scholarly journals Assessing Cerebrovascular Reactivity in Carotid Steno-Occlusive Disease Using MRI BOLD and ASL Techniques

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Renata F. Leoni ◽  
Kelley C. Mazzetto-Betti ◽  
Afonso C. Silva ◽  
Antonio C. dos Santos ◽  
Draulio B. de Araujo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Occlusive Disease ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Vascular Regulation ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Biochemical Mechanisms ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Source Of Information ◽  
Reliable Methods

Impaired cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), a predictive factor of imminent stroke, has been shown to be associated with carotid steno-occlusive disease. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques, such as blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) and arterial spin labeling (ASL), have emerged as promising noninvasive tools to evaluate altered CVR with whole-brain coverage, when combined with a vasoactive stimulus, such as respiratory task or injection of acetazolamide. Under normal cerebrovascular conditions, CVR has been shown to be globally and homogenously distributed between hemispheres, but with differences among cerebral regions. Such differences can be explained by anatomical specificities and different biochemical mechanisms responsible for vascular regulation. In patients with carotid steno-occlusive disease, studies have shown that MRI techniques can detect impaired CVR in brain tissue supplied by the affected artery. Moreover, resulting CVR estimations have been well correlated to those obtained with more established techniques, indicating that BOLD and ASL are robust and reliable methods to assess CVR in patients with cerebrovascular diseases. Therefore, the present paper aims to review recent studies which use BOLD and ASL to evaluate CVR, in healthy individuals and in patients with carotid steno-occlusive disease, providing a source of information regarding the obtained results and the methodological difficulties.

scholarly journals Intraoperative BOLD-fMRI Cerebrovascular Reactivity Assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 139-143
Author(s):  
Giovanni Muscas ◽  
Christiaan Hendrik Bas van Niftrik ◽  
Martina Sebök ◽  
Giuseppe Esposito ◽  
Luca Regli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Hemodynamic State ◽  
Neurosurgical Patients ◽  
Blood Oxygenation Level ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Ischemic Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Brain Gliomas ◽  
The Brain

AbstractBlood oxygenation-level dependent cerebrovascular reactivity (BOLD-CVR) has gained attention in recent years as an effective way to investigate CVR, a measure of the hemodynamic state of the brain, with high spatial and temporal resolution. An association between impaired CVR and diverse pathologies has been observed, especially in ischemic cerebrovascular diseases and brain gliomas. The ability to obtain this information intraoperatively is novel and has not been widely tested. We report our first experience with this intraoperative technique in vascular and oncologic neurosurgical patients, discuss the results of its feasibility, and the possible developments of the intraoperative employment of BOLD-CVR.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular Reactivity in the Brain White Matter: Magnitude, Temporal Characteristics, and Age Effects

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Binu P Thomas ◽  
Peiying Liu ◽  
Denise C Park ◽  
Matthias JP van Osch ◽  
Hanzhang Lu
Keyword(s):  
White Matter ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Tissue Ischemia ◽  
Brain White Matter ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
The Brain

White matter (WM) comprises about half of the brain and its dysfunction is implicated in many brain disorders. While structural properties in healthy and diseased WM have been extensively studied, relatively little is known about the physiology underlying these structural characteristics. Recent advances in magnetic resonance (MR) technologies provided new opportunities to better understand perfusion and microvasculature in the WM. Here, we aim to evaluate vasodilatory capacity of the WM vasculature, which is thought to be important in tissue ischemia and autoregulation. Fifteen younger and fifteen older subjects performed a CO2 inhalation task while blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) images were continuously collected. The cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) index showed that the value of CVR in the WM (0.03±0.002%/mm Hg) was positive, but was significantly lower than that in the gray matter (GM) (0.22±0.01%/mm Hg). More strikingly, the WM response showed a temporal delay of 19±3 seconds compared with GM, which was attributed to the longer time it takes for extravascular CO2 to change. With age, WM CVR response becomes greater and faster, which is opposite to the changes seen in the GM. These data suggest that characteristics of WM CVR are different from that of GM and caution should be used when interpreting pathologic WM CVR results.

scholarly journals Static and Dynamic Functional Connectivity Analysis of Cerebrovascular Reactivity: An fMRI Study

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Lewis ◽  
H. Lu ◽  
P. Liu ◽  
X. Hou ◽  
E. Damaraju ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vascular System ◽  
Network Connectivity ◽  
Cerebrovascular Diseases ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Fmri Study ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Intrinsic Connectivity Networks ◽  
The One ◽  
Cerebrovascular System

ABSTRACTThe human brain, as a finely-tuned system, needs a constant flow of oxygen to function properly. To accomplish this, the cerebrovascular system ensures a steady stream of oxygenation to brain cells. One tool that the cerebrovascular system uses is cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), which is the system’s ability to react to vasoactive stimuli. Understanding CVR can provide unique information about cerebrovascular diseases and general brain function. CVR can be evaluated by scanning subjects with blood-oxygenation-level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while they periodically inhale room air and CO2-enriched gas, a powerful and widely-used vasodilator. Our goal is to understand the effect of vasodilation on individual intrinsic connectivity networks (ICNs), as well as how functional network connectivity (FNC) adapts to the same vasodilation. To achieve this goal, we first developed an innovative metric to measure the effect of CVR on ICNs, which contrasts to the commonly used voxel-wise CVR. Furthermore, for the first time, we studied static (sFNC) and dynamic (dFNC) FNC in the context of CVR. Our results show that network connectivity is generally weaker during vascular dilation, and these results are more pronounced in dFNC analysis. dFNC analysis reveals that participants did not return to the pre-CO2 inhalation state, suggesting that the one-minute period of room-air inhalation is not enough for the CO2 effect to fully dissipate in humans. Overall, we see new relationships between CVR and ICNs, as well as how FNC adapts to vascular system changes.

scholarly journals Cerebrovascular reactivity mapping without hypercapnic challenge in patients with carotid artery stenosis

2019 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Kaio Felippe Secchinato ◽  
Pedro Henrique Rodrigues Da Silva ◽  
Ana Paula Afonso Camargo ◽  
Octávio Marques Pontes-Neto ◽  
Renata Ferranti Leoni
Keyword(s):  
Resting State ◽  
Vascular Reactivity ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Breath Holding ◽  
Metabolic Demand ◽  
Additional Equipment ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Co2

Vascular reactivity represents the ability of the vascular smooth muscle to dilate or contract in response to changes in metabolic demand or vasoactive stimulus. More specifically, the cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR) has raised interest in several studies that point to its potential to predict stroke risk in patients with cerebrovascular disease. CVR mapping is typically performed using carbon dioxide (CO2) inhalation, breath-holding, or acetazolamide injection as vasoactive challenges, while magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based on the blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) contrast is acquired. However, such challenges of hypercapnia depend on additional equipment and cooperation of the subjects, limiting their applications, especially in elderly patients. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to map the CVR using resting-state MRI-BOLD, with no hypercapnic challenge, considering the variations in BOLD signal associated with variations in the arterial partial pressure of CO2. The CVR maps obtained with resting data showed a high correlation with those obtained by the conventional experiment with CO2 inhalation (r > 0.70). In addition, the CVR changes observed for the patients were consistent with their clinical reports. These results show that the mapping of CVR obtained with resting-state data may become a useful alternative in the detection of perfusion changes in clinical applications when the hypercapnic challenge is not feasible.

scholarly journals Validating Linear Systems Analysis for Laminar fMRI: Temporal Additivity for Stimulus Duration Manipulations

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jelle A. van Dijk ◽  
Alessio Fracasso ◽  
Natalia Petridou ◽  
Serge O. Dumoulin
Keyword(s):  
Systems Theory ◽  
Linear Systems ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Ultra High Field ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Early Visual Cortex ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractAdvancements in ultra-high field (7 T and higher) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanners have made it possible to investigate both the structure and function of the human brain at a sub-millimeter scale. As neuronal feedforward and feedback information arrives in different layers, sub-millimeter functional MRI has the potential to uncover information processing between cortical micro-circuits across cortical depth, i.e. laminar fMRI. For nearly all conventional fMRI analyses, the main assumption is that the relationship between local neuronal activity and the blood oxygenation level dependent (BOLD) signal adheres to the principles of linear systems theory. For laminar fMRI, however, directional blood pooling across cortical depth stemming from the anatomy of the cortical vasculature, potentially violates these linear system assumptions, thereby complicating analysis and interpretation. Here we assess whether the temporal additivity requirement of linear systems theory holds for laminar fMRI. We measured responses elicited by viewing stimuli presented for different durations and evaluated how well the responses to shorter durations predicted those elicited by longer durations. We find that BOLD response predictions are consistently good predictors for observed responses, across all cortical depths, and in all measured visual field maps (V1, V2, and V3). Our results suggest that the temporal additivity assumption for linear systems theory holds for laminar fMRI. We thus show that the temporal additivity assumption holds across cortical depth for sub-millimeter gradient-echo BOLD fMRI in early visual cortex.

scholarly journals Hemodynamic and metabolic changes during hypercapnia with normoxia and hyperoxia using pCASL and TRUST MRI in healthy adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 0271678X2110645
Author(s):  
Pieter T Deckers ◽  
Alex A Bhogal ◽  
Mathijs BJ Dijsselhof ◽  
Carlos C Faraco ◽  
Peiying Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Arterial Spin Labeling ◽  
Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Oxygen Extraction Fraction ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Cerebral Oxygen Metabolism ◽  
Extraction Fraction ◽  
Oxygenation Level

Blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) or arterial spin labeling (ASL) MRI with hypercapnic stimuli allow for measuring cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR). Hypercapnic stimuli are also employed in calibrated BOLD functional MRI for quantifying neuronally-evoked changes in cerebral oxygen metabolism (CMRO2). It is often assumed that hypercapnic stimuli (with or without hyperoxia) are iso-metabolic; increasing arterial CO2 or O2 does not affect CMRO2. We evaluated the null hypothesis that two common hypercapnic stimuli, ‘CO2 in air’ and carbogen, are iso-metabolic. TRUST and ASL MRI were used to measure the cerebral venous oxygenation and cerebral blood flow (CBF), from which the oxygen extraction fraction (OEF) and CMRO2 were calculated for room-air, ‘CO2 in air’ and carbogen. As expected, CBF significantly increased (9.9% ± 9.3% and 12.1% ± 8.8% for ‘CO2 in air’ and carbogen, respectively). CMRO2 decreased for ‘CO2 in air’ (−13.4% ± 13.0%, p < 0.01) compared to room-air, while the CMRO2 during carbogen did not significantly change. Our findings indicate that ‘CO2 in air’ is not iso-metabolic, while carbogen appears to elicit a mixed effect; the CMRO2 reduction during hypercapnia is mitigated when including hyperoxia. These findings can be important for interpreting measurements using hypercapnic or hypercapnic-hyperoxic (carbogen) stimuli.

scholarly journals BOLD MRI to evaluate early development of renal injury in a rat model of diabetes

2018 ◽  
Vol 46 (4) ◽  
pp. 1391-1403 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qidong Wang ◽  
Chuangen Guo ◽  
Lan Zhang ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Zhaoming Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Renal Injury ◽  
Diabetic Rats ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Dynamic Changes ◽  
Bold Mri ◽  
Oxygenation Level ◽  
Mri Scans ◽  
Streptozotocin Induced Diabetes ◽  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Mri ◽  
Diabetes Induction

Objective To investigate changes in renal oxygenation levels by blood-oxygenation-level dependent (BOLD)-magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and to evaluate BOLD-MRI for detecting early diabetic renal injury. Methods Seventy-five rats, with unilateral nephrectomy, were randomly divided into streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus (DM, n = 65) and normal control (NC, n = 10) groups. BOLD-MRI scans were performed at baseline (both groups) and at 3, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, 42, 49, 56, 63 and 70 days (DM only). Renal cortical (C) and medullary (M) R2* signals were measured and R2* medulla/cortex ratio (MCR) was calculated. Results DM-group CR2* and MR2* values were significantly higher than NC values following diabetes induction. R2* values increased gradually and peaked at day 35 (CR2*, 33.95 ± 0.34 s–1; MR2*, 43.79 ± 1.46 s–1), then dropped gradually (CR2*, 33.17 ± 0.69 s–1; MR2*, 41.61 ± 0.95 s–1 at day 70). DM-group MCR rose gradually from 1.12 to 1.32 at day 42, then decreased to 1.25 by day 70. Conclusions BOLD-MRI can be used to non-invasively evaluate renal hypoxia and early diabetic renal injury in diabetic rats. MCR may be adopted to reflect dynamic changes in renal hypoxia.

scholarly journals Hemodynamic investigation of peritumoral impaired blood oxygenation-level dependent cerebrovascular reactivity in patients with diffuse glioma

2020 ◽  
Vol 70 ◽  
pp. 50-56
Author(s):  
Giovanni Muscas ◽  
Christiaan Hendrik Bas van Niftrik ◽  
Martina Sebök ◽  
Katharina Seystahl ◽  
Marco Piccirelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Oxygenation Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Diffuse Glioma ◽  
Blood Oxygenation Level ◽  
Oxygenation Level

scholarly journals The Cumulative Influence of Hyperoxia and Hypercapnia on Blood Oxygenation and R2*

2015 ◽  
Vol 35 (12) ◽  
pp. 2032-2042 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos C Faraco ◽  
Megan K Strother ◽  
Jeroen CW Siero ◽  
Daniel F Arteaga ◽  
Allison O Scott ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Venous Blood ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Cerebrovascular Reactivity ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Tissue Water ◽  
Bold Mri ◽  
Bold Imaging ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Oxygenation Level

Cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR)-weighted blood-oxygenation-level-dependent magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD-MRI) experiments are frequently used in conjunction with hyperoxia. Owing to complex interactions between hyperoxia and hypercapnia, quantitative effects of these gas mixtures on BOLD responses, blood and tissue R2∗, and blood oxygenation are incompletely understood. Here we performed BOLD imaging (3T; TE/TR = 35/2,000 ms; spatial resolution = 3×3×3.5 mm3) in healthy volunteers ( n = 12; age = 29±4.1 years) breathing (i) room air (RA), (ii) normocapnic-hyperoxia (95% O2/5% N2, HO), (iii) hypercapnic-normoxia (5% CO2/21% O2/74% N2, HC-NO), and (iv) hypercapnic-hyperoxia (5% CO2/95% O2, HC-HO). For HC-HO, experiments were performed with separate RA and HO baselines to control for changes in O2. T2-relaxation-under-spin-tagging MRI was used to calculate basal venous oxygenation. Signal changes were quantified and established hemodynamic models were applied to quantify vasoactive blood oxygenation, blood–water R∗2, and tissue-water R∗2. In the cortex, fractional BOLD changes (stimulus/baseline) were HO/RA = 0.011 ± 0.007; HC-NO/RA = 0.014±0.004; HC-HO/HO = 0.020±0.008; and HC-HO/RA = 0.035 ±0.010; for the measured basal venous oxygenation level of 0.632, this led to venous blood oxygenation levels of 0.660 (HO), 0.665 (HC-NO), and 0.712 (HC-HO). Interleaving a HC-HO stimulus with HO baseline provided a smaller but significantly elevated BOLD response compared with a HC-NO stimulus. Results provide an outline for how blood oxygenation differs for several gas stimuli and provides quantitative information on how hypercapnic BOLD CVR and R∗2 are altered during hyperoxia.

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