Monoclonal Antibodies as Immune Modulators for Cancer Therapy

Monoclonal antibodies may modulate immune and/or biological responses alone, or as carriers of specific agents. Monoclonal antibodies directed against tumours may be indirectly cytotoxic by modulation of antibody-dependent, cell-mediated cytotoxicity or complement-mediated cytotoxicity. Monoclonal antibodies directed against certain tumour cell receptors may alter the biological behaviour of tumour cells such as blocking or downregulation of growth factors essential to tumour cell proliferation. Monoclonal antibodies directed to certain receptors on host immune cells. such as the CD3 receptor on T lymphocytes. may activate those cells and increase their cytotoxicity. Antitumour monoclonal antibodies can serve as carriers of interferons, interleukin-2, tumour necrosis factor and other lymphokines and cytokines to modulate selectively the cytotoxic potential of immune cells in the vicinity of tumour cells. Cytotoxic chemotherapy agents conjugated to antitumour monoclonal antibodies may be processed differently so that they bypass certain mechanisms of drug resistance. The penultimate application of monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy is to combine various monoclonal antibodies and immunoconjugates for selective combination therapy based on known antigenic tumour cell determinants and the status of the host immune system.

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TRAILblazing Strategies for Cancer Treatment

Cancers ◽

10.3390/cancers11040456 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 456 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Anna-Laura Kretz ◽

Anna Trauzold ◽

Andreas Hillenbrand ◽

Uwe Knippschild ◽

Doris Henne-Bruns ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cancer Therapy ◽

Anticancer Agent ◽

Primary Tumour ◽

Tumour Cells ◽

The Status ◽

Membrane Bound ◽

Induced Apoptosis ◽

Necrosis Factor ◽

Apoptotic Cascade

In the late 1990s, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL), a member of the TNF-family, started receiving much attention for its potential in cancer therapy, due to its capacity to induce apoptosis selectively in tumour cells in vivo. TRAIL binds to its membrane-bound death receptors TRAIL-R1 (DR4) and TRAIL-R2 (DR5) inducing the formation of a death-inducing signalling complex (DISC) thereby activating the apoptotic cascade. The ability of TRAIL to also induce apoptosis independently of p53 makes TRAIL a promising anticancer agent, especially in p53-mutated tumour entities. Thus, several so-called TRAIL receptor agonists (TRAs) were developed. Unfortunately, clinical testing of these TRAs did not reveal any significant anticancer activity, presumably due to inherent or acquired TRAIL resistance of most primary tumour cells. Since the potential power of TRAIL-based therapies still lies in TRAIL’s explicit cancer cell-selectivity, a desirable approach going forward for TRAIL-based cancer therapy is the identification of substances that sensitise tumour cells for TRAIL-induced apoptosis while sparing normal cells. Numerous of such TRAIL-sensitising strategies have been identified within the last decades. However, many of these approaches have not been verified in animal models, and therefore potential toxicity of these approaches has not been taken into consideration. Here, we critically summarise and discuss the status quo of TRAIL signalling in cancer cells and strategies to force tumour cells into undergoing apoptosis triggered by TRAIL as a cancer therapeutic approach. Moreover, we provide an overview and outlook on innovative and promising future TRAIL-based therapeutic strategies.

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Monoclonal Antibodies for Cancer Therapy Approved by FDA

MOJ Immunology ◽

10.15406/moji.2016.04.00120 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Henry Hongrong Cai

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Cancer Therapy

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The Capacity of a Specific Anti-Streptococcus Mutans Monoclonal Antibodies Test to Identify the Diabetic Patients with Increased Risk of Periodontal Disease

Revista de Chimie ◽

10.37358/rc.17.11.5927 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 68 (11) ◽

pp. 2556-2559

Author(s):

Mona Ionas ◽

Sebastian Ioan Cernusca Mitariu ◽

Adela Dancila ◽

Tiberiu Horatiu Ionas ◽

Raluca Monica Comaneanu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Periodontal Disease ◽

Streptococcus Mutans ◽

Mutans Streptococci ◽

Diabetic Patients ◽

A Value ◽

Salivary Level ◽

Increased Risk ◽

The Status

By means of a specific anti-Streptococcus mutans monoclonal antibodies test we want to identify the diabetic patients which have an increased risk to develop the periodontal disease. The highest percentage, of 88.1% of all patients included in this study represents the subjects with a level greater than 500,000 cfu / mL of streptococcus mutans. The Kruskal-Wallis test reveals a value of p = 0.283 resulted from the status of diabetes in patients and the level of streptococcus mutans in saliva. In conclusion, the status of diabetes in patients seems not to influence the salivary level of mutans streptococci determined with the method used in our study.

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Antibody Therapy for the Control of Viral Diseases: An Update

Current Pharmaceutical Biotechnology ◽

10.2174/1389201020666190809112704 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 20 (13) ◽

pp. 1108-1121 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Miriam Dibo ◽

Eduardo C. Battocchio ◽

Lucas M. dos Santos Souza ◽

Matheus D. Veloso da Silva ◽

Bruna K. Banin-Hirata ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trials ◽

Monoclonal Antibodies ◽

Viral Antigen ◽

Viral Infections ◽

Antibody Therapy ◽

Therapeutic Strategies ◽

Viral Diseases ◽

Specific Antibodies ◽

The Status ◽

Epidemiological Impact

The epidemiological impact of viral diseases, combined with the emergence and reemergence of some viruses, and the difficulties in identifying effective therapies, have encouraged several studies to develop new therapeutic strategies for viral infections. In this context, the use of immunotherapy for the treatment of viral diseases is increasing. One of the strategies of immunotherapy is the use of antibodies, particularly the monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and multi-specific antibodies, which bind directly to the viral antigen and bring about activation of the immune system. With current advancements in science and technology, several such antibodies are being tested, and some are already approved and are undergoing clinical trials. The present work aims to review the status of mAb development for the treatment of viral diseases.

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