scholarly journals Responses of Soil Organic Carbon to Long-Term Understory Removal in SubtropicalCinnamomum camphoraStands

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yacong Wu ◽  
Zhengcai Li ◽  
Caifang Cheng ◽  
Rongjie Liu
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Nutrients ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Cinnamomum Camphora ◽  
And Storage

We conducted a study on a 48-year-oldCinnamomum camphoraplantation in the subtropics of China, by removing understory gradually and then comparing this treatment with a control (undisturbed). This study analyzed the content and storage soil organic carbon (SOC) in a soil depth of 0–60 cm. The results showed that SOC content was lower in understory removal (UR) treatment, with a decrease range from 5% to 34%, and a decline of 10.16 g·kg−1and 8.58 g·kg−1was noticed in 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm layers, respectively, with significant differences (P<0.05). Carbon storage was reduced in UR, ranging from 2% to 43%, with a particular drastic decline of 15.39 t·hm−2and 11.58 t·hm−2in 0–10 cm (P<0.01) and 10–20 cm (P<0.01) layers, respectively. Content of SOC had an extremely significant (P<0.01) correlation with soil nutrients in the two stands, and the correlation coefficients of CK were higher than those of UR. Our data showed that the presence of understory favored the accumulation of soil organic carbon to a large extent. Therefore, long-term practice of understory removal weakens the function of forest ecosystem as a carbon sink.

Soil organic carbon along a geothermal gradient in North-West Canada

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tino Peplau ◽  
Edward Gregorich ◽  
Christopher Poeplau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Forest Ecosystem ◽  
Hot Springs ◽  
Negative Relationship ◽  
Geothermal Gradient ◽  
Soil Warming ◽  
North West ◽  
Discontinuous Permafrost

&lt;p&gt;Global warming will increase soil microbial activity and thus catalyse the mineralisation of soil organic carbon (SOC). Predicting the dynamics of soil organic carbon in response to warming is crucial but associated with large uncertainties, owing to experimental limitations. Most studies use in-vitro incubation experiments or relatively short-term in-situ soil warming experiments. Long-term observations on the consequences of soil warming on whole-profile SOC are still rare. Here, we used a long-term geothermal gradient in North-West Canada to study effects of warming on quantity and quality of SOC in an aspen forest ecosystem.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;The Takhini hot springs are located within the region of discontinuous permafrost in the southern Yukon Territory, Canada. The springs warm the surrounding soil constantly and lead to a horizontal temperature gradient of approximately 10&amp;#176;C within a radius of 100 meters. As these natural springs heat the ground for centuries and the forest ecosystem surrounding the springs is relatively homogenous, the site provides ideal conditions for observing long-term effects of soil warming on ecosystem properties. Soils were sampled at four different warming intensities to a depth of 80 cm and analysed for their SOC content and further soil properties in different depths.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;For the bulk soil, we found a significant negative relationship between soil temperature and SOC stocks. This confirms that climate change will most likely induce SOC loss and thus a positive climate- carbon cycle feedback loop. The response of five different SOC fractions to warming will also be presented.&lt;/p&gt;

Impacts of fire on soil organic carbon stocks in a grazed semi-arid tropical Australian savanna: accounting for landscape variability

2014 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 359 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Allen ◽  
P. M. Bloesch ◽  
R. A. Cowley ◽  
T. G. Orton ◽  
J. E. Payne ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Management Practices ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Stocks ◽  
Semi Arid ◽  
Soc Stocks

Fire and grazing are commonplace in Australian tropical savannas and the effects of these management practices on soil organic carbon stocks (SOC) is not well understood. A long-term (20 years) experiment studying the effects of fire on a grazed semi-arid tropical savanna was used to increase this understanding. Treatments, including frequency of fire (every 2, 4 and 6 years), season of fire [early (June) vs late (October) dry season] and unburnt control plots, were imposed on Vertosol grassland and Calcarosol woodland sites, which were grazed. Additionally long-term enclosures [unburnt (except the Calcarosol in 2001) and ungrazed since 1973] on each soil type adjacent to each site were sampled, although not included in statistical analyses. SOC stocks were measured to a soil depth of 0.3 m using a wet oxidation method (to avoid interference by carbonates) and compared on an equivalent soil mass basis. Significant treatment differences in SOC stocks were tested for, while accounting for spatial background variation within each site. SOC stocks (0–0.3 m soil depth) ranged between 10.1 and 28.9 t ha–1 (Vertosol site) and 20.7 and 54.9 t ha–1 (Calcarosol site). There were no consistent effects of frequency or season of fire on SOC stocks, possibly reflecting the limited statistical power of the study and inherent spatial variability observed. Differences in the response to frequency and season of fire observed between these soils may have been due to differences in clay type, plant species composition and/or preferential grazing activity associated with fire management. There may also have been differences in C input between treatments and sites due to differences in the herbage mass and post-fire grazing activity on both sites and changed pasture composition, higher herbage fuel load, and a reduction in woody cover on the Vertosol site. This study demonstrated the importance of accounting for background spatial variability and treatment replication (in the absence of baseline values) when assessing SOC stocks in relation to management practices. Given the absence of baseline SOC values and the potentially long period required to obtain changes in SOC in rangelands, modelling of turnover of SOC in relation to background spatial variability would enable management scenarios to be considered in relation to landscape variation that may be unrelated to management. These considerations are important for reducing uncertainty in C-flux accounting and to provide accurate and cost-effective methods for land managers considering participation in the C economy.

scholarly journals Aggregate Associated Carbon, Aggregation and Storage of Soil Organic Carbon Respond to Organic and Synthetic Fertilizers in Cereal Systems: A Review

2020 ◽  
pp. 86-99
Author(s):  
M. Sharath Chandra ◽  
R. K. Naresh ◽  
B. Chandra Sheker ◽  
N. C. Mahajan ◽  
J. Vijay
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Organic Manure ◽  
Inorganic Fertilizer ◽  
Control Treatment ◽  
Carbon Pools ◽  
Synthetic Fertilizers ◽  
And Storage ◽  
P Fertilizers

Soil organic carbon (SOC) and its labile fractions are strong determinants of soil chemical, physical, and biological properties and the recycling of crop residues is an important factor affecting soil organic matter levels and soil quality. This collected review literature specifically aims on soil fertility related to aggregate associated carbon, aggregate-size distribution, aggregation and storage of soil organic carbon trends and their respond towards organic and synthetic fertilizers and also understanding of the effects of diverse soil management regimes on SOC sequestration in cereal systems. Several studies results showed that, with the exception of unfertilized control (CK) and nitrogen fertilizer (N) treatment, the concentration of SOCs in the soil layer 0-20 cm increased. The SOC concentration and storage to depths of 60 cm is significantly affected by long-term fertilization. SOC concentrations and stocks below 60 cm for all treatments were statistically insignificant. The degree of SOC was higher in farmyard manure plus N and P fertilizers (NP+FYM) at different depths, compared with CK, at 0-60 cm soil profile and followed by straw plus N and P fertilizers (NP+S) respectively. SOC storage in NP+FYM, NP+S, FYM and nitrogen and phosphorus (NP) fertilizers treatments increased by 41.3%, 32.9%, 28.1% and 17.9% respectively compared to CK treatment in 0–60 cm. Organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer application also increased organic carbon pools of the labile soil at depths of 0–60 cm. Particulate organic carbon (POC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and microbial biomass carbon (MBC) average concentration in organic manure plus inorganic fertilizer treatments (NP+S and NP+FYM) increased by 64.9–91.9 percent, 42.5–56.9 percent and 74.7–99.4 percent over CK treatment. The average control treatment SOC concentration was 0.54 percent, which increased to 0.65 percent in RDF treatment and 0.82 percent in RDF+FYM treatment and increased enzyme activity, potentially affecting soil nutrient dynamics in field conditions. The RDF+FYM treatment sequestered 0.28 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 compared with the control treatment while the NPK treatment sequestered 0.13 Mg C ha-1 yr-1 respectively. It can be concluded that long-term additions of organic manure have the most beneficial effects on the production of carbon pools, improve the availability of SOCs and also enhance C sequestration in soils.

scholarly journals Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration and Active Carbon Component Changes Following Different Vegetation Restoration Ages on Severely Eroded Red Soils in Subtropical China

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1304
Author(s):  
Shengsheng Xiao ◽  
Jie Zhang ◽  
Jian Duan ◽  
Hongguang Liu ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Carbon Sink ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Subtropical China ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon Sequestration ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
Organic Carbon Sequestration

Degraded soil has a high carbon sink potential. However, the carbon sequestration capacity and efficiency of comprehensive control measures in soil erosion areas are still not fully understood, and this information is essential for evaluating the effects of adopted restoration measures. The objective of this study was to determine the restoration of soil organic carbon and active carbon components under the impact of soil erosion measures and reforestation following different restoration ages. A small watershed with four typical restored plots following the same control measures (combination measures with horizontal bamboo burl-groove + replanting trees, shrubs and grasses) but different restoration ages (4 years, 14 years, 24 years and 34 years) and two reference plots (bare land (carbon-depleted) and nearby undisturbed forest (carbon-enriched)) in subtropical China was studied. The results showed that the soil organic carbon contents at a 1 m soil depth and the dissolved organic carbon and microbial biomass carbon concentrations in the upper 60 cm of soils of the four restored lands were higher than those in the bare land. Furthermore, the restored lands of 4 years, 14 years, 24 years and 34 years had soil organic carbon stocks in the 1 m soil depth of 22.83 t hm−2, 21.87 t hm−2, 32.77 t hm−2 and 39.65 t hm−2, respectively, which were higher than the bare land value of 19.86 t hm−2 but lower than the undisturbed forestland value of 75.90 t hm−2. The restored forestlands of 34 years of ecological restoration also had a high potential of being a soil organic carbon sink. Compared to the bare land, the restored lands of 4 years, 14 years, 24 years and 34 years had soil organic carbon sequestration capacities of 2.97 t hm−2, 2.01 t hm−2, 12.91 t hm−2 and 19.79 t hm−2, respectively, and had soil organic carbon sequestration rates of 0.74 t hm−2 a−1, 0.14 t hm−2 a−1, 0.54 t hm−2 a−1 and 0.58 t hm−2 a−1, respectively. Our results indicated that the combined measures of horizontal bamboo burl-groove and revegetation could greatly increase carbon sequestration and accumulation. Suitable microtopography modification and continuous organic carbon sources from vegetation are two main factors influencing soil organic carbon recovery. Combination measures, which can provide suitable topography and a continuous soil organic carbon supply, could be considered in treating degraded soils caused by water erosion in red soil areas.

scholarly journals Changes in Storage and the Stratification Ratio of Soil Organic Carbon under Different Vegetation Types in Northeastern China

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 290
Author(s):  
Pujia Yu ◽  
Shiwei Liu ◽  
Zhi Ding ◽  
Aichun Zhang ◽  
Xuguang Tang
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Northeastern China ◽  
Leymus Chinensis ◽  
Vegetation Types ◽  
Chloris Virgata ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Pronounced Reduction

The depth distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) in a soil profile is important to examine the effects of different treatments on SOC sequestration. This study was conducted to determine the effects of different vegetation types on the concentration, storage, and stratification ratio (SR) of SOC in northeastern China. Five vegetation types, Leymus chinensis (LEY), Puccinellia tenuiflora (PUC), Echinochloa phyllopogon (ECH), saline seepweed (SUA), and Chloris virgata Swartz (CHL), were selected as treatments. Soil bulk density and SOC concentration were measured at 0 to 50 cm depth, and SOC storage and four SRs (SR1 [0–10:10–20 cm], SR2 [0–10:20–30 cm], SR3 [0–10:30–40 cm], and SR4 [0–10:40–50 cm]) were calculated under the five vegetation types. Results showed a pronounced reduction in SOC concentration with increasing soil depth. Vegetation types had significant effects on SOC concentration and storage. Under PUC, ECH, SUA, and CHL treatments, SOC concentrations (2.150, 1.068, 4.110, and 2.542 g kg−1, respectively) and storages (15.075, 7.273, 30.024, and 18.078 Mg ha−1, respectively) at 0–50 cm depth were lower than those under the LEY treatment. SR1 values were all < 2, while SR2, SR3, and SR4 values were all > 2 except for SR2 under ECH and SUA treatments. Vegetation types had significant effects on SR3 (p < 0.001) and SR4 (p = 0.040), while no significant differences were found for SR1 and SR2 due to the narrow range, with values of 0.248 and 0.553 for SR1 and SR2, respectively, among the vegetation types. These results indicated that the degraded soils have great potential to sequester organic carbon in northeastern China, and SR3 could be used as an effective index to show the changes in SOC concentration and soil quality in northeastern China.

Effects of a single cycle of tillage on long-term no-till prairie soils

2009 ◽  
Vol 89 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-530 ◽  
Author(s):  
C D Baan ◽  
M C. J Grevers ◽  
J J Schoenau
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
P Uptake ◽  
Soil Conditions ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
No Till ◽  
Particulate Soil

A study was conducted to examine the effect of tillage on soil conditions and crop growth at three long-term (> 10 yr) no-till sites, one in each of the Brown, Black, and Gray soil zones of Saskatchewan. The four tillage treatments consisted of one cycle of tillage at three levels of intensity: spring cultivation only, fall + spring cultivation, and fall + spring + disc cultivation, all applied to no-till and also a no-till control. Total and particulate soil organic carbon, soil pH, and soil aggregation were not affected by the tillage operations. Tillage decreased the bulk density in the 5- to 10-cm soil depth, but did not affect soil water content (0-10 cm) or spring soil temperature (0-5 cm). Tillage decreased stratification of available phosphorus to some extent, but there appeared to be no associated effect on crop P uptake. Tillage did not effect crop production in any of the 3 yr following its imposition, except at one site where, in the first year, apparent tillage-induced nutrient immobilization resulted in lower yields. Overall, the imposition of one cycle of tillage on long-term no-till soils appears to have little effect on soil properties or crop growth.Key words: No-till, nutrient stratification, soil organic carbon, tillage

scholarly journals Improved landscape partitioning and estimates of deep storage of soil organic carbon in the Zackenberg area (NE Greenland) using a geomorphological landform approach

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juri Palmtag ◽  
Stefanie Cable ◽  
Hanne H. Christiansen ◽  
Gustaf Hugelius ◽  
Peter Kuhry
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Cover ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Depth Interval ◽  
Depositional Processes ◽  
Mountain Permafrost ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Landscape Partitioning

Abstract. This study aims to improve the previous soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (TN) storage estimates for the Zackenberg area (NE Greenland) that were based on a land cover classification (LCC) approach, by using geomorphological upscaling. In addition, novel SOC estimates for deeper deposits (down to 300 cm depth) are presented. We hypothesize that landforms will better represent the long-term slope and depositional processes that result in deep SOC burial in this type of mountain permafrost environments. The updated mean SOC storage for the 0–100 cm soil depth is 4.8 kg C m−2, which is 42 % lower than the previous estimate of 8.3 kg C m−2 based on land cover upscaling. Similarly, the mean soil TN storage in the 0–100 cm depth decreased with 44 % from 0.50 kg (±0.1 CI) to 0.28 (±0.1 CI) kg TN m−2. We ascribe the difference to a previous areal overestimate of SOC and TN-rich vegetated land cover classes. The landform-based approach more correctly constrains the depositional areas in alluvial fans and deltas with high SOC and TN storage. These are also areas of deep carbon storage with an additional 2.4 kg C m−2 in the 100–300 cm depth interval. This research emphasizes the need to consider geomorphology when assessing SOC pools in mountain permafrost landscapes.

Vertical distribution and storage of soil organic carbon under long-term fertilization

2010 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 689-692 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng HU ◽  
Yan QIAO ◽  
Shuang-Lai LI ◽  
Yun-Feng CHEN ◽  
Guo-Ji LIU
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Vertical Distribution ◽  
And Storage

scholarly journals Soil organic carbon and land use: Processes and potential in Ontario’s long-term agro-ecosystem research sites

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (3) ◽  
pp. 317-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katelyn A. Congreves ◽  
Jillian M. Smith ◽  
Deanna D. Németh ◽  
David C. Hooker ◽  
Laura L. Van Eerd
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Land Management ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
N Fertilizer ◽  
Ecosystem Research ◽  
Plough Layer

Congreves, K. A., Smith, J. M., Németh, D. D., Hooker, D. C. and Van Eerd, L. L. 2014. Soil organic carbon and land use: Processes and potential in Ontario’s long-term agro-ecosystem research sites. Can. J. Soil Sci. 94: 317–336. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is crucial for maintaining a productive agro-ecosystem. Long-term research must be synthesized to understand the effects of land management on SOC storage and to develop best practices to prevent soil degradation. Therefore, this review compiled an inventory of long-term Ontario studies and assessed SOC storage under common Ontario land management regimes via a meta-analysis and literature review. In general, greater SOC storage occurred in no-till (NT) vs. tillage systems, in crop rotation vs. continuous corn, and in N fertilizer vs. no N fertilizer systems; however, soil texture and perhaps drainage class may determine the effects of tillage. The effect on SOC storage was variable when deeper soil depth ranges (0–45 cm) were considered for NT and rotational cropping, which suggests an unpredictable effect of land management on SOC at depths below the plough layer. Therefore, researchers are encouraged to use the presented inventory of nine long-term research sites and 18 active experiments in Ontario to pursue coordinated studies of long-term land management on SOC at depths extending below the plough layer.

Changes in soil organic carbon pool in three long-term fertility experiments with different cropping systems and inorganic and organic soil amendments in the eastern cereal belt of India

Soil Research ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 413 ◽  
Author(s):  
Subhadip Ghosh ◽  
Brian R. Wilson ◽  
Biswapati Mandal ◽  
Subrata K. Ghoshal ◽  
Ivor Growns
Keyword(s):  
Organic Carbon ◽  
Soil Organic Carbon ◽  
Agricultural Soils ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Soil Productivity ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Near Surface ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Inorganic And Organic

Soil organic carbon (SOC) constitutes a significant proportion of the terrestrial carbon (C) store and has a pivotal role in several physical, chemical, and biological soil processes that contribute to soil productivity and sustainability. Applications of inorganic and organic materials are management options that have the potential to increase SOC in agricultural systems. A study was conducted in 3 long-term fertility experiments (Barrackpur, Mohanpur, and Cuttack) on agricultural soils in the eastern cereal belt of India, to examine the effect of cultivation and the application of inorganic and organic amendments on total soil organic carbon (TOC) and on the proportions of soil C fractions at these sites. A supplementary aim of this study was to determine the suitability of the loss-on-ignition (LOI) method to routinely estimate SOC (Walkley and Black, WB) in this region by determining relationships and conversion factors between the WB and LOI techniques. Soil was sampled at 3 depths (0–0.15, 0.15–0.30, and 0.30–0.45 m) from 4 treatments (conventional cultivation, NPK, NPK+FYM, and fallow) of the experimental sites and analysed for TOC and various soil C pools. There were differences in the magnitude of TOC values among the sites. Conventional cultivation had the lowest TOC contents (148 t/ha) and NPK+FYM amended soils the largest (207 t/ha), with intermediate values in the other treatments. The non-labile or residual SOC fraction (Cfrac4) constituted the largest percentage of SOC under all treatments and varied from 35–49%. A higher proportion of the labile Cfrac1 fraction was observed under the fallow, whereas the proportion of Cfrac4 was significantly larger under NPK+FYM. There was a significant decrease in SOC with increasing soil depth. SOC decreased up to 17% at 0.15–0.30 m and declined a further 21% at 0.30–0.45 m. The more labile C fractions (Cfrac1, Cfrac2, Cfrac3) dominated in the near surface soil layers, but decreased significantly in the deeper layers to be dominated by Cfrac4 at 0.30–0.45 m depth. We also observed a strong correlation between the WB and LOI methods (calibrated for each soil) irrespective of soil depths and conclude that this might be a suitable method to estimate SOC where other techniques are not available. We conclude that fertiliser application and especially manure application have the potential to significantly increase SOC in agricultural soils.

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