Effect of Low-Dose (Single-Dose) Magnesium Sulfate on Postoperative Analgesia in Hysterectomy Patients Receiving Balanced General Anesthesia

Background and Aim. Aparallel, randomized, double blinded, placebo-controlled trial study was designed to assess the efficacy of single low dose of intravenous magnesium sulfate on post-total abdominal hysterectomy (TAH) pain relief under balanced general anesthesia.Subject and Methods. Forty women undergoing TAH surgery were assigned to two magnesium sulfate (N=20) and normal saline (N=20) groups randomly. The magnesium group received magnesium sulfate 50 mg·kg−1in 100 mL of normal saline solution i.v as single-dose, just 15 minutes before induction of anesthesia whereas patients in control group received 100 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride solution at the same time. The same balanced general anesthesia was induced for two groups. Pethidine consumption was recorded over 24 hours precisely as postoperative analgesic. Pain score was evaluated with Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) at 0, 6, 12, and 24 hours after the surgeries.Results. Postoperative pain score was lower in magnesium group at 6, 12, and 24 hours after the operations significantly (P<0.05).Pethidinerequirement was significantly lower in magnesium group throughout 24 hours after the surgeries (P=0.0001).Conclusion. Single dose of magnesium sulfate during balanced general anesthesia could be considered as effective and safe method to reduce postoperative pain and opioid consumption after TAH.

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Single Dose of Magnesium Sulfate as an Adjuvant to General Anesthesia Improves Pain Control, Discomfort and Quality of Sleep Postoperatively

Macedonian Medical Review ◽

10.1515/mmr-2016-0027 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 70 (3) ◽

pp. 145-147

Author(s):

Biljana Kuzmanovska ◽

Marija Donevska Tolevska ◽

Andrijan Kartalov ◽

Marija Jovanovski Srceva ◽

Mirjana Shosholcheva ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Single Dose ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Magnesium Sulfate ◽

Treated Group ◽

Control Group ◽

Quality Of Sleep ◽

Analgesic Consumption ◽

Pain At Rest

Abstract Introduction. As a N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors antagonist, magnesium may play a role in prevention of pain. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of single dose magnesium sulfate preoperatively on postoperative pain scores, discomfort and quality of sleep. Methods. Forty patients scheduled for elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy were randomized in two groups. Group A received 20 mg/kg magnesium sulfate after the anesthesia induction, prior to surgical incision, and Group B was the control group. Assessment was made for pain at rest in both groups according to VAS (0-10), analgesic consumption, discomfort and quality of sleep during first 48 hours postoperatively. Resultѕ. Compared to control group, magnesium-treated patients had lower postoperative pain at rest according to VAS score (p< 0.05) and consumed less analgesic drugs during the first 48 hours (p<0.05). The magnesium-treated group experienced less discomfort during the first and the second postoperative day. The magnesium-treated group reported no changes in sleeping pattern compared to preoperative sleeping pattern, while the control group showed an increase in insomnia during the first and the second postoperative night, compared to that preoperatively. Conclusion. Perioperative use of magnesium sulfate as an adjuvant to general anesthesia is associated with lower postoperative pain, less analgesic consumption, less discomfort and better sleep in the postoperative period.

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Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients under general anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39598/v4 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hong Chen ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Qin Li ◽

Juan Zhou ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Clinical Trial ◽

Patient Satisfaction ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Intravesical Instillation ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Operation ◽

Male Patients

Abstract Background: The catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) of male patients is a common clinical problem, albeit lacking effective solutions. The present study aimed to investigate whether intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation alleviates the postoperative urinary discomfort in male patients with catheter under general anesthesia.Methods: This single-blinded, prospective, randomized study included a total of 167 male patients American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were allocated to two groups: 84 in the dexmedetomidine group and 83 in the control group. Dexmedetomidine group patients received intravesical instillation of the drug 0.5 μg/kg and normal saline 20 mL, while the control group received intravesical instillation of 20 mL normal saline. The catheter was clamped for 30 min after intravesical instillation for all patients. CRBD scores and urethra pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were measured at admittance to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (T0), intravesical instillation (T1), 30 min (T2), 60 min (T3), 2 h (T4) after intravesical instillation, discharged from PACU (T5), and 6 h (T6) and 24 h (T7) after the operation. Patient satisfaction at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation were compared between the two groups. Results: CRBD scores and urethra pain NRS scores after 30 min of intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation to 24 h post-operation were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001), and patient satisfaction was higher at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation (p<0.001). No diﬀerences were detected in Steward score out of PACU (p=0.213) and from the time of the end of operation to fully awake (p=0.417).Conclusion: Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative urinary discomfort and urethra pain and improves satisfaction in male patients under general anesthesia.Clinical Trial Registration: Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR1800016429), date of registration 1st June 2018

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Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients under general anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

BMC Anesthesiology ◽

10.1186/s12871-020-01189-2 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hong Chen ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Qin Li ◽

Juan Zhou ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Numerical Rating Scale ◽

Intravesical Instillation ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Operation ◽

Male Patients

Abstract Background The catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) of male patients is a common clinical problem, albeit lacking effective solutions. The present study aimed to investigate whether intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation alleviates the postoperative urinary discomfort in male patients with catheter under general anesthesia. Methods This single-blinded, prospective, randomized study included a total of 167 male patients American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were allocated to two groups: 84 in the dexmedetomidine group and 83 in the control group. Dexmedetomidine group patients received intravesical instillation of the drug 0.5 μg/kg and normal saline 20 mL, while the control group received intravesical instillation of 20 mL normal saline. The catheter was clamped for 30 min after intravesical instillation for all patients. CRBD scores and urethra pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were measured at admittance to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (T0), intravesical instillation (T1), 30 min (T2), 60 min (T3), 2 h (T4) after intravesical instillation, discharged from PACU (T5), and 6 h (T6) and 24 h (T7) after the operation. Patient satisfaction at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation were compared between the two groups. Results CRBD scores and urethra pain NRS scores after 30 min of intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation to 24 h post-operation were significantly lower than the control group (p < 0.001), and patient satisfaction was higher at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation (p < 0.001). No differences were detected in Steward score out of PACU (p = 0.213) and from the time of the end of operation to fully awake (p = 0.417). Conclusion Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative urinary discomfort and urethra pain and improves satisfaction in male patients under general anesthesia. Trial registration Chinese Clinical Trial Registry (No. ChiCTR1800016429), date of registration 1st June 2018.

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Electroacupuncture to alleviate postoperative pain after a laparoscopic appendectomy: study protocol for a three-arm, randomised, controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015286 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (8) ◽

pp. e015286 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Seunghoon Lee ◽

Dongwoo Nam ◽

Minsoo Kwon ◽

Won Seo Park ◽

Sun Jin Park

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

Laparoscopic Appendectomy ◽

Pain Control ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Acupuncture Treatment ◽

Numerical Rating Scale ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Acupuncture Points ◽

Postoperative Pain Control

BackgroundThe purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of electroacupuncture (EA) for postoperative pain after laparoscopic appendectomy compared with sham electroacupuncture (SEA) and no acupuncture treatment.Methods and analysisThis study is a protocol for a three-arm, randomised, patient-assessor-blinded (to the type of acupuncture treatment), controlled, parallel trial. 138 participants diagnosed with appendicitis and scheduled for laparoscopic appendectomy will be randomly assigned to the EA group (n=46), SEA group (n=46) or control group (n=46). The EA group will receive acupuncture treatment at both regional and distal acupuncture points with electrostimulation. The SEA group will receive sham acupuncture treatment with mock electrostimulation. Both EA and SEA groups will receive a total of four treatments 1 hour preoperative, 1 hour postoperative and during the morning and afternoon the day after surgery with the same routine postoperative pain control. The control group will receive only routine postoperative pain control. The primary outcome is the 11-point Pain Intensity Numerical Rating Scale (PI-NRS) at 24 hours after surgery. The secondary outcomes are the PI-NRS, analgesic consumption, opioid-related side effects, time to first passing flatus, quality of life and adverse events evaluated 6, 12, 24 and 36 hours and 7 days after surgery.Ethics and disseminationThe study was planned in accordance with the Helsinki Declaration and the Korean Good Clinical Practice Guidelines to protect the participants and was approved by the institutional review board (IRB) of Kyung Hee University Medical Center (KMC IRB-1427–02). The results will be disseminated in peer-reviewed journals and presented at international conferences.Trial registration numberClinical Research Information Service (KCT0001328).

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Application of magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol in patients undergoing hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26722/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng-fei Gao ◽

Jing-yan Lin ◽

Shun Wang ◽

Yun-feng Zhang ◽

Guo-qiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Magnesium Sulphate ◽

Intravenous Infusion ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Serum Magnesium ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Magnesium Concentration ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group

Abstract Background: The purpose of the study was to applicate magnesium sulphate as a " multimodal general anesthesia" protocol to reduce perioperative opioids requirements in patients undergoing hysteroscopy.Methods: 70 patients scheduled for hysteroscopy were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in Group M received intravenous magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of isotonic saline over 15 min before fentanyl injection and then 15 mg/kg per hour by continuous intravenous infusion. Patients in the control group received an equal volume of normal saline as placebo. All patients were anesthetized under a BIS guided monitored anesthesia care with propofol and fentanyl. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables were recorded and postoperative pain scores were assessed with verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours after recovery of consciousness. The primary outcome of our study was total amount of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics administered.Results: Postoperative serum magnesium concentrations in Group C were significantly decreased than preoperative levels (0.86 ± 0.06 to 0.80 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P=0.001) while there was no statistical change in Group M (0.86 ± 0.07 to 0.89 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P=0.129). Bradycardia did not occur in either group and the incidence of hypotension was comparable between the two groups. Total dose of fentanyl given to patients in Group M was less than the one administered to Group C [100 (75-150) vs 145 (75-175) μg, median (range); P < 0.001]. Fewer patients in Group M required additional analgesics postoperatively. In addition, patients receiving magnesium displayed lower VNRS scores at 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours postoperatively. Conclusions: Intravenous infusion of magnesium sulphate significantly reduces postoperative pain and perioperative opioid requirements without increasing the risk of cardiovascular side effects. Meanwhile, it was beneficial to maintain a stable serum magnesium concentration after the procedure.Trial registration: www.chictr.org.cn ChiCTR1900024596 date of registration: July 18th 2019.

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Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative catheter-related bladder discomfort in male patients under general anesthesia: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-39598/v3 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Hong Chen ◽

Bin Wang ◽

Qin Li ◽

Juan Zhou ◽

Rui Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Patient Satisfaction ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Numerical Rating Scale ◽

Intravesical Instillation ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Post Operation ◽

Male Patients

Abstract Background: The catheter-related bladder discomfort (CRBD) of male patients is a common clinical problem, albeit lacking effective solutions. The present study aimed to investigate whether intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation alleviates the postoperative urinary discomfort in male patients with catheter under general anesthesia. Methods: This single-blinded, prospective, randomized study included a total of 167 male patients American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status I-II scheduled for surgery under general anesthesia were allocated to two groups: 84 in the dexmedetomidine group and 83 in the control group. Dexmedetomidine group patients received intravesical instillation of the drug 0.5 μg/kg and normal saline 20 mL, while the control group received intravesical instillation of 20 mL normal saline. The catheter was clamped for 30 min after intravesical instillation for all patients. Bladder stimulation scales and urethra pain numerical rating scale (NRS) scores were measured at admittance to post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) (T0), intravesical instillation (T1), 30 min (T2), 60 min (T3), 2 h (T4) after intravesical instillation, discharged from PACU (T5), and 6 h (T6) and 24 h (T7) after the operation. Patient satisfaction at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation were compared between the two groups. Results: Bladder stimulation scales and urethra pain NRS scores after 30 min of intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation to 24 h post-operation were significantly lower than the control group (p<0.001), and patient satisfaction was higher at discharge from PACU and 24 h post-operation (p<0.001). No diﬀerences were detected in Steward score out of PACU (p=0.213) and from the time of the end of operation to fully awake (p=0.417). Conclusion: Intravesical dexmedetomidine instillation reduces postoperative urinary discomfort and urethra pain and improves satisfaction in male patients under general anesthesia.

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The Effect of Gamification through a Virtual Reality on Preoperative Anxiety in Pediatric Patients Undergoing General Anesthesia: A Prospective, Randomized, and Controlled Trial

Journal of Clinical Medicine ◽

10.3390/jcm7090284 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. 284 ◽

Cited By ~ 20

Author(s):

Jung-Hee Ryu ◽

Jin-Woo Park ◽

Francis Nahm ◽

Young-Tae Jeon ◽

Ah-Young Oh ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Virtual Reality ◽

General Anesthesia ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Elective Surgery ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Final Analysis ◽

Preoperative Anxiety ◽

Control Group ◽

Behavior Rating Scale ◽

Anxiety Induction

The use of gamification in healthcare has been gaining popularity. This prospective, randomized, clinical trial was designed to evaluate whether gamification of the preoperative process—via virtual reality (VR) gaming that provides a vivid, immersive and realistic experience—could reduce preoperative anxiety in children. Seventy children scheduled for elective surgery under general anesthesia were randomly divided into either the control or gamification group. Children in the control group received conventional education regarding the preoperative process, whereas those in the gamification group played a 5 min VR game experiencing the preoperative experience. Preoperative anxiety, induction compliance checklist (ICC), and procedural behavior rating scale (PBRS) were measured. Sixty-nine children were included in the final analysis (control group = 35, gamification = 34). Preoperative anxiety (28.3 [23.3–36.7] vs. 46.7 [31.7–51.7]; p < 0.001) and intraoperative compliance measured using ICC (p = 0.038) were lower in the gamification group than in the control group. However, PBRS (p = 0.092) and parent/guardian satisfaction (p = 0.268) were comparable between the two groups. VR experience of the preoperative process could reduce preoperative anxiety and improve compliance during anesthetic induction in children undergoing elective surgery and general anesthesia.

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Antinociceptive effects of magnesium sulfate for monitored anesthesia care during hysteroscopy: a randomized controlled study

10.21203/rs.3.rs-26722/v5 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Peng-fei Gao ◽

Jing-yan Lin ◽

Shun Wang ◽

Yun-feng Zhang ◽

Guo-qiang Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Side Effects ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Magnesium Sulfate ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Isotonic Saline ◽

Controlled Study ◽

Control Group ◽

Anesthesia Induction ◽

Anesthesia Care ◽

Monitored Anesthesia Care

Abstract Background: Opioids are the most effective antinociceptive agents, they have undesirable side effects such as respiratory depressant and postoperative nausea and vomiting. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the antinociceptive efficacy of adjuvant magnesium sulphate to reduce intraoperative and postoperative opioids requirements and their related side effects during hysteroscopy.Methods: 70 patients scheduled for hysteroscopy were randomly divided into 2 groups. Patients in the magnesium group (Group M) received intravenous magnesium sulfate 50 mg/kg in 100 ml of isotonic saline over 15 min before anesthesia induction and then 15 mg/kg per hour by continuous intravenous infusion. Patients in the control group (Group C) received an equal volume of isotonic saline as placebo. All patients were anesthetized under a BIS guided monitored anesthesia care with propofol and fentanyl. Intraoperative hemodynamic variables were recorded and postoperative pain scores were assessed with verbal numerical rating scale (VNRS) 1 min, 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours after recovery of consciousness. The primary outcome of our study was total amount of intraoperative and postoperative analgesics administered.Results: Postoperative serum magnesium concentrations in Group C were significantly decreased than preoperative levels (0.86 ± 0.06 to 0.80 ± 0.08 mmol/L, P=0.001) while there was no statistical change in Group M (0.86 ± 0.07 to 0.89 ± 0.07 mmol/L, P=0.129). Bradycardia did not occur in either group and the incidence of hypotension was comparable between the two groups. Total dose of fentanyl given to patients in Group M was less than the one administered to Group C [100 (75-150) vs 145 (75-175) μg, median (range); P < 0.001]. In addition, patients receiving magnesium displayed lower VNRS scores at 15 min, 30 min, 1 hour, and 4 hours postoperatively.Conclusions: In hysteroscopy, adjuvant magnesium administration is beneficial to reduce intraoperative fentanyl requirement and postoperative pain without cardiovascular side effects. Our study indicates that if surgical patients have risk factors for hypomagnesemia, assessing and correcting magnesium level will be necessary.Trial registration: www.chictr.org.cn ChiCTR1900024596. date of registration: July 18th 2019.

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Comparison of Surgical Pleth Index–guided Analgesia with Conventional Analgesia Practices in Children

Anesthesiology ◽

10.1097/aln.0000000000000650 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 122 (6) ◽

pp. 1280-1287 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

Ji Hye Park ◽

Byung Gun Lim ◽

Heezoo Kim ◽

Il Ok Lee ◽

Myoung Hoon Kong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Postoperative Pain ◽

Pain Score ◽

Primary Outcome ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

Control Group ◽

Emergence Agitation ◽

Double Blind ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

Fentanyl Consumption ◽

High Emergence

Abstract Background: To compare surgical pleth index (SPI)-guided analgesia with conventional analgesia by evaluating intraoperative analgesic requirements, postoperative pain, and emergence agitation in children. Methods: This study was designed as a parallel, two-arm, double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Forty-five children undergoing elective adenotonsillectomy were randomly allocated to SPI-guided group (SPI-guided analgesia group, n = 21) or control group (conventional analgesia group, n = 24). Anesthesia was maintained with sevoflurane 2 to 3 vol% in 50% nitrous oxide and oxygen to achieve state entropy between 40 and 60. Intraoperative fentanyl 0.5 μg/kg was administered for the first event persisting 3 min and subsequent events persisting 5 min. An event was defined as an SPI over 50 (SPI-guided group) or a blood pressure or heart rate 20% above the baseline (control group). The primary outcome was intraoperative fentanyl requirement. Secondary outcomes included intraoperative sevoflurane consumption, postoperative emergence agitation and pain score, and postoperative rescue analgesic requirements. Results: Intraoperative fentanyl requirement was lower in SPI-guided group than in control group (0.43 ± 0.53 vs. 1.73 ± 0.59 μg/kg; P < 0.001). Intraoperative sevoflurane consumption was similar. The proportion of patients with high emergence agitation scores (4 to 5) was greater in SPI-guided group (61.9 vs. 25.0%; P = 0.01). The postoperative pain score and rescue fentanyl consumption were higher in SPI-guided group (7 [4.5; 9] vs. 3 [2; 6.75]; P = 0.002; 0.50 ± 0.34 vs. 0.29 ± 0.30 μg/kg; P = 0.04). Conclusions: As currently constructed, SPI does not appear to be valid in children. This may be due to both differences in blood vessel distensibility and baseline increased heart rates in children versus adults.

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The Effects of Magnesium Sulfate with Lidocaine for Infraclavicular Brachial Plexus Block for Upper Extremity Surgeries

Journal of Brachial Plexus and Peripheral Nerve Injury ◽

10.1055/s-0040-1715578 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 15 (01) ◽

pp. e33-e39 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Siavash Beiranvand ◽

Arash Karimi ◽

Majid Haghighat Shoar ◽

Maryam Baghizadeh Baghdashti

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Magnesium Sulfate ◽

Normal Saline ◽

Motor Block ◽

Control Group ◽

Case Group ◽

Hemodynamic Parameters ◽

Infraclavicular Block

Abstract Background An addition of analgesic to anesthetic agents is likely to increase the effects of anesthesia and reduce associated adverse outcomes. Several adjuvants are studied in this regard. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of adding a magnesium adjunct to lidocaine for the induction of infraclavicular block. Methods Patients referred to Shohada Ashayer Hospital, Khorramabad, for wrist and hand surgery were enrolled in this study. The intervention/case group included patients who received 18 mL lidocaine (2%) + 2 mL magnesium sulfate (50%), 10 mL normal saline; control group: 18 mL lidocaine (2%) + 12 mL of normal saline. After the induction of ultrasound-guided infraclavicular block, parameters such as duration of reach with respect to complete sensory and motor block, hemodynamic parameters (hypotension and bradycardia), and postoperative pain, using visual analogue scale criteria, were measured. The obtained data were analyzed using a Bayesian path analysis model. Results A total of 30 patients were included in each group. In the case group, sensory and motor block was achieved for 12.136 ± 4.96 and 13 ± 3.589 minutes more than those in the control group. The duration of sedation and immobilization was 2.57 ± 0.764 minute and 4.66 ± 0.909 minutes lengthier in the case group. Regarding the hemodynamic parameters, blood pressure was 0.217 ± 5.031 and 1.59 ± 5.14 units lower in the case group, immediately following the block and the surgery. Similarly, heart rate was 0.776 ± 4.548 and 0.39 ± 3.987 units higher in the case group, after 30 minutes and 2 hours of the procedure. A decrease in the pain was seen at 8, 10, and 12 hours after the surgery, as compared with the control group. An addition of magnesium to lidocaine for infraclavicular block resulted in a significantly longer sedation and immobilization period and decreased postoperative pain at 12 hours. Conclusion Heart rate and blood pressure did not decrease significantly in the case group. It can be concluded that addition of magnesium sulfate to lidocaine can produce better anesthetic and analgesic outcomes with low-to-no adverse effects.

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