Micro X-ray fluorescence in materials characterization

Micro X-ray fluorescence (MXRF) offers the analyst a new approach to materials characterization. The range of applications is expanding rapidly. Single point analysis has been demonstrated for nanoliter volumes with detection limits at the 0.5 ng level. MXRF can be used as an element specific detector for capillary electrophoresis. Elemental imaging applications include analysis of sample corrosion and polymers, use as a combinatorial chemistry screening tool, and integration with molecular spectroscopic imaging methods to provide a more comprehensive characterization. Three-dimensional elemental imaging is a reality with the development of a confocal X-ray fluorescence microscope. Stereoview elemental X-ray imaging can provide unique views of materials that flat two-dimensional images cannot achieve. Spectral imaging offers chemical imaging capability, moving MXRF into a higher level of information content. The future is bright for MXRF as a materials characterization tool.

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Three Dimensional X-Ray Computed Tomography in Materials Science

MRS Bulletin ◽

10.1557/s0883769400066525 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 13-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

J.H. Kinney ◽

Q.C. Johnson ◽

U. Bonse ◽

M.C. Nichols ◽

R.A. Saroyan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

High Resolution ◽

Sample Preparation ◽

Visible Light ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Materials Characterization ◽

Imaging Technology ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Visible Light Imaging

Imaging is the cornerstone of materials characterization. Until the middle of the present century, visible light imaging provided much of the information about materials. Though visible light imaging still plays an extremely important role in characterization, relatively low spatial resolution and lack of chemical sensitivity and specificity limit its usefulness.The discovery of x-rays and electrons led to a major advance in imaging technology. X-ray diffraction and electron microscopy allowed us to characterize the atomic structure of materials. Many materials vital to our high technology economy and defense owe their existence to the understanding of materials structure brought about with these high-resolution methods.Electron microscopy is an essential tool for materials characterization. Unfortunately, electron imaging is always destructive due to the sample preparation that must be done prior to imaging. Furthermore, electron microscopy only provides information about the surface of a sample. Three dimensional information, of great interest in characterizing many new materials, can be obtained only by time consuming sectioning of an object.The development of intense synchrotron light sources in addition to the improvements in solid state imaging technology is revolutionizing materials characterization. High resolution x-ray imaging is a potentially valuable tool for materials characterization. The large depth of x-ray penetration, as well as the sensitivity of absorption crosssections to atomic chemistry, allows x-ray imaging to characterize the chemistry of internal structures in macroscopic objects with little sample preparation. X-ray imaging complements other imaging modalities, such as electron microscopy, in that it can be performed nondestructively on metals and insulators alike.

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X-ray imaging with ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering as a contrast mechanism

Journal of Applied Crystallography ◽

10.1107/s0021889804016073 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 37 (5) ◽

pp. 757-765 ◽

Cited By ~ 28

Author(s):

L. E. Levine ◽

G. G. Long

Keyword(s):

Small Angle ◽

Imaging Technique ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Sample Volume ◽

Contrast Imaging ◽

X Ray ◽

X Ray Scattering ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Contrast Mechanism ◽

Ray Scattering

A new transmission X-ray imaging technique using ultra-small-angle X-ray scattering (USAXS) as a contrast mechanism is described. USAXS imaging can sometimes provide contrast in cases where radiography and phase-contrast imaging are unsuccessful. Images produced at different scattering vectors highlight different microstructural features within the same sample volume. When used in conjunction with USAXS scans, USAXS imaging provides substantial quantitative and qualitative three-dimensional information on the sizes, shapes and spatial arrangements of the scattering objects. The imaging technique is demonstrated on metal and biological samples.

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Quantitative study of fast non-local means-based denoising filter in chest X-ray imaging with lung nodule using three-dimensional printing

Optik ◽

10.1016/j.ijleo.2018.10.118 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 179 ◽

pp. 1180-1188 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jina Shim ◽

Myonggeun Yoon ◽

Youngjin Lee

Keyword(s):

Quantitative Study ◽

Lung Nodule ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Three Dimensional Printing ◽

X Ray ◽

Local Means ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Chest X Ray ◽

Non Local ◽

Dimensional Printing

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Interfacial Structure Control and Three-Dimensional X-ray Imaging of an Epoxy Monolith Bonding System with Surface Modification

Langmuir ◽

10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01481 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (37) ◽

pp. 10923-10932

Author(s):

Nanako Sakata ◽

Yoshihiro Takeda ◽

Masaru Kotera ◽

Yasuhito Suzuki ◽

Akikazu Matsumoto

Keyword(s):

Surface Modification ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Interfacial Structure ◽

X Ray ◽

Structure Control ◽

Bonding System ◽

X Ray Imaging

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Variable Focus Three-Dimensional Laser Digitizing System

ASME 1995 15th International Computers in Engineering Conference and the ASME 1995 9th Annual Engineering Database Symposium ◽

10.1115/cie1995-0837 ◽

1995 ◽

Author(s):

David G. Alciatore ◽

Ronald M. Pasquini

Keyword(s):

Focal Length ◽

Single Point ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Range Data ◽

State University ◽

Focus Laser ◽

New Approach ◽

Colorado State University ◽

Significant Step ◽

Variable Focus

Abstract This paper describes a new three-dimensional scanning technology which is being developed at Colorado State University. Unlike other laser-based scanners which use active or passive triangulation to obtain surface range data, the new variable focus laser digitizing system (VFLDS) uses the principles of optical focal length to measure surface range data. This system should represent a significant step forward in speed and simplicity over current laser-based single point digitizing systems while retaining all of their advantages. The goal of the initial research presented here is to produce preliminary results which will prove the viability of this new approach.

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Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometry of the Middle Ear Ossicles

Ear Nose & Throat Journal ◽

10.1177/014556139707600409 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 76 (4) ◽

pp. 213-222 ◽

Cited By ~ 33

Author(s):

Geoffrey R. Ball ◽

Alex Huber ◽

Richard L. Goode

Keyword(s):

Middle Ear ◽

Single Point ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽

Ossicular Chain ◽

Laser Doppler ◽

Scanning Laser ◽

Scanning Laser Doppler Vibrometer ◽

Point Analysis ◽

Ear Ossicles

This paper describes measurements of the vibratory modes of the middle ear ossicles made with a scanning laser Doppler vibrometer. Previous studies of the middle ear ossicles with single-point laser Doppler measurements have raised questions regarding the vibrational modes of the ossicular chain. Single-point analysis methods do not have the ability to measure multiple points on the ossicles and, consequently, have limited ability to simultaneously record relative phase information at these points. Using a Polytec Model PSV-100, detailed measurements of the ossicular chain have been completed in the human temporal bone model. This model, when driven with a middle ear transducer, provides detailed three-dimensional data of the vibrational patterns of the middle ear ossicles. Implications for middle ear implantable devices are discussed.

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High-Speed X-Ray Imaging of Diesel Injector Needle Motion

ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference ◽

10.1115/ices2009-76032 ◽

2009 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

A. L. Kastengren ◽

C. F. Powell ◽

Z. Liu ◽

K. Fezzaa ◽

J. Wang

Keyword(s):

High Speed ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Linear Increase ◽

Nozzle Geometry ◽

X Ray ◽

Needle Position ◽

X Ray Imaging ◽

Linear Oscillation ◽

Degree Of Convergence

Phase-enhanced x-ray imaging has been used to examine the geometry and dynamics of four diesel injector nozzles. The technique uses a high-speed camera, which allows the dynamics of individual injection events to be observed in real time and compared. Moreover, data has been obtained for the nozzles from two different viewing angles, allowing for the full three-dimensional motions of the needle to be examined. This technique allows the needle motion to be determined in situ at the needle seat and requires no modifications to the injector hardware, unlike conventional techniques. Measurements of the nozzle geometry have allowed the average nozzle diameter, degree of convergence or divergence, and the degree of rounding at the nozzle inlet to be examined. Measurements of the needle lift have shown that the lift behavior of all four nozzles consists of a linear increase in needle lift with respect to time until the needle reaches full lift and a linear decrease as the needle closes. For all four nozzles, the needle position oscillates at full lift with a period of 170–180 μs. The full-lift position of the needle changes as the rail pressure increases, perhaps reflecting compression of the injector components. Significant lateral motions were seen in the two single-hole nozzles, with the needle motion perpendicular to the injector axis resembling a circular motion for one nozzle and linear oscillation for the other nozzle. The two VCO multihole nozzles show much less lateral motion, with no strong oscillations visible.

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