Microstereolithography-Based Fabrication of Anatomically Shaped Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering

Porous ceramic scaffolds with shapes matching the bone defects may result in more efficient grafting and healing than the ones with simple geometries. Using computer-assisted microstereolithography (MSTL), we have developed a novel gelcasting indirect MSTL technology and successfully fabricated two scaffolds according to CT images of rabbit femur. Negative resin molds with outer 3D dimensions conforming to the femur and an internal structure consisting of stacked meshes with uniform interconnecting struts, 0.5 mm in diameter, were fabricated by MSTL. The second mold type was designed for cortical bone formation. A ceramic slurry of beta-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) with room temperature vulcanization (RTV) silicone as binder was cast into the molds. After the RTV silicone was completely cured, the composite was sintered at 1500°C for 5 h. Both gross anatomical shape and the interpenetrating internal network were preserved after sintering. Even cortical structure could be introduced into the customized scaffolds, which resulted in enhanced strength. Biocompatibility was confirmed by vital staining of rabbit bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on the customized scaffolds for 5 days. This fabrication method could be useful for constructing bone substitutes specifically designed according to local anatomical defects.

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Comparison of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate as bone substitutes after excision of bone tumors

Journal of Biomedical Materials Research ◽

10.1002/jbm.b.30136 ◽

2004 ◽

Vol 72B (1) ◽

pp. 94-101 ◽

Cited By ~ 166

Author(s):

Akira Ogose ◽

Tetsuo Hotta ◽

Hiroyuki Kawashima ◽

Naoki Kondo ◽

Wenguang Gu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Tumors ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate

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Characterization of Different Nanostructured Bone Substitute Biomaterials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.695 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 936 ◽

pp. 695-700 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Nelson Levandowski ◽

Nelson H.A. Camargo ◽

Daiara F. Silva ◽

Gisele M.L. Dalmônico ◽

Priscila F. Franczak

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Physicochemical Characterization ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Second Phase ◽

State University ◽

Transformation Kinetics ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Molecular Events ◽

Kinetics Of

The present research paper centers on physicochemical characterization of six nanostructured alloplastic bone substitutes developed at Santa Catarina State University (UDESC Brazil). In addition to identifying the main phases, the focus was to measure the morphological and microstructural features, which are believed to be crucial for controlling and guiding biological and molecular events. The studied samples exhibited rounded granules measuring 200μm 10(PO4)6(OH)2] was found as main phase for HAp, BCP and HAp/Al2O3 biomaterials. For HAp/TiO2n, HAp/SiO2n and β-TCP, the major phase was beta tricalcium phosphate [Ca3(PO4)2-β]. The results demonstrate that the presence of a second phase of nanometer order, at a hydroxyapatite bioceramic matrix, may modify the surface diffusion of the grains and the phase transformation kinetics of hydroxyapatite and beta tricalcium phosphate at temperatures up to 1100°C.

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IN VIVO EVALUATION OF A NEW β-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE BONE SUBSTITUTE IN A RABBIT FEMUR DEFECT MODEL

Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications ◽

10.4015/s1016237215500283 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 27 (03) ◽

pp. 1550028 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Kam-Kong Chan ◽

Chia-Hsien Chen ◽

Lien-Chen Wu ◽

Yi-Jie Kuo ◽

Chun-Jen Liao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Graft ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Substitute ◽

Zealand White Rabbit ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Bone Graft Substitute ◽

Defect Model ◽

In Vivo Evaluation ◽

Rabbit Femur

Calcium phosphate ceramics, of a similar composition to that of mineral bone, and which possess the properties of bioactivity and osteoconductivity, have been widely used as substitutes for bone graft in orthopedic, plastic and craniofacial surgeries. A synthetic β-tricalcium phosphate, Osteocera™, a recently developed bone graft substitute, has been used in this study. To evaluate the affinity and efficacy of Osteocera™ as bone defect implant, we used a New Zealand white rabbit femur defect model to test the osteoconductivity of this new bone substitute. Alternative commercially available bone substitutes, Triosite® and ProOsteon500, were used as the control materials. These three bone substitutes show good biocompatibility, and no abnormal inflammation either infection was seen at the implantation sites. In the histological and histomorphometric images, newly formed bone grew into the peripheral pores in the bone substitutes. After six months implantation, the volume of bone formation was found to be 20.5 ± 5.2%, 29.8 ± 6.5% and 75.5 ± 4.9% of the potential total cavity offered by ProOsteon500, Triosite® and Osteocera™, respectively. The newly formed bone area within the femur defect section for Osteocera™ was significantly larger than ProOsteon500 and Triosite®. We concluded that Osteocera™ shows better bioresorbability, biocompatibility and osteoconductivity in the rabbit femur defect model.

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THE USE OF POLY(L-LACTIC-CO-GLYCOLIC ACID)/TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE AS A BONE SUBSTITUTE IN RABBIT FEMUR DEFECTS MODEL

Biomedical Engineering Applications Basis and Communications ◽

10.4015/s1016237210002092 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 22 (04) ◽

pp. 263-270 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yi-Jie Kuo ◽

Chun-Jen Liao ◽

Gary Rau ◽

Chia-Hsien Chen ◽

Chih-Hong Yang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Substitute ◽

Glycolic Acid ◽

Postoperative Morbidity ◽

Zealand White Rabbit ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Autogenous Bone ◽

Defect Model ◽

Biodegradable Polyester ◽

Rabbit Femur

Autogenous bone grafting is still the gold standard for use in bone defects in orthopedic, plastic, and craniofacial surgeries. However, some patients are unable to provide sufficient quantity of bone and the high postoperative morbidity limits its clinical use. Currently, various bone substitutes are available for clinical applications, including calcium phosphate and biodegradable polyester. But hydroxyapatite is considered nondegradable and the degradation rate of biodegradable polyester is too fast, therefore both these biomaterials are hardly used clinically. To resolve this problem, we fabricated a biodegradable porous bone substitute by merging poly(L-lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (TCP), such that the new bone substitute could provide the advantages of both the materials. The New Zealand white rabbit femur defect model was used to assess the biocompatibility and degree of osteoconduction of this new bone substitute. There was no inflammatory reaction at the PLGA/TCP grafting site based on our macroscopic observations. Three months after grafting, the cavity and central portion of the created defect within the rabbit femur was filled with newly formed bone. Furthermore, the new ingrown bone tissues readily matured to secondary bone with Haversian systems similar to the surrounding cancellous bone. We conclude that the newly fabricated PLGA/TCP shows both excellent biocompatibility and effective osteoconduction.

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Osteopontin and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-Immunoreactivity in Critical Bone Defects Matrix Production: A Nano-Hydroxyapatite/Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate and Xenogeneic Hydroxyapatite Comparison

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11101048 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (10) ◽

pp. 1048

Author(s):

Ivonete Sena dos Santos ◽

Igor da Silva Brum ◽

Victor Hugo Vieira de Oliveira ◽

Ana Lucia Rosa Nascimento ◽

Lucio Frigo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bone Formation ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Wistar Rats ◽

Materials Science ◽

Bone Matrix ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Biological Behavior ◽

Ctrl Group ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Osteoblast Activity

The development of new bone substitutes has become an area of great interest in materials science. In fact, hydroxyapatite is the most commonly used biomaterial in defects that require bone reconstruction, and that is certainly why the discovery of new products with its formulation has been increasing continuously. The aim of this study was to analyze the biological behavior of a xenogeneic hydroxyapatite widely disclosed in the literature and a synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite/Beta tricalcium phosphate in critical defects in the calvaria of Wistar rats. For this, the groups were divided as follows: 24 adult male Wistar rats were used, weighing between 300 and 350 g, in three groups with eight animals each. In the CTRL group (control), only the clot was kept, without material insertion; in the Bioss group (bovine hydroxyapatite), Bio Oss®—Gleistlich® was introduced; and in the Blue Bone group (REG), the defect was filled in with synthetic nano-hydroxyapatite associated with betatriphosphate of calcium, Blue Bone®—Regener®. According to the results in Goldner’s Trichromics, we can observe a higher percentage of newly formed bone matrix in the REG group than in the CTRL and Bioss groups; in the VEGF, we had a more adequate cell modulation for blood vessel formation in the Blue Bone group (REG) compared to the Bioss and CTRL groups, while in osteopontin, a higher percentage of bone formation was observed in the Blue Bone group (REG) and Bioss group when compared to the CTRL group. We conclude that bone formation, mitosis-inducing cell modulation and main osteoblast activity were higher in the Blue Bone group (REG) than in the CTRL and Bioss groups.

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Superior Effect of MD05, Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate Coated With Recombinant Human Growth/Differentiation Factor-5, Compared to Conventional Bone Substitutes in the Rat Calvarial Defect Model

Journal of Periodontology ◽

10.1902/jop.2006.050328 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 77 (9) ◽

pp. 1582-1590 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Sylke Poehling ◽

Susanne D. Pippig ◽

Klaus Hellerbrand ◽

Michael Siedler ◽

Andreas Schütz ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Human Growth ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Calvarial Defect ◽

Defect Model ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Differentiation Factor ◽

Superior Effect ◽

Rat Calvarial Defect ◽

Growth Differentiation Factor 5

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ESTABLISHMENT OF PERMISSIBLE LIMITS FOR LEACHING SUBSTANCES FROM BONE SUBSTITUTES CONTAINING HYDROXYAPATITE AND BETA-TRICALCIUM PHOSPHATE

Measuring Equipment and Metrology ◽

10.23939/istcmtm2021.01.009 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 9-15

Author(s):

Vadym Chernobrovchenko ◽

◽

Kostiantyn Dyadyura ◽

Mark Balynskyi ◽

◽

...

Keyword(s):

Dissolution Rate ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Quantitative Research ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Biological Materials ◽

Biological Variation ◽

The Body ◽

Quantitative Research Methods ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Analytical Errors

It has been proven that the main factor in the uncertainty of laboratory results is biological variation, that is, a change in the composition of human biomaterials, reflecting the course of life processes in the body and is characterized by a combination of the constancy of the internal environment and dynamic fluctuations around the homeostasis point. The paper offers objectively substantiated recommendations for the accuracy of laboratory tests, established maximum allowable values of analytical errors of quantitative research methods (measurements) of physical quantities (composition and properties of components of biological materials, analytes) in samples of biological materials. The interpretation of LOD and LOQ for detecting the concentration of leaching micro-impurities in the bioliquid. The identified patterns indicate that the elements of microimpurities have different dissolution rates. The ratio of hydroxyapatite/tricalcium phosphate affects the dissolution rate of the material: the higher the content of β-tricalcium phosphate, the higher the dissolution rate. The results of the research allow establishing recommendations for reducing inaccuracies in determining the composition of bone substitutes based on hydroxyapatite/β-tricalcium phosphate, which is associated with manifestations of biological variation, reflecting the body’s response to various environmental factors and subject to statistical laws.

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Inflammatory-Driven Angiogenesis in Bone Augmentation with Bovine Hydroxyapatite, B-Tricalcium Phosphate, and Bioglasses: A Comparative Study

Journal of Immunology Research ◽

10.1155/2018/9349207 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vlad M. Anghelescu ◽

Ioana Neculae ◽

Octavian Dincă ◽

Cristian Vlădan ◽

Claudiu Socoliuc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Endothelial Cell ◽

Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bone Substitutes ◽

Collagen Iv ◽

Tissue Formation ◽

Bone Augmentation ◽

Bioactive Glasses ◽

Bone Engineering ◽

Beta Tricalcium Phosphate ◽

Bovine Hydroxyapatite

Introduction. The clinical use of bioactive materials for bone augmentation has remained a challenge because of predictability and effectiveness concerns, as well as increased costs. The purpose of this study was to analyse the ability to integrate bone substitutes by evaluating the immunohistochemical expression of the platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecules, vascular endothelial growth factor, collagen IV, laminin, and osteonectin, in the vicinity of bone grafts, enabling tissue revascularization and appearance of bone lamellae. There is a lack of in vivo studies of inflammatory-driven angiogenesis in bone engineering using various grafts. Methods. The study was performed in animal experimental model on the standardized monocortical defects in the tibia of 20 New Zealand rabbits. The defects were augmented with three types of bone substituents. The used bone substituents were beta-tricalcium phosphate, bovine hydroxyapatite, and bioactive glasses. After a period of 6 months, bone fragments were harvested for histopathologic examination. Endothelial cell analysis was done by analysing vascularization with PECAM/CD31 and VEGF and fibrosis with collagen IV, laminin, and osteonectin stains. Statistical analysis was realized by descriptive analysis which was completed with the kurtosis and skewness as well as the Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney statistical tests. Results. The discoveries show that the amount of bone that is formed around beta-tricalcium phosphate and bovine hydroxyapatite is clearly superior to the bioactive glasses. Both the lumen diameter and the number of vessels were slightly increased in favor of beta-tricalcium phosphate. Conclusion. We can conclude that bone substitutes as bovine bone and beta-tricalcium phosphate have significant increased angiogenesis (and subsequent improved osteogenesis) compared to the bioactive glass. In our study, significant angiogenesis is linked with a greater tissue formation, indicating that in bone engineering with the allografts we used, inflammation has more benefic effects, the catabolic action being exceeded by the tissue formation.

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