scholarly journals The StartReact Effect on Self-Initiated Movements

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Castellote ◽  
M. E. L. Van den Berg ◽  
J. Valls-Solé
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Time Window ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Wrist Extension ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Kinematic ◽  
Preparatory Activity

Preparation of the motor system for movement execution involves an increase in excitability of motor pathways. In a reaction time task paradigm, a startling auditory stimulus (SAS) delivered together with the imperative signal (IS) shortens reaction time significantly. In self-generated tasks we considered that an appropriately timed SAS would have similar effects. Eight subjects performed a ballistic wrist extension in two blocks: reaction, in which they responded to a visual IS, and action, in which they moved when they wished within a predetermined time window. In 20–25% of the trials, a SAS was applied. We recorded electromyographic activity of wrist extension and wrist movement kinematic variables. No effects of SAS were observed in action trials when movement was performed before or long after SAS application. However, a cluster of action trials was observed within 200 ms after SAS. These trials showed larger EMG bursts, shorter movement time, shorter time to peak velocity, and higher peak velocity than other action trials (P<0.001for all), with no difference from Reaction trials containing SAS. The results show that SAS influences the execution of self-generated human actions as it does with preprogrammed reaction time tasks during the assumed building up of preparatory activity before execution of the willed motor action.

scholarly journals Developmental Differences in the Prospective Organisation of Goal-Directed Movement Between Children with Autism and Typically Developing Children: A Smart Tablet Serious Game Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yu Wei Chua ◽  
Szu-Ching Lu ◽  
Anna Anzulewicz ◽  
Krzysztof Sobota ◽  
Christos Tachtatzis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Developmental Differences ◽  
Serious Game ◽  
Movement Kinematics ◽  
Directed Movement ◽  
Mixed Effect ◽  
Feedback Mechanisms ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Unit

Movement is prospective. It structures self-generated engagement with objects and social partners and is fundamental to children’s learning and development. In autistic children, previous reports of differences in movement kinematics compared to neurotypical peers suggest its prospective organisation might be disrupted. Here, we employed a smart tablet serious game paradigm to assess differences in the feedforward and feedback mechanisms of prospective action organisation, between autistic and neurotypical preschool children. We analysed 3926 goal-directed finger movements made during smart-tablet ecological gameplay, from 28 children with Childhood Autism (ICD-10; ASD) and 43 neurotypical children (TD), aged 3-6 years old. Using linear and generalised linear mixed-effect models, we found the ASD group executed movements with longer Movement Time (MT) and Time to Peak Velocity (TTPV), lower Peak Velocity (PV), with peak velocity less likely to occur in the first movement unit, and with a greater number of Movement Units After Peak Velocity (MU-APV). Interestingly, compared to the TD group, the ASD group showed smaller increases in PV, TTPV and MT with an increase in Age (ASD x Age interaction), together with a smaller reduction in MU-APV and an increase in MU-APV at shorter target distances (ASD x Dist interaction). Our results are the first to highlight different developmental trends in anticipatory feedforward and compensatory feedback mechanisms of control, contributing to differences in movement kinematics observed between autistic and neurotypical children. These findings point to differences in integration of prospective perceptuomotor information, with implications for embodied cognition and learning from self-generated action in autism.

Kinetic and Frequency-Domain Properties of Reflex and Conditioned Eyelid Responses in the Rabbit

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 836-852 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnès Gruart ◽  
Bernard G. Schreurs ◽  
Eduardo Domínguez del Toro ◽  
JoséMaría Delgado-García
Keyword(s):  
Power Spectrum ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Maximum Amplitude ◽  
Reflex Response ◽  
Neural Oscillator ◽  
Electromyographic Activity ◽  
Onset Latency ◽  
Stimulus Interval ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Reflex Blinks

Eyelid position and the electromyographic activity of the orbicularis oculi muscle were recorded unilaterally in rabbits during reflex and conditioned blinks. Air-puff–evoked blinks consisted of a fast downward phase followed sometimes by successive downward sags. The reopening phase had a much longer duration and slower peak velocity. Onset latency, maximum amplitude, peak velocity, and rise time of reflex blinks depended on the intensity and duration of the air puff–evoking stimulus. A flashlight focused on the eye also evoked reflex blinks, but not flashes of light, or tones. Both delayed and trace classical conditioning paradigms were used. For delayed conditioning, animals were presented with a 350-ms, 90-dB, 600-Hz tone, as conditioned stimulus (CS). For trace conditioning, animals were presented with a 10-ms, 1-k/cm2 air puff, as CS. The unconditioned stimulus (US) consisted of a 100-ms, 3-k/cm2 air puff. The stimulus interval between CS and US onsets was 250 ms. Conditioned responses (CRs) to tones were composed of downward sags that increased in number through the successive conditioning sessions. The onset latency of the CR decreased across conditioning at the same time as its maximum amplitude and its peak velocity increased, but the time-to-peak of the CR remained unaltered. The topography of CRs evoked by short, weak air puffs as the CS showed three different components: the alpha response to the CS, the CR, and the reflex response to the US. Through conditioning, CRs showed a decrease in onset latency, and an increase in maximum amplitude and peak velocity. The time-to-peak of the CR remained unchanged. A power spectrum analysis of reflex and conditioned blink acceleration profiles showed a significant ≈8-Hz oscillation within a broadband of frequencies between 4 and 15 Hz. Nose and mandible movements presented power spectrum profiles different from those characterizing reflex and conditioned blinks. It is concluded that eyelid reflex responses in the rabbit present significant differences from CRs in their profiles and metric properties, suggesting different neural origins, but that a common ≈8-Hz neural oscillator underlies lid motor performance. According to available data, the frequency of this putative oscillator seems to be related to the species size.

Repeated Measures on a Choice Reaction Time Task

1982 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 359-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michele Krause
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Choice Reaction Time ◽  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Reaction Time Task ◽  
Learning Effects ◽  
Current Investigation ◽  
Enlisted Men ◽  
Practice Trials

The current investigation examined a visual choice reaction time (CRT) task to determine its suitability for repeated measures experimentation. Fifteen Navy enlisted men served as subjects for one-, two-, and four-choice reaction time conditions. Fifty trials on each condition were administered for 15 consecutive workdays. Reaction time (RT), movement time (MT), and total time (TT) were recorded for each trial. Results indicated that across all RT conditions, intersession correlations were differentially stable by about Day 8, with reliabilities around .71. Means remained unchanged over the stable days and variances remained constant across all 15 days of the experiment for the RT measure. It was concluded that studies using RT as the dependent variable should allow for sufficient RT practice prior to data collection to ensure that the results are not contaminated by learning effects. It is recommended that at least 1000 practice trials be given prior to using an RT task to assess the effects of an environment.

scholarly journals Using an accelerometer for analyzing a reach-to-grasp movement after stroke

2013 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 746-752 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stella Maris Michaelsen ◽  
Raquel Pinheiro Gomes ◽  
Aline Perão Marques ◽  
Letícia Cardoso Rodrigues ◽  
Noé Gomes Borges Junior ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Complex Systems ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Upper Limbs ◽  
Peak Acceleration ◽  
Triaxial Accelerometer ◽  
Reach To Grasp ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Temporal Variables ◽  
Kinematic Assessment

The purpose of this study was using an accelerometer to access the kinematics of reach-to-grasp movements in subjects with hemiparesis. Eight subjects (59.4 ± 6.9 years old) with chronic hemiparesis (50.9 ± 25.8 months post-stroke) participated in this study. Kinematic assessment was performed using a triaxial accelerometer (EMG Systems, Brazil) attached to the subjects' forearm. Ten reach-to-grasp movements of grabbing a 500ml-size bottle were performed by the subjects with the paretic and the non-paretic upper limbs (ULs). The following space-temporal variables were calculated and used to compare the paretic and non-paretic ULs: movement time (MT), time to reach the peak velocity, absolute and relative (TPV and TPV%MT), relative deceleration duration (DEC%MT), time to peak acceleration (TPA) and peak hand acceleration (PA). Movements were slower in the paretic UL with increased MT, TPA and DEC. The accelerometer allowed to identify of changes in reaching-to-grasp movements of subjects with hemiparesis. When complex systems are not available, accelerometers can be an alternative to measure UL movements.

Signs of muscle thixotropy during human ballistic wrist joint movements

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 1922-1929 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. W. Axelson
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Wrist Joint ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Surface Emg ◽  
Motor Reaction ◽  
Wrist Flexion ◽  
Electromechanical Delay ◽  
Motor Reaction Time ◽  
Ballistic Movements

A study was conducted on healthy subjects to determine whether voluntary ballistic wrist flexion movements are influenced by immediately preceding conditioning of the forearm muscles. Single rapid wrist flexion movements were made in response to an auditory “Go” signal. Rectified surface EMG was recorded from wrist flexors and extensors, and joint position was measured by a goniometer. The movements were preceded (2–3 s) by four different conditioning routines: 40-s rest (Rest), 10-s voluntary alternating wrist joint flexion and extension movements (Osc), and 10 s of 25° weak isometric wrist extensor (Ext) or flexor contractions (Flex). When subjects made ballistic movements after Osc compared with Rest, peak velocity was higher ( P = 0.02) and movement time shorter ( P = 0.06), but there was no difference ( P = 0.83) in motor reaction time (time between the onset of the first agonist burst and movement onset). If the movements were preceded by Ext compared with Flex, motor reaction time was longer ( P = 0.01), indicating a longer electromechanical delay. There were no indications that postconditioning differences in agonist or antagonist muscle activity could explain the results. It was also demonstrated that, after Rest, peak velocity was lower ( P < 0.01) for the first than for the second of a series of repetitive ballistic movements. The observations corresponded to results from passive experiments in which the median nerve was electrically stimulated. In conclusion, history-dependent (thixotropic) changes in skeletal muscle resistance seem to have implications for voluntary ballistic wrist movements. The study also provided evidence that muscle conditioning influences the central nervous reaction time preceding ballistic contractions.

scholarly journals Effects of Task Constraints on Reaching Kinematics by Healthy Adults

2005 ◽  
Vol 100 (3_suppl) ◽  
pp. 983-994 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching-Yi Wu ◽  
Keh-Chung Lin ◽  
Kwan-Hwa Lin ◽  
Chein-Wei Chang ◽  
Chia-Ling Chen
Keyword(s):  
Significant Interaction ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Central Position ◽  
Spatial Accuracy ◽  
Task Constraints ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
Main Effects

Understanding the control of movement requires an awareness of how tasks constrain movements. The present study investigated the effects of two types of task constraints—spatial accuracy (effector size) and target location—on reaching kinematics. 15 right-handed healthy young adults (7 men, 8 women) whose mean age was 23.6 yr. ( SD = 3.9 yr.) performed the ringing task under six conditions, formed by the crossing of effector size (larger vs smaller size) and target location (left, right, or a central position). Significant main effects of effector size and target location were found for peak velocity and movement time. There was a significant interaction for the percentage of time to peak velocity. The findings suggested that task constraints may modulate movement performance in specific ways. Effects of effector size might be a consequence of feedforward and feedback control, and location effects might be influenced by both biomechanical and neurological factors.

scholarly journals Association Between Finger-to-Nose Kinematics and Upper Extremity Motor Function in Subacute Stroke: A Principal Component Analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ze-Jian Chen ◽  
Chang He ◽  
Nan Xia ◽  
Ming-Hui Gu ◽  
Yang-An Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trial ◽  
Principal Component Analysis ◽  
Upper Extremity ◽  
Motor Function ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Component Analysis ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Subacute Stroke

BackgroundKinematic analysis facilitates interpreting the extent and mechanisms of motor restoration after stroke. This study was aimed to explore the kinematic components of finger-to-nose test obtained from principal component analysis (PCA) and the associations with upper extremity (UE) motor function in subacute stroke survivors.MethodsThirty-seven individuals with subacute stroke and twenty healthy adults participated in the study. Six kinematic metrics during finger-to-nose task (FNT) were utilized to perform PCA. Clinical assessments for stroke participants included the Fugl-Meyer Assessment for Upper Extremity (FMA-UE), Action Research Arm Test (ARAT), and Modified Barthel Index (MBI).ResultsThree principal components (PC) accounting for 91.3% variance were included in multivariable regression models. PC1 (48.8%) was dominated by mean velocity, peak velocity, number of movement units (NMU) and normalized integrated jerk (NIJ). PC2 (31.1%) described percentage of time to peak velocity and movement time. PC3 (11.4%) profiled percentage of time to peak velocity. The variance explained by principal component regression in FMA-UE (R2 = 0.71) were higher than ARAT (R2 = 0.59) and MBI (R2 = 0.29) for stroke individuals.ConclusionKinematic components during finger-to-nose test identified by PCA are associated with UE motor function in subacute stroke. PCA reveals the intrinsic association among kinematic metrics, which may add value to UE assessment and future intervention targeted for kinematic components for stroke individuals.Clinical Trial RegistrationChinese Clinical Trial Registry (http://www.chictr.org.cn/) on 17 October 2019, identifier: ChiCTR1900026656.

Movement Control Phases of Upper Body Coordination in Visually Guided Reach Movements

2009 ◽  
Vol 53 (12) ◽  
pp. 834-838
Author(s):  
Shin-Yuan Yu ◽  
Bernard J. Martin
Keyword(s):  
Motor Behavior ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Control ◽  
Human Movement ◽  
Upper Body ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Joint Movement ◽  
Feedback Information ◽  
Time To Peak

Coordination of human movement includes temporal and spatial aspects. Under the assumption that the implicit movement sequence of body segments may be associated with visual feedback information, the activation timing, time to peak velocity of the hand and sequencing of joint movements were investigated in this study. The results show that variations in movement time with target azimuth and distance fit a quadratic regression model. In addition, the time to peak velocity reveals a movement scaling property in the context of self-imposed movement speed. Finally, the sequencing of joint movement also varies with target azimuth and distance. These motor behavior properties and movement characteristics can be used to model human reach movement in a dynamic manner and to estimate task durations.

scholarly journals Effects of object size and distance on reaching kinematics in patients with schizophrenia

2018 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 22-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu-Mei Wang ◽  
Li-Chieh Kuo ◽  
Wen-Chen Ouyang ◽  
Hsiao-Man Hsu ◽  
Hui-Ing Ma
Keyword(s):  
Psychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Movement Speed ◽  
Object Size ◽  
Spatial Efficiency ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Performance ◽  
And Gender

Background/Objective Patients with schizophrenia not only have psychiatric symptoms, but also have movement problems, which might also be associated with their reduced quality of life. Little is known about how to improve their movement performance for patients. Manipulating object size and distance is common in occupational therapy practice to evaluate and optimize reaching performance in patients with physical disabilities, but effects of the manipulation in patients with schizophrenia remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to examine whether object size and distance could change performance of reaching kinematics in patients with mild schizophrenia. Methods Twenty-nine patients with mild schizophrenia and 15 age- and gender-matched healthy controls were required to reach for, as quickly as possible, a small or large object that was placed at a near or far distance. We measured movement time, peak velocity, path length ratio, percentage of time to peak velocity, and movement units to infer movement speed, forcefulness, spatial efficiency (directness), control strategies, and smoothness. Results Patients’ reaching movements were slower ( p = .017) and less direct ( p = .007) than those of controls. A larger object induced faster ( p = .016), more preprogrammed ( p = .018), and more forceful ( p = .010) movements in patients. A farther object induced slower, more feedback dependent, but more forceful and more direct movements (all p < .001). Conclusion The results of kinematic deficiencies suggest the need of movement training for patients with mild schizophrenia. Occupational therapists may grade or adapt reaching activities by changing object size and distance to enhance movement performance in patients with schizophrenia.

Occupational Embeddedness during a Reaching and Placing Task with Survivors of Cerebral Vascular Accident

2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 153-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiffany L. Gasser-Wieland ◽  
Martin S. Rice
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Peak Velocity ◽  
Movement Time ◽  
Cerebral Vascular Accident ◽  
Time To Peak ◽  
Movement Dynamics ◽  
Dependent Variables ◽  
Study Support ◽  
Upper Extremity Movement ◽  
Cerebral Vascular

This study examined the effects of enhanced occupational embeddedness on the upper extremity movement dynamics in survivors of a cerebral vascular accident (CVA). Seventeen persons who survived a CVA participated in this repeated measures study with two conditions. The occupationally embedded (OE) condition involved three labeled soup cans; the nonoccupationally embedded (NOE) condition involved three nonrepresentational clay masses. The task consisted of moving the objects from a kitchen counter to the cabinet with each limb. Movement dynamics were recorded using an electronic goniometer that was attached to each elbow. Dependent variables were movement time, displacement, movement units, peak velocity, and percentage of movement time at which the peak velocity occurred. It was hypothesized that the OE condition would result in significantly different movement dynamics than the NOE condition. It was also hypothesized that the movement dynamics of the affected limb would be significantly different than those of the unaffected limb. During the OE condition, there were significantly fewer movement units and smaller movement times. No significance was found with displacement, peak velocity, or percentage of movement time to peak velocity. Further, there were no significant differences between the two limbs' movement dynamics. The results of this study support the concept that greater occupational embeddedness can promote enhanced motor performance. Specifically, this study suggests that occupationally embedded occupational forms can enhance performance of movement units and movement time in a reaching and placing task with individuals who survived a stroke. Additionally, OE occupational forms do not appear to influence the affected limb differently than the unaffected limb.

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