scholarly journals Islet-1 Immunoreactivity in the Developing Retina ofXenopus laevis

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guadalupe Álvarez-Hernán ◽  
Ruth Bejarano-Escobar ◽  
Ruth Morona ◽  
Agustín González ◽  
Gervasio Martín-Partido ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Spatial And Temporal Distribution ◽  
Cell Nuclei ◽  
Cell Specification ◽  
Islet 1

The LIM-homeodomain transcription factor Islet1 (Isl1) has been widely used as a marker of neuronal differentiation in the developing visual system of different classes of vertebrates, including mammals, birds, reptiles, and fish. In the present study, we analyzed the spatial and temporal distribution of Isl1-immunoreactive cells duringXenopus laevisretinal development and its relation to the formation of the retinal layers, and in combination with different markers of cell differentiation. The earliest Isl1 expression appeared at St29-30 in the cell nuclei of sparse differentiating neuroblasts located in the vitreal surface of the undifferentiated retina. At St35-36, abundant Isl1-positive cells accumulated at the vitreal surface of the neuroepithelium. As development proceeded and through the postmetamorphic juveniles, Isl1 expression was identified in subpopulations of ganglion cells and in subsets of amacrine, bipolar, and horizontal cells. These data together suggest a possible role for Isl1 in the early differentiation and maintenance of different retinal cell types, and Isl1 can serve as a specific molecular marker for the study of retinal cell specification inX. laevis.

Development of cholinergic amacrine cell stratification in the ferret retina and the effects of early excitotoxic ablation

2001 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 559-570 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.E. REESE ◽  
M.A. RAVEN ◽  
K.A. GIANNOTTI ◽  
P.T. JOHNSON
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Plexiform Layer ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Inner Plexiform Layer ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Outer Border ◽  
Cholinergic Amacrine Cells

The present study has examined the emergence of cholinergic stratification within the developing inner plexiform layer (IPL), and the effect of ablating the cholinergic amacrine cells on the formation of other stratifications within the IPL. The population of cholinergic amacrine cells in the ferret's retina was identified as early as the day of birth, but their processes did not form discrete strata until the end of the first postnatal week. As development proceeded over the next five postnatal weeks, so the positioning of the cholinergic strata shifted within the IPL toward the outer border, indicative of the greater ingrowth and elaboration of processes within the innermost parts of the IPL. To examine whether these cholinergic strata play an instructive role upon the development of other stratifications which form within the IPL, one-week-old ferrets were treated with l-glutamate in an attempt to ablate the population of cholinergic amacrine cells. Such treatment was shown to be successful, eliminating all of the cholinergic amacrine cells as well as the alpha retinal ganglion cells in the central retina. The remaining ganglion cell classes as well as a few other retinal cell types were partially reduced, while other cell types were not affected, and neither retinal histology nor areal growth was compromised in these ferrets. Despite this early loss of the cholinergic amacrine cells, which are eliminated within 24 h, other stratifications within the IPL formed normally, as they do following early elimination of the entire ganglion cell population. While these cholinergic amacrine cells are present well before other cell types have differentiated, apparently neither they, nor the ganglion cells, play a role in determining the depth of stratification for other retinal cell types.

Ganglion cells influence the fate of dividing retinal cells in culture

Development ◽  
1998 ◽  
Vol 125 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1066 ◽  
Author(s):  
D.K. Waid ◽  
S.C. McLoon
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cell ◽  
Cell Fate ◽  
Cell Population ◽  
Antisense Oligonucleotide ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Retinal Cells ◽  
Cell Production ◽  
Cellular Environment

The different retinal cell types arise during vertebrate development from a common pool of progenitor cells. The mechanisms responsible for determining the fate of individual retinal cells are, as yet, poorly understood. Ganglion cells are one of the first cell types to be produced in the developing vertebrate retina and few ganglion cells are produced late in development. It is possible that, as the retina matures, the cellular environment changes such that it is not conducive to ganglion cell determination. The present study showed that older retinal cells secrete a factor that inhibits the production of ganglion cells. This was shown by culturing younger retinal cells, the test population, adjacent to various ages of older retinal cells. Increasingly older retinal cells, up to embryonic day 9, were more effective at inhibiting production of ganglion cells in the test cell population. Ganglion cell production was restored when ganglion cells were depleted from the older cell population. This suggests that ganglion cells secrete a factor that actively prevents cells from choosing the ganglion cell fate. This factor appeared to be active in medium conditioned by older retinal cells. Analysis of the conditioned medium established that the factor was heat stable and was present in the <3 kDa and >10 kDa fractions. Previous work showed that the neurogenic protein, Notch, might also be active in blocking production of ganglion cells. The present study showed that decreasing Notch expression with an antisense oligonucleotide increased the number of ganglion cells produced in a population of young retinal cells. Ganglion cell production, however, was still inhibited in cultures using antisense oligonucleotide to Notch in medium conditioned by older retinal cells. This suggests that the factor secreted by older retinal cells inhibits ganglion cell production through a different pathway than that mediated by Notch.

Expression profiling of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the rat retina

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 379-387 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena V. Grigorenko ◽  
Hermes H. Yeh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Rod Photoreceptor ◽  
Β Subunit ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Retinal Neuron ◽  
Rat Retina

AbstractThis study profiled the expression of the family of GABAA receptor β-subunits in the adult rat retina. Using a combination of reverse transcriptase reaction followed by polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with gene-specific primers, the expression of mRNAs encoding the β1, β2, and β3 subunits was first examined in the intact retina and then in separated retinal nuclear layers. However, it was found that a critical analysis. had to be carried out at the level of the single cell in order to resolve the differential patterns of expression among the retinal cell types. When cells were isolated and identified following acute dissociation, RT-PCR revealed that individual rod photoreceptor cells expressed consistently the β1 and β2 messages while the bipolar cells expressed the β1 and β3 messages. Ganglion cells displayed considerable variability in β-subunit expression, perhaps reflecting their functional and morphological heterogeneity in the retina. In contrast, the nonneuronal Mueller cells did not express any of the β-subunit messages. These results indicate that the expression of GABAA receptor subunits is cell-type dependent. Furthermore, as the expression of other families of GABAA receptor subunits are profiled and the patterns of subunit assembly are better understood, our results raise the possibility that GABAA receptors with different subunit compositions can be expected to be coexpressed within a single retinal neuron.

Morphological types of horizontal cell in rodent retinae: A comparison of rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig

1994 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 501-517 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leo Peichl ◽  
Juncal González-Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Calcium Binding ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Lucifer Yellow ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Rodent Species ◽  
The Family ◽  
Calbindin D

AbstractRetinal horizontal cells of four rodent species, rat, mouse, gerbil, and guinea pig were examined to determine whether they conform to the basic pattern of two horizontal cell types found in other mammalian orders. Intracellular injections of Lucifer-Yellow were made to reveal the morphologies of individual cells. Immunocytochemistry with antisera against the calcium-binding proteins calbindin D-28k and parvalbumin was used to assess population densities and mosaics.Lucifer-Yellow injections showed axonless A-type and axon-bearing B-type horizontal cells in guinea pig, but revealed only B-type cells in rat and gerbil retinae. Calbindin immunocytochemistry labeled the A-and B-type populations in guinea pig, but only a homogeneous regular mosaic of cells with B-type features in rat, mouse, and gerbil. All calbindin-immunoreactive horizontal cells in the latter species were also parvalbumin-immunoreactive; comparison with Nissl-stained retinae showed that both antisera label all of the horizontal cells. Taken together, the data from cell injections and the population studies provide strong evidence that rat, mouse, and gerbil retinae have only one type of horizontal cell, the axon-bearing B-type, where as the guinea pig has both A-and B-type cells. Thus, at least three members of the family Muridae differ from other rodents and deviate from the proposed mammalian scheme of horizontal cell types.The absence of A-type cells is apparently not linked to any peculiarities in the photoreceptor populations, and there is no consistent match between the topographic distributions of the horizontal cells and those of the cone photoreceptors or ganglion cells across the four rodent species. However, the cone to horizontal cell ratio is rather similar in the species with and without A-type cells.

scholarly journals Generation of a Retina Reporter hiPSC Line to Label Progenitor, Ganglion, and Photoreceptor Cell Types

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Phuong T. Lam ◽  
Christian Gutierrez ◽  
Katia Del Rio-Tsonis ◽  
Michael L. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Fluorescent Proteins ◽  
Retinal Development ◽  
Retinal Disease ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Therapeutic Drug ◽  
Retina Development ◽  
Induced Pluripotent

ABSTRACTEarly in mammalian eye development, VSX2, BRN3b, and RCVRN expression marks neural retina progenitors (NRPs), retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), and photoreceptors (PRs), respectively. The ability to create retinal organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) holds great potential for modeling both human retinal development and retinal disease. However, no methods allowing the simultaneous, real-time monitoring of multiple specific retinal cell types during development currently exist. Here, we describe a CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing strategy to generate a triple transgenic reporter hiPSC line (PGP1) that utilizes the endogenous VSX2, BRN3b, and RCVRN promoters to specifically express fluorescent proteins (Cerulean in NRPs, eGFP in RGCs and mCherry in PRs) without disrupting the function of the endogenous alleles. Retinal organoid formation from the PGP1 line demonstrated the ability of the edited cells to undergo normal retina development while exhibiting appropriate fluorescent protein expression consistent with the onset of NRPs, RGCs, and PRs. Organoids produced from the PGP1 line expressed transcripts consistent with the development of all major retinal cell types. The PGP1 line offers a powerful new tool to study retinal development, retinal reprogramming, and therapeutic drug screening.

Morphological and functional identifications of catfish retinal neurons. I. Classical morphology

1975 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Naka ◽  
N. R. Garraway
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cell ◽  
Dendritic Tree ◽  
Amacrine Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Inner Nuclear Layer ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Definition Of

The morphology of the catfish horizontal cells is comparable to that in other fish retinas. The external horizontal cells contact cone receptors and are stellate in shape; the intermediate horizontal cells are even more so and contact rod receptors. The internal horizontal cells constitute the most proximal layer of the inner nuclear layer and may possibly be, in reality, extended processes from the other two horizontal cell types. Bipolar cells resemble those in other teleost retinas: the size and shape of their dendritic tree encompass a continuous spectrum ranging from what is known as the small to the large bipolar cells. The accepted definition of amacrine cells is sufficiently vague to justify our originating a more descriptive and less inferential name for the (axonless) neurons in the inner nuclear layer which radiate processes throughout the inner synaptic layer. These starbust and spaghetti cells vary considerably in the character and extent of their dendritic spread, but correlates exist in other vertebrate retinas. Ganglion cells are found not only in the classical ganglion layer but displaced into the inner nuclear layer as well. Several types can be distinguished on the basis of cell geometry and by the properties of their dendritic tree. Not all of the categorization corresponds with previous descriptions; our findings suggest that some reorganization may be necessary in the accepted classification of cells in the proximal areas of the vertebrate retina. A subtle yet remarkable pattern underlies the entire structure of the catfish retina; there exists a definite gradient of size within a particular class of cells, and of configuration among the subclasses of a specific cell type. It remains to be seen if these morphological spectra bear any functional consequences. The fact that the structure of the catfish retina most closely resembles those of other phylogenetically ancient animals, such as the skate and the dogfish shark, testifies to its primitive organization; morphological and functional mechanisms discernible in this simple system may, therefore, be applicable to the retinas of higher ordered vertebrates.

scholarly journals Mice deficient in the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) display a complex retinal phenotype

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yevgeniya Atiskova ◽  
Susanne Bartsch ◽  
Tatyana Danyukova ◽  
Elke Becker ◽  
Christian Hagel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Retinal Degeneration ◽  
Lysosomal Enzyme ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis ◽  
Photoreceptor Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Significant Loss ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Depth Analysis ◽  
Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase

Abstract Neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis (NCL) type 1 (CLN1) is a neurodegenerative storage disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding the lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1). CLN1 patients suffer from brain atrophy, mental and motor retardation, seizures, and retinal degeneration ultimately resulting in blindness. Here, we performed an in-depth analysis of the retinal phenotype of a PPT1-deficient mouse, an animal model of this condition. Reactive astrogliosis and microgliosis were evident in mutant retinas prior to the onset of retinal cell loss. Progressive accumulation of storage material, a pronounced dysregulation of various lysosomal proteins, and accumulation of sequestosome/p62-positive aggregates in the inner nuclear layer also preceded retinal degeneration. At advanced stages of the disease, the mutant retina was characterized by a significant loss of ganglion cells, rod and cone photoreceptor cells, and rod and cone bipolar cells. Results demonstrate that PPT1 dysfunction results in early-onset pathological alterations in the mutant retina, followed by a progressive degeneration of various retinal cell types at relatively late stages of the disease. Data will serve as a reference for future work aimed at developing therapeutic strategies for the treatment of retinal degeneration in CLN1 disease.

scholarly journals Selective Activation of Neuronal Targets With Sinusoidal Electric Stimulation

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (5) ◽  
pp. 2778-2791 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel K. Freeman ◽  
Donald K. Eddington ◽  
Joseph F. Rizzo ◽  
Shelley I. Fried
Keyword(s):  
Neural Activity ◽  
Electric Stimulation ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Low Frequency ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Bipolar Cells ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Focal Region ◽  
Low Frequency Stimulation ◽  
Frequency Stimulation

Electric stimulation of the CNS is being evaluated as a treatment modality for a variety of neurological, psychiatric, and sensory disorders. Despite considerable success in some applications, existing stimulation techniques offer little control over which cell types or neuronal substructures are activated by stimulation. The ability to more precisely control neuronal activation would likely improve the clinical outcomes associated with these applications. Here, we show that specific frequencies of sinusoidal stimulation can be used to preferentially activate certain retinal cell types: photoreceptors are activated at 5 Hz, bipolar cells at 25 Hz, and ganglion cells at 100 Hz. In addition, low-frequency stimulation (≤25 Hz) did not activate passing axons but still elicited robust synaptically mediated responses in ganglion cells; therefore, elicited neural activity is confined to within a focal region around the stimulating electrode. Our results suggest that sinusoidal stimulation provides significantly improved control over elicited neural activity relative to conventional pulsatile stimulation.

The mosaic of nerve cells in the mammalian retina

1978 ◽  
Vol 200 (1141) ◽  
pp. 441-461 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Random Distribution ◽  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
Horizontal Cells ◽  
Nearest Neighbour ◽  
Mammalian Retina ◽  
Regular Arrangement ◽  
Random Dot Patterns ◽  
Horizontal Arrangement

Cells from three different layers of the retina were tested for regular horizontal arrangement or random distribution. Monkey cones, cat cones, cat A-type horizontal cells and cat alpha-ganglion cells are all arranged in a regular mosaic. This was assessed by measuring the distance to the nearest neighbour of each cell. The nearest neighbour distributions differed significantly from those of random dot patterns. The precision of the mosaic decreased in the order monkey cones, cat cones, cat A-type horizontal cells, cat alpha-ganglion cells. All four cell types were - independent of density - more regularly arranged in the centre of the retina than in the periphery. The advantages of a regular arrangement compared with a random distribution and mechanisms which could generate a regular mosaic are discussed.

scholarly journals An alternative approach to produce versatile retinal organoids with accelerated ganglion cell development

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip E. Wagstaff ◽  
Anneloor L. M. A. ten Asbroek ◽  
Jacoline B. ten Brink ◽  
Nomdo M. Jansonius ◽  
Arthur A. B. Bergen
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Retinal Cell ◽  
Specific Cell ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
In Vivo Models ◽  
Alternative Approach

AbstractGenetically complex ocular neuropathies, such as glaucoma, are a major cause of visual impairment worldwide. There is a growing need to generate suitable human representative in vitro and in vivo models, as there is no effective treatment available once damage has occured. Retinal organoids are increasingly being used for experimental gene therapy, stem cell replacement therapy and small molecule therapy. There are multiple protocols for the development of retinal organoids available, however, one potential drawback of the current methods is that the organoids can take between 6 weeks and 12 months on average to develop and mature, depending on the specific cell type wanted. Here, we describe and characterise a protocol focused on the generation of retinal ganglion cells within an accelerated four week timeframe without any external small molecules or growth factors. Subsequent long term cultures yield fully differentiated organoids displaying all major retinal cell types. RPE, Horizontal, Amacrine and Photoreceptors cells were generated using external factors to maintain lamination.

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