Theory & Performance of Holographically-Formed Stigmatic X-Ray Gratings

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 643-656
Author(s):  
R. J. Speer
Keyword(s):  
Fringe Pattern ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Molecular Chemistry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Imaging Theory ◽  
Reflection Grating ◽  
Aberration Corrected

Holographically-formed X-ray reflection grating scan now be constructed with competitive groove efficiency to classically ruled types, down to a short wavelength diffracting limit of several angstroms.The gratings can be generated on any surface capable of intersecting the interference fringe pattern without shadowing. This fact alone brings several new X-ray optical design possibilities within reach, for example, by combining plane construction waves with steep aspheric substrates. The first order imaging theory of the grazing incidence mounting is discussed and compared to measured performance for aberration corrected stigmatic types.A new 5 meter spectrograph has also been constructed with applications in molecular chemistry, laser fusion research and synchro tronspectroscopy. The unit is available with fully prefocussed holographic and classical X-ray grating optics, and uses the precision miniature camera principle of fully interchangeable lenses, but applied, in this case to the entrance slit, grating and detector modules.

Inorganic mixed phase templated by a fatty acid monolayer at the air–water interface: the Mn and Mg case

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (9) ◽  
pp. 6629-6637 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alae El Haitami ◽  
Michel Goldmann ◽  
Philippe Fontaine ◽  
Marie-Claude Fauré ◽  
Sophie Cantin
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Water Interface ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Inorganic Layer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
First Order Phase Transition ◽  
Air Water Interface ◽  
First Order Phase

A first-order phase transition with a peculiar feature is evidenced by means of in situ grazing incidence X-ray diffraction in the 2D organic phase-mediated nucleation of an inorganic layer.

scholarly journals Hard x-ray transmission curved crystal spectrometers (10–100 keV) for laser fusion experiments at the ShenGuang-III laser facility

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ming-hai Yu ◽  
Guang-yue Hu ◽  
Ning An ◽  
Feng Qian ◽  
Yu-chi Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Experimental Results ◽  
Laser Fusion ◽  
Recording Medium ◽  
High Quality ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Facility ◽  
Working Distance ◽  
Spectral Ranges

Two transmission curved crystal spectrometers are designed to measure the hard x-ray emission in the laser fusion experiment of Compton radiography of implosion target on ShenGuang-III laser facility in China. Cylindrically curved ${\it\alpha}$ -quartz (10–11) crystals with curvature radii of 150 and 300 mm are used to cover spectral ranges of 10–56 and 17–100 keV, respectively. The distance between the crystal and the x-ray source can be changed over a broad distance from 200 to 1500 mm. The optical design, including the integral reflectivity of the curved crystal, the sensitivity, and the spectral resolution of the spectrometers, is discussed. We also provide mechanic design details and experimental results using a Mo anode x-ray source. High-quality spectra were obtained. We confirmed that the spectral resolution can be improved by increasing the working distance, which is the distance between the recording medium and the Rowland circle.

Holographically Formed Grazing-Incidence Reflection Grating with Stigmatic Soft X-Ray Focal Isolation

1974 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1258 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. J. Speer ◽  
D. Turner ◽  
R. L. Johnson ◽  
D. Rudolph ◽  
G. Schmahl
Keyword(s):  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reflection Grating

Design and Analysis of Hard X-Ray Microscope Employing Toroidal Mirrors Working at Grazing-Incidence

2019 ◽  
Vol 34 (04) ◽  
pp. 2055010
Author(s):  
Ying Cui ◽  
Yadong Yan ◽  
Bingjing Wu ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Junhua He
Keyword(s):  
Optical Axis ◽  
Incidence Angle ◽  
Incident Angle ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Imaging Diagnosis ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Imaging Characteristics ◽  
Axis Offset ◽  
Better Than

A high resolution microscope is designed for plasma hard X-ray (10–20[Formula: see text]keV) imaging diagnosis. This system consists of two toroidal mirrors, which are nearly parallel, with an angle twice that of the grazing incidence angle and a plane mirror for spectral selection and correction of optical axis offset. The imaging characteristics of single toroidal mirror and double mirrors are analyzed in detail by the optical path function. The optical design, parameter optimization, image quality simulation and analysis of the microscope are carried out. The optimized hard X-ray microscope has a resolution better than 5[Formula: see text][Formula: see text]m at 1[Formula: see text]mm object field of view. The experimental data shows that the variation of the resolution is smaller in the direction of incident angle decrease than that in the increasing direction.

Advance in NPL X-Ray Gratings and Spectrometers

1975 ◽  
Vol 19 ◽  
pp. 571-575
Author(s):  
M. Stedman ◽  
A. Franks
Keyword(s):  
Wavelength Range ◽  
Short Wavelength ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Vitreous Silica ◽  
Holographic Grating ◽  
X Ray ◽  
First Order ◽  
Rectangular Profile ◽  
20 Nm

NPL x-ray gratings for use at grazing incidence in the wavelength range of 0.05 to 20 nm have diffraction efficiencies in the first order ranging from approximately 3% at 0.1 nm to 20% at wavelengths greater than 2 nm. X-ray gratings may have either a rectangular profile produced by processing a ruled or holographic grating or may have a shallow blazed waveform. In both types of grating, the grooves are formed in a vitreous silica blank and are usually overcoated with gold.A precision short wavelength (0.05 to 0.5 nm) Rowland circle focusing spectrometer has bee n constructed, which can cater for concave gratings of radii between 5 and 15 m.

scholarly journals Nanofocusing of X-ray free-electron lasers by grazing-incidence reflective optics

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 592-598 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuto Yamauchi ◽  
Makina Yabashi ◽  
Haruhiko Ohashi ◽  
Takahisa Koyama ◽  
Tetsuya Ishikawa
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Damage ◽  
Free Electron ◽  
Free Electron Laser ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Damage Threshold ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Stable Operation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Laser Focusing ◽  
Diagnosis Method

Total-reflection mirror devices for X-ray free-electron laser focusing are discussed in terms of optical design, mirror-fabrication technology, a wavefront diagnosis method and radiation-damage testing, as a review of the present status of the focusing optics at the SPring-8 angstrom compact free-electron laser (SACLA). Designed beam sizes of 1 µm and 50 nm, and spot sizes almost matching prediction have been achieved and used to explore topics at the forefront of natural science. The feasibility of these devices is determined to be sufficient for long-term and stable operation at SACLA by investigating the radiation-damage threshold and achievable accuracies in the mirror figure and alignment.

Molecular Microspectroscopy: Where are we and where are we going ?

1996 ◽  
Vol 54 ◽  
pp. 250-251
Author(s):  
John A. Reffner
Keyword(s):  
Raman Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Optical Design ◽  
Molecular Chemistry ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Infrared Microspectroscopy ◽  
Elemental Analyses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Electron Microscopes ◽  
High Rejection

Molecular microspectroscopy is the application of infrared or Raman spectroscopy, combined with light microscopy, for chemical analysis on the microscopic scale. For over a decade infrared microspectroscopy (IMS) has been an expanding technology both scientifically and commercially. Micro-Raman spectroscopy has a long history of scientific accomplishments with limited commercial success. Both of these techniques give spectral data that can be related to the bonding, crystalline state, isotopic content and molecular orientation of a material, but not its elemental composition. In this regards, molecular microspectroscopy compliments the elemental analyses performed with electron microscopes using x-ray emission spectroscopy. Resolving molecular chemistry of microscopic domains is the essence of molecular microspectroscopy.Raman spectroscopy is experiencing renewed interest because of several advances in optics and photonics. Near-infrared lasers combined with Fourier transform spectrometers greatly reduced fluorescence interference, making Raman spectroscopy practical for many samples. The development of filters with high rejection of the Rayleigh scattered radiation simplifies the optical design of Raman systems. These filters are playing an important role in micro-Raman. CCD and CID detector technology, lasers, acusto-optical tuned filters (AOTF), liquid-crystal tuned filters (LCTF) and imaging spectrometers are contributing to a proliferation of new micro-Raman systems.

Optics for Nano-Satellite X-Ray Monitor

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Vladimír Tichý ◽  
David N. Burrows ◽  
Zachary Prieskorn ◽  
René Hudec
Keyword(s):  
Optical Design ◽  
Grazing Incidence ◽  
Space Mission ◽  
Field Of View ◽  
Optical Parameters ◽  
Design Study ◽  
Ray Optics ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Convenient Approach ◽  
Lobster Eye

AbstractThe Schmidt lobster eye design for a grazing incidence X-ray optics provides a field of view of the order of many degrees, for this reason it can be a convenient approach for the construction of space X-ray monitors. It is possible to assemble Schmidt lobster eye telescopes with the dimensions and focal lengths acceptable for nano-class satellites. In this paper, a draft of nano-class space mission providing monitoring of specific sky areas is presented. A preliminary optical design study for such mission is performed. Two of possible optical designs are presented, for which the field of view, the effective input area and other basic optical parameters are calculated. Examples of the observed images are also presented.

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