scholarly journals Secretory Products ofTrichinella spiralisMuscle Larvae and Immunomodulation: Implication for Autoimmune Diseases, Allergies, and Malignancies

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ljiljana Sofronic-Milosavljevic ◽  
Natasa Ilic ◽  
Elena Pinelli ◽  
Alisa Gruden-Movsesijan
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Model Studies ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
New Type ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Inflammatory Milieu ◽  
Unique Ability

Trichinella spiralishas the unique ability to make itself “at home” by creating and hiding in a new type of cell in the host body that is the nurse cell. From this immunologically privileged place, the parasite orchestrates a long-lasting molecular cross talk with the host through muscle larvae excretory-secretory products (ES L1). Those products can successfully modulate parasite-specific immune responses as well as responses to unrelated antigens (either self or nonself in origin), providing an anti-inflammatory milieu and maintaining homeostasis. It is clear, based on the findings from animal model studies, thatT. spiralisand its products induce an immunomodulatory network (which encompasses Th2- and Treg-type responses) that may allow the host to deal with various hyperimmune-associated disorders as well as tumor growth, although the latter still remains unclear. This review focuses on studies of the molecules released byT. spiralis, their interaction with pattern recognition receptors on antigen presenting cells, and subsequently provoked responses. This paper also addresses the immunomodulatory properties of ES L1 molecules and how the induced immunomodulation influences the course of different experimental inflammatory and malignant diseases.

Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae release extracellular vesicles with immunomodulatory properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 41 (10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maja Kosanović ◽  
Jelena Cvetković ◽  
Alisa Gruden‐Movsesijan ◽  
Saša Vasilev ◽  
Milanović Svetlana ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Extracellular Vesicles ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Immunomodulatory Properties

Trichinella spiralis muscle larvae excretory–secretory products induce changes in cytoskeletal and myogenic transcription factors in primary myoblast cultures

2018 ◽  
Vol 48 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 275-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lizbeth Hernández-Ancheyta ◽  
María del Rosario Salinas-Tobón ◽  
Juan Carlos Cifuentes-Goches ◽  
Javier Hernández-Sánchez
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Primary Myoblast ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Secretory Products

scholarly journals Trichinella spiralis Excretory–Secretory Products Stimulate Host Regulatory T Cell Differentiation through Activating Dendritic Cells

Cells ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1404 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sun ◽  
Guo ◽  
Hao ◽  
Zhan ◽  
Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dendritic Cells ◽  
T Cell ◽  
Regulatory T Cell ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Treg Cells ◽  
Chronic Infections ◽  
Cell Responses ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Secretory Products

Trichinella spiralis maintains chronic infections within its host, involving a variety of immunomodulatory properties, the mechanisms of which have not been completely elucidated. In this study, we found that T. spiralis infection induced strong regulatory T cell responses through parasite excretory–secretory (ES) products, characterized by increase of CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ and CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg cells accompanied by high levels of IL-10 and TGF-β. T. spiralis adult worm excretory–secretory products (AES) and muscle larvae excretory–secretory products (MES) were both able to activate BMDCs in vitro to facilitate their maturation and to create regulatory cytokines IL-10 and TGF-β. The T. spiralis AES- and MES-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) possessed abilities not only to present antigens to sensitized CD4+ T cell to stimulate their proliferation but also to induce naive CD4+ T cells to differentiate to Treg cells secreting IL-10 and TGF-β. The passive transfer of T. spiralis AES- and MES-pulsed bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) conferred the naive mice to acquire the differentiation of Treg cells. T. spiralis AES possesses a better ability to induce Treg cells than did MES, although the latter has the ability to induce CD4+CD25−Foxp3+ Treg cells. The results obtained in this study suggested that T. spiralis ES products stimulate the differentiation of host Treg cells possibly through activating dendritic cells to create a regulatory environment that benefits the survival of the parasite in the host.

Antigen production by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis

1985 ◽  
Vol 59 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-77 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. I. Pritchard
Keyword(s):  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Antigen Production ◽  
Close Proximity ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Unlabelled Antibody

AbstractThe production of excretory-secretory antigens by encysted muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis has been investigated immuno-histochemically using an antiserum raised by infection in rabbits and purified both before and after conjugation by ion-exchange chromatography. The specificity of the antibody for excretory-secretory products was demonstrated by the pattern of staining of live worms in vitro and the failure of the labelled antibody to stain dead, non-metabolizing worms. Using this labelled antibody, and unlabelled antibody in the immunoperoxidase system, the presence of parasite antigen-bearing cells in close proximity to encysted muscle larvae has been demonstrated. This is believed to be the first demonstration of antigen production by encysted muscle larvae in vivo. The implications of this observation to current concepts of immunity to Trichinella spiralis are discussed.

scholarly journals Primary characterization of the immune responses in Tibetan pigs infected with Chinese Tibet isolate of Trichinella spiralis

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Tingting ◽  
Li Wenhui ◽  
Zhang Nianzhang ◽  
Qu Zigang ◽  
John A Ohiolei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Transforming Growth Factor ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Interferon Γ ◽  
Tibet Plateau ◽  
Interleukin 12 ◽  
Tibetan Pigs ◽  
Field Samples ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
High Level

Abstract Background Trichinellosis, caused by Trichinella spiralis, is a serious foodborne parasitic zoonosis. Tibetan pig is an infrequent, endemic plateau pig species, mainly distributed in Tibet Plateau, China. Because of the free-range system, Tibetan pigs are at risk of infection with Trichinella. The present study aimed to primarily profile the characteristics of T. spiralis infection in Tibetan pigs, including IgG levels, larvae burdens, and cytokines. Results The immune responses to Chinese Tibet T. spiralis isolate infection in Tibetan pigs with different doses were investigated in a tracking duration of 49 days. The muscle larvae per gram (lpg) were evaluated at 105 days post-infection (dpi). The results showed that the mean larval number of T. spiralis in Tibetan pigs increased with infective dose, with average lpg values of 3.5, 50.4 and 115.6 for Tibetan pigs infected with 200, 2,000, and 20,000 muscle larvae (ML) of T. spiralis. The anti-Trichinella IgG increased with inoculum dose and dpi, and peaked at 49 dpi. The kinetics of cytokines in the sera was detected by microarray, including interferon-γ (IFN-γ), interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-8, IL-12, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, Granulocyte-macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor (GM-CSF), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1. The Th1/Th2 mixed cytokines were detectable in all samples. Interleukin-12 demonstrated the highest concentration compared to other cytokines and peaked at 42 dpi. Almost all cytokines were maintained at a high level at 42 dpi. Additionally, we also report a Trichinella seropositive rate of 43.9 % (18 out of 41) from field samples of Tibetan pigs. Conclusions The present study showed an increased Th1/Th2 mixed cytokines in Tibetan pigs elicited by T. spiralis. The high seroprevalence of Trichinella infection in field samples of Tibetan pigs further raises serious concern for the prevention and control of trichinellosis in this host for public health safety.

Inhibition of mammalian muscle differentiation by excretory secretory products of muscle larvae of Trichinella spiralis in vitro

2011 ◽  
Vol 110 (6) ◽  
pp. 2481-2490 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xue Bai ◽  
Xiuping Wu ◽  
Xuelin Wang ◽  
Xiaolei Liu ◽  
Yanxia Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Muscle Differentiation ◽  
Mammalian Muscle ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Secretory Products

Immunoparasitological parameters of the intestinal phase of trichinellosis in rats

Parasitology ◽  
2003 ◽  
Vol 126 (4) ◽  
pp. 321-325 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. G. NUÑEZ ◽  
S. N. COSTANTINO ◽  
S. M. VENTURIELLO
Keyword(s):  
Positive Result ◽  
Adult Worm ◽  
Immune Complexes ◽  
Trichinella Spiralis ◽  
Specific Ige ◽  
Intestinal Phase ◽  
Muscle Larvae ◽  
Conventional Elisa ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Early Phases

Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed in order to detect coproantigens (CAgs), coproantibodies (CAbs) and faecal immune complexes (FIC) in rats experimentally infected with Trichinella spiralis. The usefulness of these assays was compared to that of a conventional ELISA for detection of serum antibodies (Abs) to muscle larvae excretory–secretory products (ML–ESP). The ELISA for CAgs was the first parameter to give a positive result but the detection was limited only to day 2 p.i. CAbs against ML–ESP and adult worm excretory–secretory products (AW–ESP) was first positive on day 4 p.i. Anti-ML–ESP remained positive until day 12 p.i. while CAbs against AW–ESP remained positive throughout the study period. Specific IgE and IgA were found. FIC were detected between days 2 and 8 p.i. Serum Abs began to appear on day 10 p.i. Therefore, the ELISA for CAbs was a suitable assay for the detection of the enteral and early phases of the infection.

Excretory–secretory products of helminth parasites: effects on host immune responses

Parasitology ◽  
1988 ◽  
Vol 96 (S1) ◽  
pp. S123-S166 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. W. Lightowlers ◽  
M. D. Rickard
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Inflammatory Responses ◽  
Helminth Parasites ◽  
Host Immune Responses ◽  
Parasitic Helminths ◽  
Protective Antigens ◽  
Helminth Infections ◽  
Secretory Products ◽  
Antigen Presenting ◽  
Host Parasite

SUMMARYParasitic helminths excrete or secrete (ES) a variety of molecules into their mammalian hosts. The effects of these ES products on the host's immune responses are reviewed. Investigations into the source of antigenic or immunoregulatory ES products have identified the cuticular and tegumental surfaces of some nematodes and trematodes respectively as being important sources of ES products; other ES molecules are released through specialized excretory or secretory organs. It is proposed that the active shedding of surface antigens may serve as an important source of parasite antigens available to the immune system in a form in which they can be taken up and processed by antigen-presenting dendritic cells, macro-phages and certain B cells for presentation to T helper cells. The ES products of nematodes, trematodes and cestodes contribute to immune evasion strategies of the parasites through mechanisms including shedding of surface-bound ligands and cells, alteration of lymphocyte, macrophage and granulocyte functions and modulation of complement and other host inflammatory responses. Immunopathology may be induced by ES products as in the development of granulomas around entrapped schistosome eggs. In some host – parasite systems ES antigens may induce host-protective immune responses and this source of protective antigens has been utilized in the successful vaccination against helminth infections, particularly against infection with trichurid nematodes and the metacestode stage of cestode parasites. The use of ES antigens in immunodiagnosis of helminth infection is also briefly discussed.

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