scholarly journals Lipopeptides as the Antifungal and Antibacterial Agents: Applications in Food Safety and Therapeutics

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Khem Raj Meena ◽  
Shamsher S. Kanwar
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Biological Origin ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Potential Inhibitors ◽  
Global Food

A lot of crops are destroyed by the phytopathogens such as fungi, bacteria, and yeast leading to economic losses to the farmers. Members of theBacillusgenus are considered as the factories for the production of biologically active molecules that are potential inhibitors of growth of phytopathogens. Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and thus cause extended environmental pollution. Moreover, an increasing number of phytopathogens have developed resistance to antimicrobial agents. The lipopeptides have been tried as potent versatile weapons to deal with a variety of phytopathogens. All the three families ofBacilluslipopeptides, namely, Surfactins, Iturins and Fengycins, have been explored for their antagonistic activities towards a wide range of phytopathogens including bacteria, fungi, and oomycetes. Iturin and Fengycin have antifungal activities, while Surfactin has broad range of potent antibacterial activities and this has also been used as larvicidal agent. Interestingly, lipopeptides being the molecules of biological origin are environmentally acceptable.

scholarly journals Nonedible Vegetable Oil-Based Polyols in Anticorrosive and Antimicrobial Polyurethane Coatings

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (18) ◽  
pp. 3149
Author(s):  
Chandrashekhar K. Patil ◽  
Dong Wook Jung ◽  
Harishchandra D. Jirimali ◽  
Joon Hyun Baik ◽  
Vikas V. Gite ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Microbial Growth ◽  
Corrosion Inhibitors ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Marginal Land ◽  
Plant Resources ◽  
Surface Corrosion ◽  
Global Food

This review describes the preparation of nonedible vegetable oil (NEVO)-based polyols and their application in anticorrosive and antimicrobial polyurethane (PU) coatings. PUs are a class of versatile polymers made up of polyols and isocyanates. Renewable vegetable oils are promising resources for the development of ecofriendly polyols and the corresponding PUs. Researchers are interested in NEVOs because they provide an alternative to critical global food issues. The cultivation of plant resources for NEVOs can also be popularized globally by utilizing marginal land or wastelands. Polyols can be prepared from NEVOs following different conversion routes, including esterification, etherification, amidation, ozonolysis, hydrogenation, hydroformylation, thio-ene, acrylation, and epoxidation. These polyols can be incorporated into the PU network for coating applications. Metal surface corrosion and microbial growth are severe problems that cause enormous economic losses annually. These problems can be overcome by NEVO-based PU coatings, incorporating functional ingredients such as corrosion inhibitors and antimicrobial agents. The preferred coatings have great potential in high performance, smart, and functional applications, including in biomedical fields, to cope with emerging threats such as COVID-19.

scholarly journals Enzymatic degradation is an effective means to reduce aflatoxin contamination in maize

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Monica A. Schmidt ◽  
Yizhou Mao ◽  
Joseph Opoku ◽  
Hillary L. Mehl
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Aflatoxin Contamination ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Degrading Enzyme ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Embryo Tissue ◽  
Cellular Compartmentalization ◽  
Maize Kernels ◽  
Global Food

Abstract Background Aflatoxins are carcinogenic compounds produced by certain species of Aspergillus fungi. The consumption of crops contaminated with this toxin cause serious detrimental health effects, including death, in both livestock and humans. As a consequence, both the detection and quantification of this toxin in food/feed items is tightly regulated with crops exceeding the allowed limits eliminated from food chains. Globally, this toxin causes massive agricultural and economic losses each year. Results In this paper we investigate the feasibility of using an aflatoxin-degrading enzyme strategy to reduce/eliminate aflatoxin loads in developing maize kernels. We used an endoplasmic reticulum (ER) targeted sub-cellular compartmentalization stabilizing strategy to accumulate an aflatoxin-degrading enzyme isolated from the edible Honey mushroom Armillariella tabescens and expressed it in embryo tissue in developing maize kernels. Three transgenic maize lines that were determined to be expressing the aflatoxin-degrading enzyme both at the RNA and protein level, were challenged with the aflatoxin-producing strain Aspergillus flavus AF13 and shown to accumulate non-detectable levels of aflatoxin at 14-days post-infection and significantly reduced levels of aflatoxin at 30-days post-infection compared to nontransgenic control Aspergillus-challenged samples. Conclusions The expression of an aflatoxin-degrading enzyme in developing maize kernels was shown to be an effective means to control aflatoxin in maize in pre-harvest conditions. This aflatoxin-degradation strategy could play a significant role in the enhancement of both US and global food security and sustainability.

The plant beneficial rhizobacterium Bacillus velezensis FZB42 controls the soybean pathogen Phytophthora sojae due to bacilysin production

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xingshan Han ◽  
Dongxia Shen ◽  
Qin Xiong ◽  
Beihua Bao ◽  
Wenbo Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pectate Lyase ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Antibacterial Activities ◽  
Phytophthora Sojae ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Bacillus Velezensis ◽  
Soybean Seedlings ◽  
Plant Growth Promoting

Soybean root rot caused by the oomycete Phytophthora sojae is a serious soil-borne disease threatening soybean production in China. Bacillus velezensis FZB42 is a model strain for Gram-positive plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria and is able to produce multiple antibiotics. In this study, we demonstrated that B. velezensis FZB42 can efficiently antagonize P. sojae. The underlying mechanism for the inhibition was then investigated. The FZB42 mutants deficient in the synthesis of lipopeptides (bacillomycin D and fengycin), known for antifungal activities, and polyketides (bacillaene, difficidin, and macrolactin), known for antibacterial activities, were not impaired in their antagonism toward P. sojae ; in contrast, mutants deficient in bacilysin biosynthesis completely lost their antagonistic activities toward P. sojae , indicating that bacilysin was responsible for the activity. Isolated pure bacilysin confirmed this inference. Bacilysin was previously shown to be antagonistic mainly toward prokaryotic bacteria rather than eukaryotes. Here, we found that bacilysin could severely damage the hyphal structures of P. sojae and lead to the loss of their intracellular contents. A device was invented allowing interactions between P. sojae and B. velezensis FZB42 on nutrient agar. In this manner, the effect of FZB42 on P. sojae was studied by transcriptomics. FZB42 significantly inhibited the expression of P. sojae genes related to growth, macromolecule biosynthesis, pathogenicity, and ribosomes. Among them, the genes for pectate lyase were the most significantly downregulated. Additionally, we showed that bacilysin effectively prevents soybean sprouts from being infected by P. sojae and could antagonize diverse Phytophthora species, such as P. palmivora , P. melonis , P. capsici , P. litchi , and, most importantly, P. infestans . Importance Phytophthora spp. are widespread eukaryotic phytopathogens and often extremely harmful. Phytophthora can infect many types of plants important to agriculture and forestry and thus cause large economic losses. Perhaps due to inappropriate recognition of Phytophthora as a common pathogen in history, research on the biological control of Phytophthora is limited. This study shows that B. velezensis FZB42 can antagonize various Phytophthora species and prevent the infection of soybean seedlings by P. sojae . The antibiotic produced by FZB42, bacilysin, which was previously known to have antibacterial effectiveness, is responsible for the inhibitory action against Phytophthora . We further showed that some Phytophthora genes and pathways may be targeted in future biocontrol studies. Therefore, our data provide a basis for the development of new tools for the prevention and control of root and stem rot in soybean and other plant diseases caused by Phytophthora .

scholarly journals The antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of extracts obtained from some moss species in Turkey

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 52-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ömer Ertürk ◽  
Huseyin Sahin ◽  
Emine Y. Ertürk ◽  
Hilal Ebru Hotaman ◽  
Bahadir Koz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Activity ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Antioxidant Activities ◽  
Radical Scavenging ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Biologically Active ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Antioxidant Power ◽  
Moss Species ◽  
Pharmacologically Active

SummaryIntroduction:Pharmaceutical industry is forced to develop new pharmacologically active molecules. Like other plants, mosses are considered to be potential source of new biologically active compounds.Objective:The present study was designed to evaluate the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of 8 moss species:Hypnum cupressiforme, Homalothecium sericeum, Thuidium delicatulum, Homalothecium lutescens, Homalothecium nitens,Leucodon sciuroides, Ctenidium molluscum,andEurhynchium striatulumobtained from Turkey.Methods:The antimicrobial activity of extracts was investigated against four Gram (+) and six Gram (−) bacterial strains and three tested fungi. Total phenolic content (TPC), cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), and DPPH radical scavenging activity assays were applied to determine the antioxidant activity.Results:All moss extacts were found to be active against all the organisms exceptHomalothecium nitens.Especially,H. sericeumandE. striatulumshowed the best antioxidant activity.Conclusion:The obtained results show that mosses may be used as possible natural antioxidant, antimicrobial agents to control various human, animal and plant diseases.

scholarly journals The persistent threat of emerging plant disease pandemics to global food security

2021 ◽  
Vol 118 (23) ◽  
pp. e2022239118
Author(s):  
Jean B. Ristaino ◽  
Pamela K. Anderson ◽  
Daniel P. Bebber ◽  
Kate A. Brauman ◽  
Nik J. Cunniffe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Integrated Research ◽  
Global Food ◽  
Detection Technologies

Plant disease outbreaks are increasing and threaten food security for the vulnerable in many areas of the world. Now a global human pandemic is threatening the health of millions on our planet. A stable, nutritious food supply will be needed to lift people out of poverty and improve health outcomes. Plant diseases, both endemic and recently emerging, are spreading and exacerbated by climate change, transmission with global food trade networks, pathogen spillover, and evolution of new pathogen lineages. In order to tackle these grand challenges, a new set of tools that include disease surveillance and improved detection technologies including pathogen sensors and predictive modeling and data analytics are needed to prevent future outbreaks. Herein, we describe an integrated research agenda that could help mitigate future plant disease pandemics.

scholarly journals Inhibition of Fungal and Bacterial Plant Pathogens In Vitro and In Planta with Ultrashort Cationic Lipopeptides

2007 ◽  
Vol 73 (20) ◽  
pp. 6629-6636 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arik Makovitzki ◽  
Ada Viterbo ◽  
Yariv Brotman ◽  
Ilan Chet ◽  
Yechiel Shai
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Microscopic Analysis ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
In Planta ◽  
Global Food Security

ABSTRACT Plant diseases constitute an emerging threat to global food security. Many of the currently available antimicrobial agents for agriculture are highly toxic and nonbiodegradable and cause extended environmental pollution. Moreover, an increasing number of phytopathogens develop resistance to them. Recently, we have reported on a new family of ultrashort antimicrobial lipopeptides which are composed of only four amino acids linked to fatty acids (A. Makovitzki, D. Avrahami, and Y. Shai, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 103:15997-16002, 2006). Here, we investigated the activities in vitro and in planta and the modes of action of these short lipopeptides against plant-pathogenic bacteria and fungi. They act rapidly, at low micromolar concentrations, on the membranes of the microorganisms via a lytic mechanism. In vitro microscopic analysis revealed wide-scale damage to the microorganism's membrane, in addition to inhibition of pathogen growth. In planta potent antifungal activity was demonstrated on cucumber fruits and leaves infected with the pathogen Botrytis cinerea as well as on corn leaves infected with Cochliobolus heterostrophus. Similarly, treatment with the lipopeptides of Arabidopsis leaves infected with the bacterial leaf pathogen Pseudomonas syringae efficiently and rapidly reduced the number of bacteria. Importantly, in contrast to what occurred with many native lipopeptides, no toxicity was observed on the plant tissues. These data suggest that the ultrashort lipopeptides could serve as native-like antimicrobial agents economically feasible for use in plant protection.

scholarly journals Chp8, a Diguanylate Cyclase from Pseudomonas syringae pv. Tomato DC3000, Suppresses the Pathogen-Associated Molecular Pattern Flagellin, Increases Extracellular Polysaccharides, and Promotes Plant Immune Evasion

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Engl ◽  
Christopher J. Waite ◽  
Joseph F. McKenna ◽  
Mark H. Bennett ◽  
Thorsten Hamann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Plant Pathogen ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Extracellular Polysaccharides ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Global Food Security ◽  
Plant Infection ◽  
Molecular Pattern ◽  
Global Food

ABSTRACTThe bacterial plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaecauses disease in a wide range of plants. The associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. Competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways.P. syringaeuses a type III secretion system (T3SS) to deliver virulence factors into the plant that promote survival of the bacterium. TheP. syringaeT3SS is a product of the hypersensitive response and pathogenicity (hrp) and hypersensitive response and conserved (hrc) gene cluster, which is strictly controlled by the codependent enhancer-binding proteins HrpR and HrpS. Through a combination of bacterial gene regulation and phenotypic studies, plant infection assays, and plant hormone quantifications, we now report that Chp8 (i) is embedded in the Hrp regulon and expressed in response to plant signals and HrpRS, (ii) is a functional diguanylate cyclase, (iii) decreases the expression of the major pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) flagellin and increases extracellular polysaccharides (EPS), and (iv) impacts the salicylic acid/jasmonic acid hormonal immune response and disease progression. We propose that Chp8 expression dampens PAMP-triggered immunity during early plant infection.IMPORTANCEThe global demand for food is projected to rise by 50% by 2030 and, as such, represents one of the major challenges of the 21st century, requiring improved crop management. Diseases caused by plant pathogens decrease crop yields, result in significant economic losses, and threaten global food security. Gaining mechanistic insights into the events at the plant-pathogen interface and employing this knowledge to make crops more resilient is one important strategy for improving crop management. Plant-pathogen interactions are characterized by the sophisticated interplay between plant immunity elicited upon pathogen recognition and immune evasion by the pathogen. Here, we identify Chp8 as a contributor to the major effort of the plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaepv. tomato DC3000 to evade immune responses of the plant.

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