Spontaneous Type 2 Diabetic Rodent Models

Diabetes mellitus, especially type 2 diabetes (T2DM), is one of the most common chronic diseases and continues to increase in numbers with large proportion of health care budget being used. Many animal models have been established in order to investigate the mechanisms and pathophysiologic progress of T2DM and find effective treatments for its complications. On the basis of their strains, features, advantages, and disadvantages, various types of animal models of T2DM can be divided into spontaneously diabetic models, artificially induced diabetic models, and transgenic/knockout diabetic models. Among these models, the spontaneous rodent models are used more frequently because many of them can closely describe the characteristic features of T2DM, especially obesity and insulin resistance. In this paper, we aim to investigate the current available spontaneous rodent models for T2DM with regard to their characteristic features, advantages, and disadvantages, and especially to describe appropriate selection and usefulness of different spontaneous rodent models in testing of various new antidiabetic drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.

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Surprisingly low infertility rate in married type 2 diabetic women: A rather curious paradox to the current opinion of insulin resistance as the joint pathogenesis of poly cystic ovary syndrome and type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes & Metabolic Syndrome Clinical Research & Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.dsx.2015.08.007 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 201-204 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Abbas Tavakolian Arjmand ◽

Mahnaz Nouri ◽

Shima Tavakolian Arjmand

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Ovary Syndrome ◽

Current Opinion ◽

Cystic Ovary ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

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Assessment of vitamin D status and its association with insulin resistance among type 2 diabetic subjects

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20184877 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 6 (12) ◽

pp. 3825

Author(s):

Jaitra Bhattacharya

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Deficiency ◽

Serum Vitamin ◽

Serum Vitamin D ◽

Vitamin D Levels ◽

Type 2 Diabetic

Background: The 21st century has seen the rise of diabetes mellitus as one of the major metabolic issues as is vitamin D deficiency which has been found to be pandemic worldwide. The present study is an endeavor to study the status of serum vitamin D levels in relation to the glycemic and insulin resistance status in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.Methods: The present is a cross-sectional study with a sample size of 100 type 2 diabetic subjects in the age group of 30-60 years. Serum vitamin D and Insulin levels were estimated using the ELISA technique. HbA1c levels were measured using immunoturbidimetric assays and plasma glucose levels were determined using glucose oxidase- peroxidase method.Results: The fasting plasma glucose, HbA1c and serum insulin levels were found to be significantly higher in those with vitamin D levels below the normal cut-off value of less than 30ng/ml (p value <0.01). Also, the insulin resistance calculated using HOMA-IR was found to be higher in those subjects having vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency.Conclusions: Hence, the study suggests that vitamin D deficiency contributes to further insulin resistance and poorer long-term diabetic control in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects.

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Endocrine regulation of G-protein subunit production in an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Journal of Endocrinology ◽

10.1677/joe.0.1680509 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 168 (3) ◽

pp. 509-515 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

BD Rodgers ◽

M Bernier ◽

MA Levine

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Animal Model ◽

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Animal Models ◽

G Protein ◽

Dependent Manner ◽

Protein Subunit

Adipocyte beta-adrenergic sensitivity is compromised in animal models of obesity and type 2 diabetes. Although changes in the membrane concentrations of G-protein alpha subunits (Galpha) have been implicated, it remains to be determined how these changes are affected by insulin resistance in the different animal models. Because previous studies used young animals, we measured the concentrations of Galpha and Gbeta subunits in epididymal fat from aged (48 weeks old) db/db mice and from their lean littermates to more closely reproduce the model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Levels of immunoreactive Galphas, Galphai(1/2), Galphao and Galphaq/11 were all significantly greater in adipocyte membranes from the db/db mice than in membranes from their lean non-diabetic littermate controls. Levels of Galphai(1) and Galphai(2) were also individually determined and although they appeared to be slightly higher in db/db membranes, these differences were not significant. Although the levels of both Galphas isoforms were elevated, levels of the 42 and 46 kDa proteins rose by approximately 42% and 20% respectively, indicating differential protein processing of Galphas. By contrast, levels of Galphai3 were similar in the two groups. The levels of common Gbeta and Gbeta2 were also elevated in db/db mice, whereas Gbeta1 and Gbeta4 levels were not different. To determine whether these changes were due to insulin resistance per se or to elevated glucocorticoid production, G-protein subunit levels were quantified in whole cell lysates from 3T3-L1 adipocytes that were stimulated with different concentrations of either insulin or corticosterone. Although none of the subunit levels was affected by insulin, the levels of both Galphas isoforms were increased equally by corticosterone in a concentration-dependent manner. Since glucocorticoids are known regulators of Galphas gene expression in many cell types and in adipocytes from diabetic rodents, the results presented herein appear to more accurately reflect diabetic pathophysiology than do those of previous studies which report a decrease in Galphas levels. Taken together, these results indicate that most of the selective changes in G-protein subunit production in adipocytes from this animal model of type 2 diabetes may not be due to diminished insulin sensitivity, but may be due to other endocrine or metabolic abnormalities associated with the diabetic phenotype.

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Methods of Measuring Insulin Sensitivity

Biological Research For Nursing ◽

10.1177/1099800406298775 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 305-318 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Kimberly K. Trout ◽

Carol Homko ◽

Nancy C. Tkacs

Keyword(s):

Diabetes Mellitus ◽

Insulin Resistance ◽

Type 2 Diabetes ◽

Insulin Sensitivity ◽

Biological Response ◽

Insulin Resistant ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

Health Disorders

Insulin resistance is a component of several health disorders, most notably impaired glucose tolerance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Insulin-resistant individuals have an impaired biological response to the usual action of insulin; that is, they have reduced insulin sensitivity. Various methods are used to assess insulin sensitivity both in individuals and in study populations. Validity, reproducibility, cost, and degree of subject burden are important factors for both clinicians and researchers to consider when weighing the merits of a particular method. This article describes several in vivo methods used to assess insulin sensitivity and presents the advantages and disadvantages of each.

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