scholarly journals An Assessment of the Intestinal Lumen as a Site for Intervention in Reducing Body Burdens of Organochlorine Compounds

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald J. Jandacek ◽  
Stephen J. Genuis
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Dietary Lipids ◽  
The Body ◽  
Dietary Fats ◽  
Organochlorine Compounds ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Fat Absorption ◽  
Tissue Storage

Many individuals maintain a persistent body burden of organochlorine compounds (OCs) as well as other lipophilic compounds, largely as a result of airborne and dietary exposures. Ingested OCs are typically absorbed from the small intestine along with dietary lipids. Once in the body, stored OCs can mobilize from adipose tissue storage sites and, along with circulating OCs, are delivered into the small intestine via hepatic processing and biliary transport. Retained OCs are also transported into both the large and small intestinal lumen via non-biliary mechanisms involving both secretion and desquamation from enterocytes. OCs and some other toxicants can be reabsorbed from the intestine, however, they take part in enterohepatic circulation(EHC). While dietary fat facilitates the absorption of OCs from the small intestine, it has little effect on OCs within the large intestine. Non-absorbable dietary fats and fat absorption inhibitors, however, can reduce the re-absorption of OCs and other lipophiles involved in EHC and may enhance the secretion of these compounds into the large intestine—thereby hastening their elimination. Clinical studies are currently underway to determine the efficacy of using non-absorbable fats and inhibitors of fat absorption in facilitating the elimination of persistent body burdens of OCs and other lipophilic human contaminants.

scholarly journals INTESTINAL MECHANISMS OF ENTEROHEPATIC CIRCULATION DISTURBANCE OF BILE ACIDS IN CHOLELITHIASIS

2017 ◽  
Vol 72 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ya. M. Vakhrushev ◽  
A. P. Lukashevich ◽  
A. Yu. Gorbunov ◽  
I. A. Penkina
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Bile Acids ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Microbiota ◽  
Enterohepatic Circulation ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Bacterial Overgrowth ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Hydrogen Breath Test ◽  
Biochemical Examination

Background: Cholelithiasis is one of the most common diseases of the digestive system which affects all segments of the population and preserves a stable growth of incidence rates. In recent years the development of cholelithiasis is associated with impaired enterohepatic circulation (EHC) of bile acids (BA). The small intestine (SI) plays an important part in EHC of BA because 80‒90% of BA are absorbed into the blood after deconjugation by bacteria in the SI. However, in spite of a number of works dealing with the problem of EHC of BA at the intestinal level, the problem is far from being solved. Aims: To assess the association between the level of bile acids in the blood and bile of patients with cholelithiasis and disturbance of resorbing function of the small intestine as well as changes in the condition of the intestinal microbiota. Materials and methods: Non-randomized controlled trial. The study group included patients aged 18‒74 with lithogenic stage of cholelithiasis. The diagnosis was based on clinical data and the results of ultrasound examination of the gallbladder. Bile acids in the blood and bile were determined by mass spectrometry using the apparatus AmazonX (Bruker Daltonik GmbH, Bremen, Germany). Biochemical examination of bile was conducted. Absorption in the small intestine was studied by functional glucose tolerance test. Condition of the intestinal microbiota was assessed by the hydrogen breath test with lactulose using the apparatus LaktofaH2 (AMA, St. Petersburg). Stool culture was performed in selective media. Results: 115 patients aged 18 to 74 with prestone stage of cholelithiasis and 25 healthy people, comparable in age and sex, were examined. In patients with prestone stage of cholelithiasis biochemical examination of bile revealed increased cholesterol and decreased bile acids and bile acids-cholesterol ratio in B and C bile. The level of bile acids in the blood was reduced in comparison with the control group; it was associated in particular with a significant reduction in chenodeoxycholic, deoxycholic and glycodeoxycholic acids. Resorption in the small intestine was increased in patients with cholelithiasis compared with the control group (blood glucose increase within 30 minutes after the glucose load was 3.13±0.17 and 2.32±0.11 mmol/l respectively; p0.05). In the majority of patients small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO), mainly (75% of patients) associated with ileocecal insufficiency, and dysbiosis in the large intestine were established (88 and 100% of patients respectively). Conclusions: The small intestine is an important component in disturbance of enterohepatic circulation of bile acids. Significant changes in deconjugation of bile acids occur due to SIBO in the distal ileum and dysbiosis in the large intestine, thus disturbings the proportion of fractions of bile acids in the blood and bile.

Tetrahydrobiopterin in intestinal lumen: Its absorption and secretion in the small intestine and the elimination in the large intestine

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Sawabe ◽  
Y. Saeki ◽  
A. Ohashi ◽  
K. Mamada ◽  
K. O. Wakasugi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Intestinal Lumen

Strongyloides ratti: transplantation of adults recovered from the small intestine at different days after infection into the colon of naive and infection-primed Wistar rats, and the effect of antioxidant treatment on large intestinal parasitism

Parasitology ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 138 (8) ◽  
pp. 1053-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. SHINTOKU ◽  
H. TAKAGI ◽  
T. KADOSAKA ◽  
F. NAGAOKA ◽  
S. KONDO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
The Body ◽  
Separate Experiment ◽  
Antioxidant Treatment ◽  
Anti Oxidant ◽  
Worm Expulsion ◽  
Intestinal Parasitism ◽  
Small Intestinal

SUMMARYStrongyloides ratti (Nagoya strain) is unique in that a portion of adults parasitizing the small intestine withstands ‘worm expulsion’, which starts at around day 8 post-infection (p.i.) by host immunity, and establishes in the large intestine after day 19 p.i. To investigate the mechanism, adults obtained from the small intestine at day 7 or 19 p.i. were transplanted into the colon of infection-primed immune rats. Adults obtained at day 7 p.i. were rejected quickly, whereas those obtained at day 19 p.i. could establish infection. Moreover, the body length and the number of intrauterine eggs increased in the large intestine. In a separate experiment, large intestinal parasitism was abolished by the treatment of host rats with an anti-oxidant, butylated hydroxyanisole. These results indicate that small intestinal adults between days 7 and 19 p.i. acquired the ability to parasitize the large intestine of immune rats, and that free radicals produced by the host may have played a significant role in the process.

Intestinal Goblet Cell Mucus: Isolation and Identification by Immunofluorescence of a Goblet Cell Glycoprotein

1973 ◽  
Vol 12 (2) ◽  
pp. 585-601
Author(s):  
J. FORSTNER ◽  
N. TAICHMAN ◽  
V. KALNINS ◽  
G. FORSTNER
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Weight ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Goblet Cell ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Rabbit Antiserum ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Intestinal Cell ◽  
Isolation And Identification ◽  
Cell Mucus

A high-molecular-weight glycoprotein (HMG), representing the majority of the soluble glycoprotein hexosamine and hexose in the intestine, was isolated by Sepharose 4B chromatography from high-speed supernatants of rat small intestinal homogenate. Fluorescein-labelled globulin, from rabbit antiserum produced against HMG, specifically stained supra-nuclear mucus vesicles of goblet cells in small intestine and colon as well as gastric pit cells in the body of the stomach and mucus-producing cells in the sublingual salivary gland. A single precipitin line was found when HMG was tested against its antibody by agar immunodiffusion and immunoelectrophoresis. No cross-reactivity was observed between antibody and rat serum or extracts from microvillus membrane, human colon and pig intestine. Precipitin lines which fused with the HMG precipitin arc in apparent identity were observed with antigens in intestinal lumen washings, and in small-molecular-weight fractions from intestinal cell sap. When studied by cellulose acetate electrophoresis, cetyl trimethylammonium bromide precipitation and precursor labelling with [I-14C]glucosamine, HMG behaved as a single homogeneous glycoprotein free of detectable protein contamination. These results imply that HMG is a major component of goblet-cell mucus in the small intestine, and suggest that it is similar to mucin produced throughout the gastrointestinal tract. HMG is the first glycoprotein, isolated without the aid of proteolytic agents, which has been specifically identified as a product of the goblet cell.

Limitations to Fluid Replacement During Exercise

1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 173-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ron J. Maughan ◽  
John B. Leiper
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Gastric Emptying ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fluid Replacement ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Heat Illness ◽  
Minor Importance ◽  
Key Words Dehydration ◽  
Water Secretion

Fluid replacement during exercise is essential for endurance exercise performance and reducing the risk of heat illness. Fluids supply water, which ameliorates dehydration, and also substrate for the working muscles. Absorption of water and nutrients occurs in the upper part of the small intestine, and replacement may be limited by the rate at which fluid is emptied from the stomach or absorbed in the intestine. Gastric emptying of liquids is influenced primarily by the volume of fluid in the stomach and by its energy density. Increasing the volume will speed emptying, but increasing the nutrient content will slow emptying. Osmolality, temperature, and pH of drinks, as well as exercise intensity, are of minor importance. Intestinal water absorption is a passive process: water follows osmotic gradients but will also follow the active absorption of nutrients, especially glucose, which is actively co-transported with sodium. Water transport is maximised by the presence in the intestine of hypotonic solutions of glucose and sodium. Hypertonic solutions promote net water secretion into the intestinal lumen, resulting in a temporary net loss of water from the body. The amount of fluid ingested by athletes is normally much less than can be tolerated, therefore issues such as palatability and practising drinking during training are important. Key words: dehydration, rehydration, gastric emptying, intestinal absorption

A cholesterol-free, high-fat diet suppresses gene expression of cholesterol transporters in murine small intestine

2008 ◽  
Vol 294 (5) ◽  
pp. G1171-G1180 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heleen M. de Vogel-van den Bosch ◽  
Nicole J. W. de Wit ◽  
Guido J. E. J. Hooiveld ◽  
Hanneke Vermeulen ◽  
Jelske N. van der Veen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Cholesterol Metabolism ◽  
The Body ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Biliary Cholesterol ◽  
Cholesterol Transporters

Transporters present in the epithelium of the small intestine determine the efficiency by which dietary and biliary cholesterol are taken up into the body and thus control whole-body cholesterol balance. Niemann-Pick C1 Like Protein 1 (Npc1l1) transports cholesterol into the enterocyte, whereas ATP-binding cassette transporters Abca1 and Abcg5/Abcg8 are presumed to be involved in cholesterol efflux from the enterocyte toward plasma HDL and back into the intestinal lumen, respectively. Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 are well-established liver X receptor (LXR) target genes. We examined the effects of a high-fat diet on expression and function of cholesterol transporters in the small intestine in mice. Npc1l1, Abca1, Abcg5, and Abcg8 were all downregulated after 2, 4, and 8 wk on a cholesterol-free, high-fat diet. The high-fat diet did not affect biliary cholesterol secretion but diminished fractional cholesterol absorption from 61 to 42% ( P < 0.05). In an acute experiment in which triacylglycerols of unsaturated fatty acids were given by gavage, we found that this downregulation occurs within a 6-h time frame. Studies in LXRα-null mice, confirmed by in vitro data, showed that fatty acid-induced downregulation of cholesterol transporters is LXRα independent and associated with a posttranslational increase in 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-coenzyme A reductase activity that reflects induction of cholesterol biosynthesis as well as with a doubling of neutral fecal sterol loss. This study highlights the induction of adaptive changes in small intestinal cholesterol metabolism during exposure to dietary fat.

scholarly journals The role of sorbents and probiotics in prevention of structural and morphological disorders in the small intestine of animals developing in dysbiosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-50
Author(s):  
V.V. Bobyr ◽  
L.O. Stechenko ◽  
V.P. Shirobokov ◽  
O.A. Nazarchuk ◽  
O.V. Rymsha
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Structural Damage ◽  
Plasma Cells ◽  
Ultrastructural Level ◽  
The Body ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Electron Microscopic ◽  
Noticeable Increase

The past decade is characterized by a noticeable increase in the interest of physicians in all areas of activity in the development of new and improvement of existing approaches to the correction of dysbiotic disorders. Among them, the concept of using probiotics occupies a leading position. At the same time, some enterosorbents, the mechanism of action of which is largely due to the sanitation of the intestinal lumen and due to this improvement of conditions for the vital activity of the physiological microbiota, can be attributed to the group of means of improving the normal microflora. In the context of an increase in the level of resistance to antibacterial agents, the inclusion of enterosorbents in the complex therapy of dysbiosis is an important and pathogenetically justified approach. The aim of the work was to clarify the effectiveness of the use of sorbents and probiotics for the prevention of structural and morphological disorders in the small intestine of white mice developing against the background of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis. Electron-microscopic methods showed that in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice after using the probiotic “Simbiter” the extinction of manifestations of cytodestructive disorders is observed. In addition, the obtained electron microscopic data, indicating the ability of probiotic drugs with the simultaneous introduction into the body of animals with a complex of antibiotics, to stimulate the body’s immune response. As a result of ultrastructural analysis of the mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice, the formation of dysbiosis in which occurred against the background of the use of enterosorbents, a decrease in the severity of structural damage was found, compared with the group of animals that received only antibiotics. After using “Symbiogel”, activation of plasma cells was registered, which can be an indicator of the inflammatory process and the activity of the immune response in general, as evidenced by the detection of plasma cells with dilated tubules. In general, it should be noted that the use of “Symbiogel” for the prevention of dysbiotic disorders contributes to the formation of a more pronounced immune response, compared with probiotic drugs. So, on the model of antibiotic-induced dysbiosis at the ultrastructural level, the ability of multiprobiotics “Simbiter®” and sorbent “Symbiogel” to reduce cytodestructive changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine of mice and normalize morphoimunogenesis was proved.

Histological examination of rat small intestine after surgical removal of obturation small bowel obstruction and peptide stimulation of lymph flow

2018 ◽  
pp. 157-162
Author(s):  
А.А. Коваленко ◽  
Г.П. Титова ◽  
В.К. Хугаева
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Surgical Treatment ◽  
Survival Rate ◽  
Small Bowel ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Intestinal Wall ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Lymph Flow ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
And Function

Оперативное лечение различных заболеваний кишечника сопровождается осложнениями в виде нарушений микроциркуляции в области анастомоза кишки. Ранее нами показана способность лимфостимуляторов пептидной природы восстанавливать нарушенную микроциркуляцию, что послужило основой для настоящего исследования. Цель работы - оценка влияния стимуляции лимфотока в стенке кишки на процессы восстановления микроциркуляции, структуры и функции тонкой кишки в области оперативного вмешательства. Методика. В экспериментах на наркотизированных крысах (хлоралгидрат в дозе 0,6 г/кг в 0,9% растворе NaCl) моделировали различные поражения тонкой кишки (наложение лигатуры, перевязка 1-3 брыжеечных артерий, перекрут петли кишки вокруг оси брыжейки, сочетание нескольких видов повреждений). Резекция поврежденного участка через 1 сут. с последующим созданием тонкокишечного анастомоза завершалась орошением операционного поля раствором пептида-стимулятора лимфотока (40 мкг/кг массы животного в 1 мл 0,9% раствора NaCl). На 7-е сут. после операции проводили гистологическое исследование фрагмента кишки в области анастомоза. Результаты. На 7-е сут. после резекции у выживших животных (летальность вследствие кишечной непроходимости составляла 30%) имеют место морфологические признаки острых сосудистых нарушений стенки кишки, изменений кровеносных и лимфатических микрососудов, интерстициальный отек всех слоев стенки кишки, дилатация просвета кишки, повреждение всасывающего эпителия ворсин с истончением щеточной каемки клеток, морфологические признаки гиперфункции бокаловидных клеток. Использование лимфостимулятора пептидной природы после операции увеличивало выживаемость животных на 24%. У части животных отмечалось уменьшение расширения просвета кишки, у других практически полная его нормализация. Восстанавливалась форма кишечных ворсин и распределение бокаловидных клеток. Отсутствовали признаки внутриклеточного и межмышечного отека. Отмечено умеренное полнокровие венул. Заключение. Использование лимфостимулятора при хирургическом лечении кишечной непроходимости увеличивает выживаемость животных на 24% по сравнению с контролем, способствует более раннему восстановлению структуры и функции тонкой кишки. Полученные результаты свидетельствуют о перспективности использования стимуляции лимфотока при операциях на кишечнике. Surgical treatment of bowel diseases is associated with complications that cause microcirculatory disturbances in the anastomosis area and may lead to a fatal outcome. This study was based on our previous finding that peptide-type lymphatic stimulators are able to restore impaired microcirculation. The aim of this work was stimulating the lymph flow in the intestinal wall to facilitate recovery of microcirculation, structure and function of the small intestine in the area of surgical intervention. Methods. In experiments on anesthetized rats (0.6 g/kg chloral hydrate in 0.9% NaCl), various small bowel lesions were modeled (bowel ligation, ligation of 1-3 mesenteric arteries, gut torsion, combination of several lesion types). In 24 h, the damaged area was resected, and a small intestine anastomosis was creased. The surgery was completed with irrigation of the operative field with a solution of lymph flow stimulating peptide (40 мg/kg body weight in 1 ml of 0.9% NaCl). A gut fragment from the anastomosis area was examined histologically on day 7 after the surgery. Results. On the 7th day after removing the intestinal obstruction, the surviving animals (lethality 30%) had morphological signs of acute vascular disorders in the intestinal wall; changes in blood and lymphatic microvessels; interstitial edema of all intestinal wall layers; dilatation of the intestinal lumen; damage to the absorptive epithelium of villi with thinning of the brush border, and hyperfunction of mucous (goblet) cells. The use of the peptide after surgery increased the survival rate of animals by 24% and provided a smaller dilatation of the intestinal lumen in some animals. In other animals, the lumen recovered. The shape of intestinal villi and distribution of goblet cells were restored. Signs of intracellular and intermuscular edema were absent. Moderate venular congestion was noticed. Conclusion. Using the lymphatic stimulator in surgical treatment of intestinal obstruction increases the survival rate of animals by 24% compared to the control, facilitates earlier restoration of the small intestine structure and function. The obtained results indicated the effectiveness of lymphatic stimulation in intestinal surgery.

Anatomi Saluran Pencernaan biawak air (Varanus salvator) (Reptil: Varanidae)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahfud Mahfud ◽  
Ihwan
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Digestive Tract ◽  
Large Intestine ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Tissue Perfusion ◽  
Animal Population ◽  
Varanus Salvator ◽  
Commercial Purpose ◽  
Left And Right ◽  
Biology Laboratory

Excessive hunting and poaching for commercial purpose of Varanus salvator in Indonesia can cause a decline in this animal population. However, the scientific information of this animal especially about the biologic of organ system is rarely reported. Therefore, this case opens up opportunities for researching, which aims to study the anatomy of digestive tract of water monitor macroscopically. This research has been conducted in Biology Laboratory, University of Muhammadiyah Kupang for 5 months from March to August 2016. The digestive organ of this animal that has been preserved in alcohol 70% was obtained before from two males of water monitors. Preservation process: the animal were anesthetized, exsanguinated, and fixated in 4 paraformaldehyde by tissue perfusion method. Observations were performed to the visceral site and morphometrical of digestive tract. The resulted data was analysed descriptively and presented in tables and figures. The digestive tract of water monitor consist of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and cloaca. The dimension of each organ is different based on its structures and functions. The esophagus of water monitor connects the mouth cavity and the stomach and also as the entrance of food to the stomach. Water monitor stomach were found in cranial part of abdomen, in left side of liver. The small intestine was longer than stomach and it is a winding muscular tube in abdomen in posterior side of liver. The large intestine consist of colon and cloaca, while cecum was not found. This channel was extend lateromedially in abdomen to cloaca between left and right kidneys. The cloaca was the end of digestive tract which excreted feces and urine. From this research, we can conclude that the digestive tract of water monitor consists of esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. It’s difficult to differentiate small intestine and large intestine because there are no cecum.

Novel Approaches for Oral Delivery of Insulin and Current Status of Oral Insulin Products

2010 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 1057-1064 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kinesh V P ◽  
Neelam D P ◽  
Punit B ◽  
Bhavesh S.B ◽  
Pragna K. S
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Oral Delivery ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Oral Route ◽  
The Body ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Intestinal Lumen ◽  
Insulin Administration ◽  
Novel Approaches ◽  
Dose Dependent

Diabetes mellitus is a serious pathologic condition that is responsible for major healthcare problems worldwide and costing billions of dollars annually. Insulin replacement therapy has been used in the clinical management of diabetes mellitus for more than 84 years. The present mode of insulin administration is by the subcutaneous route through which insulin is presented to the body in a non-physiological manner having many challenges. Hence novel approaches for insulin delivery are being explored. Challenges to oral route of insulin administration are: rapid enzymatic degradation in the stomach, inactivation and digestion by proteolytic enzymes in the intestinal lumen and poor permeability across intestinal epithelium because of its high molecular weight and lack of lipophilicity. Liposomes, microemulsions, nanocubicles, and so forth have been prepared for the oral delivery of insulin. Chitosan-coated microparticles protected insulin from the gastric environment of the body and released intestinal pH. Limitations to the delivery of insulin have not resulted in fruitful results to date and there is still a need to prepare newer delivery systems, which can produce dose-dependent and reproducible effects, in addition to increased bioavailability.

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