesions result in abnormal social judgements to emotional faces

2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (7) ◽  
pp. 2182-2187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan L. Willis ◽  
Romina Palermo ◽  
Darren Burke ◽  
Ky McGrillen ◽  
Laurie Miller
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Emotional Faces

Equal Degrees of Object Selectivity for Upper and Lower Visual Field Stimuli

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (4) ◽  
pp. 2075-2081 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lars Strother ◽  
Adrian Aldcroft ◽  
Cheryl Lavell ◽  
Tutis Vilis
Keyword(s):  
Visual Field ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Recognition System ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Lower Visual Field ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Visual Areas ◽  
Bold Responses ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Lateral Occipital Cortex

Functional MRI (fMRI) studies of the human object recognition system commonly identify object-selective cortical regions by comparing blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) responses to objects versus those to scrambled objects. Object selectivity distinguishes human lateral occipital cortex (LO) from earlier visual areas. Recent studies suggest that, in addition to being object selective, LO is retinotopically organized; LO represents both object and location information. Although LO responses to objects have been shown to depend on location, it is not known whether responses to scrambled objects vary similarly. This is important because it would suggest that the degree of object selectivity in LO does not vary with retinal stimulus position. We used a conventional functional localizer to identify human visual area LO by comparing BOLD responses to objects versus scrambled objects presented to either the upper (UVF) or lower (LVF) visual field. In agreement with recent findings, we found evidence of position-dependent responses to objects. However, we observed the same degree of position dependence for scrambled objects and thus object selectivity did not differ for UVF and LVF stimuli. We conclude that, in terms of BOLD response, LO discriminates objects from non-objects equally well in either visual field location, despite stronger responses to objects in the LVF.

scholarly journals Interacting roles of lateral and medial Orbitofrontal cortex in decision-making and learning : A system-level computational model

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhargav Teja Nallapu ◽  
Frédéric Alexandre
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Computational Model ◽  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
System Level ◽  
Interacting Networks ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
Experimental Findings

AbstractIn the context of flexible and adaptive animal behavior, the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC) is found to be one of the crucial regions in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) influencing the downstream processes of decision-making and learning in the sub-cortical regions. Although OFC has been implicated to be important in a variety of related behavioral processes, the exact mechanisms are unclear, through which the OFC encodes or processes information related to decision-making and learning. Here, we propose a systems-level view of the OFC, positioning it at the nexus of sub-cortical systems and other prefrontal regions. Particularly we focus on one of the most recent implications of neuroscientific evidences regarding the OFC - possible functional dissociation between two of its sub-regions : lateral and medial. We present a system-level computational model of decision-making and learning involving the two sub-regions taking into account their individual roles as commonly implicated in neuroscientific studies. We emphasize on the role of the interactions between the sub-regions within the OFC as well as the role of other sub-cortical structures which form a network with them. We leverage well-known computational architecture of thalamo-cortical basal ganglia loops, accounting for recent experimental findings on monkeys with lateral and medial OFC lesions, performing a 3-arm bandit task. First we replicate the seemingly dissociate effects of lesions to lateral and medial OFC during decision-making as a function of value-difference of the presented options. Further we demonstrate and argue that such an effect is not necessarily due to the dissociate roles of both the subregions, but rather a result of complex temporal dynamics between the interacting networks in which they are involved.Author summaryWe first highlight the role of the Orbitofrontal Cortex (OFC) in value-based decision making and goal-directed behavior in primates. We establish the position of OFC at the intersection of cortical mechanisms and thalamo-basal ganglial circuits. In order to understand possible mechanisms through which the OFC exerts emotional control over behavior, among several other possibilities, we consider the case of dissociate roles of two of its topographical subregions - lateral and medial parts of OFC. We gather predominant roles of each of these sub-regions as suggested by numerous experimental evidences in the form of a system-level computational model that is based on existing neuronal architectures. We argue that besides possible dissociation, there could be possible interaction of these sub-regions within themselves and through other sub-cortical structures, in distinct mechanisms of choice and learning. The computational framework described accounts for experimental data and can be extended to more comprehensive detail of representations required to understand the processes of decision-making, learning and the role of OFC and subsequently the regions of prefrontal cortex in general.

scholarly journals Gray matter volume covariance networks are associated with altered emotional processing in bipolar disorder: a source-based morphometry study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alessandro Miola ◽  
Nicolò Trevisan ◽  
Arcangelo Merola ◽  
Francesco Folena Comini ◽  
Daniele Olivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bipolar Disorder ◽  
Gray Matter ◽  
Emotional Processing ◽  
Gray Matter Volume ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Type I ◽  
Matter Volume ◽  
Visuospatial Processing ◽  
Neural Signature ◽  
Structural Networks

AbstractWidespread regional gray matter volume (GMV) alterations have been reported in bipolar disorder (BD). Structural networks, which are thought to better reflect the complex multivariate organization of the brain, and their clinical and psychological function have not been investigated yet in BD. 24 patients with BD type-I (BD-I), and 30 with BD type-II (BD-II), and 45 controls underwent MRI scan. Voxel-based morphometry and source-based morphometry (SBM) were performed to extract structural covariation patterns of GMV. SBM components associated with morphometric differences were compared among diagnoses. Executive function and emotional processing correlated with morphometric characteristics. Compared to controls, BD-I showed reduced GMV in the temporo-insular-parieto-occipital cortex and in the culmen. An SBM component spanning the prefrontal-temporal-occipital network exhibited significantly lower GMV in BD-I compared to controls, but not between the other groups. The structural network covariance in BD-I was associated with the number of previous manic episodes and with worse executive performance. Compared to BD-II, BD-I showed a loss of GMV in the temporal-occipital regions, and this was correlated with impaired emotional processing. Altered prefrontal-temporal-occipital network structure could reflect a neural signature associated with visuospatial processing and problem-solving impairments as well as emotional processing and illness severity in BD-I.

Attention and Sensory Interactions within the Occipital Cortex in the Early Blind: An fMRI Study

2007 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 315-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt E. Weaver ◽  
Alexander A. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Selective Attention ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Oddball Paradigm ◽  
Sensory Stimuli ◽  
Tactile Stimuli ◽  
Somatosensory Cortices ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Sensory Modalities ◽  
Sensory Interactions ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Visual deprivation early in life results in occipital cortical responsiveness across a broad range of perceptual and cognitive tasks. In the reorganized occipital cortex of early blind (EB) individuals, the relative lack of specificity for particular sensory stimuli and tasks suggests that attention effects may play a prominent role in these areas. We wished to establish whether occipital cortical areas in the EB were responsive to stimuli across sensory modalities (auditory, tactile) and whether these areas maintained or altered their activity as a function of selective attention. Using a three-stimulus oddball paradigm and event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging, auditory and tactile tasks presented separately demonstrated that several occipital regions of interest (ROIs) in the EB, but not sighted controls (SCs), responded to targets and task-irrelevant distracter stimuli of both modalities. When auditory and tactile stimuli were presented simultaneously with subjects alternating attention between sensory streams, only the calcarine sulcus continued to respond to stimuli in both modalities. In all other ROIs, responses to auditory targets were as large or larger than those observed in the auditory-alone condition, but responses to tactile targets were attenuated or abolished by the presence of unattended auditory stimuli. Both auditory and somatosensory cortices responded consistently to auditory and tactile targets, respectively. These results reveal mechanisms of orienting and selective attention within the visual cortex of EB individuals and suggest that mechanisms of enhancement and suppression interact asymmetrically on auditory and tactile streams during bimodal sensory presentation.

Processing of task-irrelevant emotional faces impacted by implicit sequence learning

Neuroreport ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 26 (17) ◽  
pp. 1056-1060
Author(s):  
Ming Peng ◽  
Mengfei Cai ◽  
Renlai Zhou
Keyword(s):  
Sequence Learning ◽  
Implicit Sequence Learning ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Task Irrelevant

scholarly journals Contributions of different prefrontal cortical regions to abstract rule acquisition and reversal in monkeys

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giancarlo La Camera ◽  
Sebastien Bouret ◽  
Barry J. Richmond
Keyword(s):  
Orbitofrontal Cortex ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Abstract Concept ◽  
Abstract Concepts ◽  
Prefrontal Cortical ◽  
Rule Acquisition ◽  
Learning Rules ◽  
Association Task ◽  
Abstract Rule ◽  
Cortical Regions

AbstractThe ability to learn and follow abstract rules relies on intact prefrontal regions including the lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) and the orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). Here, we investigate the specific roles of these brain regions in learning rules that depend critically on the formation of abstract concepts as opposed to simpler input-output associations. To this aim, we tested monkeys with bilateral removals of either LPFC or OFC on a rapidly learned task requiring the formation of the abstract concept of same vs. different. While monkeys with OFC removals were significantly slower than controls at both acquiring and reversing the concept-based rule, monkeys with LPFC removals were not impaired in acquiring the task, but were significantly slower at rule reversal. Neither group was impaired in the acquisition or reversal of a delayed visual cue-outcome association task without a concept-based rule. These results suggest that OFC is essential for the implementation of a concept-based rule, whereas LPFC seems essential for its modification once established.

scholarly journals Mixed emotions: Competition and context effects of emotional faces in visuospatial working memory

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marlene Poncet ◽  
Margaret Jackson
Keyword(s):  
Context Effects ◽  
Original Position ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Mixed Emotions ◽  
Emotional Context ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Test Face ◽  
Location Binding ◽  
Response Biases ◽  
Task Irrelevant

In this study we investigated how differing emotional faces presented in heterogenous displays compete at encoding to influence identity-location binding. Participants were shown four faces and asked to remember their identity and location while their eye-movements were recorded. Two faces carried one emotion while the other two faces carried a different emotion (angry, fear, happy, or sad; emotion was task irrelevant). Participants relocated a single neutrally expressive test face to its original position using a touchscreen. VSWM for emotional faces was modulated by the emotional context. Competition effects were complex and not based on eye-fixation time during the encoding period, stimulus factors (intensity or valence), or on perceptual or response biases. Thus, how emotional faces compete in VSWM appears to rely on more than simple arousal- or valence- biased mechanisms.

The dysfunction of processing task-irrelevant emotional faces in pituitary patients

Neuroreport ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 328-333 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jian Song ◽  
Chenglong Cao ◽  
Ming Yang ◽  
Shun Yao ◽  
Yan Yan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Processing Task ◽  
Emotional Faces ◽  
Task Irrelevant

Bridging the gap between Morphometric Similarity Mapping and gene transcription in Alzheimer's disease

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Zhang ◽  
Min Ma ◽  
Zhonghua Xie ◽  
Heng Wu ◽  
Nan Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Brain Connectivity ◽  
Memory Function ◽  
Structural Connectivity ◽  
Occipital Cortex ◽  
Significant Term ◽  
Changing Patterns ◽  
Cortical Regions ◽  
With Memory

Abstract Disruptions of brain connectivity have been widely reported in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Morphometric similarity (MS) mapping provides a new way of estimating structural connectivity by inter-regional correlation of T1WI and DTI derived parameters within individual brains. Here, we aimed to identify AD-related MS changing patterns and genes related to the changes and further explore the molecular and cellular mechanism underlying MS changes in AD. Both 3D-T1WI and DTI data of 106 AD patients and well-matched 106 healthy elders from the ADNI database were included in our study. Cortical regions with significantly decreased MS were found in the temporal and parietal cortex, increased MS in the frontal cortex and variant changes in the occipital cortex in AD patients. Mean MS in regions with significantly changed MS was positively or negatively associated with memory function. The negative MS-related genes were significantly down-regulated in AD, specifically enriched in neurons, and participated in biological process with the most significant term in synaptic transmission. This study revealed AD-related cortical MS changes associated with memory function. Linking gene expression to cortical MS changes may provide a possible molecular and cellular substrate for MS abnormality and cognition decline in AD.

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