scholarly journals Assessment of Knee Cartilage Stress Distribution and Deformation Using Motion Capture System and Wearable Sensors for Force Ratio Detection

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Mijailovic ◽  
R. Vulovic ◽  
I. Milankovic ◽  
R. Radakovic ◽  
N. Filipovic ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stress Distribution ◽  
Wearable Sensors ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Knee Cartilage ◽  
Fluorescent Marker ◽  
Cartilage Wear ◽  
Infrared Cameras ◽  
The Impact

Knowledge about the knee cartilage deformation ratio as well as the knee cartilage stress distribution is of particular importance in clinical studies due to the fact that these represent some of the basic indicators of cartilage state and that they also provide information about joint cartilage wear so medical doctors can predict when it is necessary to perform surgery on a patient. In this research, we apply various kinds of sensors such as a system of infrared cameras and reflective markers, three-axis accelerometer, and force plate. The fluorescent marker and accelerometers are placed on the patient’s hip, knee, and ankle, respectively. During a normal walk we are recording the space position of markers, acceleration, and ground reaction force by force plate. Measured data are included in the biomechanical model of the knee joint. Geometry for this model is defined from CT images. This model includes the impact of ground reaction forces, contact force between femur and tibia, patient body weight, ligaments, and muscle forces. The boundary conditions are created for the finite element method in order to noninvasively determine the cartilage stress distribution.

scholarly journals Accelerometer-based prediction of ground reaction force in head-out water exercise with different exercise intensity countermovement jump

2022 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kuei-Yu Chien ◽  
Wei-Gang Chang ◽  
Wan-Chin Chen ◽  
Rong-Jun Liou
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Body Height ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Prediction Equation ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Predictive Regression ◽  
Seventh Cervical Vertebra ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Water jumping exercise is an alternative method to achieve maintenance of bone health and reduce exercise injuries. Clarifying the ground reaction force (GRF) of moderate and high cardiopulmonary exercise intensities for jumping movements can help quantify the impact force during different exercise intensities. Accelerometers have been explored for measuring skeletal mechanical loading by estimating the GRFs. Predictive regression equations for GRF using ACC on land have already been developed and performed outside laboratory settings, whereas a predictive regression equation for GRF in water exercises is not yet established. The purpose of this study was to determine the best accelerometer wear-position for three exercise intensities and develop and validate the ground reaction force (GRF) prediction equation. Methods Twelve healthy women (23.6 ± 1.83 years, 158.2 ± 5.33 cm, 53.1 ± 7.50 kg) were recruited as participants. Triaxial accelerometers were affixed 3 cm above the medial malleolus of the tibia, fifth lumbar vertebra, and seventh cervical vertebra (C7). The countermovement jump (CMJ) cadence started at 80 beats/min and increased by 5 beats per 20 s to reach 50%, 65%, and 80% heart rate reserves, and then participants jumped five more times. One-way repeated analysis of variance was used to determine acceleration differences among wear-positions and exercise intensities. Pearson’s correlation was used to determine the correlation between the acceleration and GRF per body weight on land (GRFVLBW). Backward regression analysis was used to generate GRFVLBW prediction equations from full models with C7 acceleration (C7 ACC), age, percentage of water deep divided by body height (PWDH), and bodyweight as predictors. Paired t-test was used to determine GRFVLBW differences between values from the prediction equation and force plate measurement during validation. Lin’s CCC and Bland–Altman plots were used to determine the agreement between the predicted and force plate-measured GRFVLBW. Results The raw full profile data for the resultant acceleration showed that the acceleration curve of C7 was similar to that of GRFv. The predicted formula was − 1.712 + 0.658 * C7ACC + 0.016 * PWDH + 0.008 * age + 0.003*weight. Lin’s CCC score was 0.7453, with bias of 0.369%. Conclusion The resultant acceleration measured at C7 was identified as the valid estimated GRFVLBW during CMJ in water.

scholarly journals External kinetics of the kettlebell snatch in trained athletes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Ross ◽  
Justin W L Keogh ◽  
Cameron J Wilson ◽  
Christian Lorenzen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Infrared Cameras

Background. Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a six minute kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell trained males. Methods. During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen’s F (ESF) and Cohen’s D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude. Results. The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1746 ± 217 N and 1768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior-posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15 p < 0.0001, ESF = 7.00) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67). Discussion. Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for six minutes will result in a reduction in peak applied force.

scholarly journals Vertical ground reaction force analysis during gait with unstable shoes

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-466
Author(s):  
Giulia Pereira ◽  
Aluísio Otavio Vargas Avila ◽  
Rudnei Palhano
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Vertical Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Vertical Ground ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Unstable Shoes ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIntroduction Footwear is no longer just an accessory but also a protection for the musculoskeletal system, and its most important characteristic is comfort.Objectives This study aims to identify and to analyze the vertical ground reaction force in barefoot women and women with unstable shoes.Methodology Five women aged 25 ± 4 years old and mass of 50 ± 7 kg participated in this study. An AMTI force plate was used for data acquisition. The 10 trials for each situation were considered valid where the subject approached the platform with the right foot and at the speed of 4 km/h ± 5%. The instable shoe of this study is used in the practice of physical activity.Results The results showed that the first peak force was higher for the footwear situation, about 5% and significant differences between the barefoot and footwear situation. This significant difference was in the first and second peaks force and in the time of the second peak.Conclusion The values showed that the footwear absorbs approximately 45% of the impact during gait.

scholarly journals External kinetics of the kettlebell snatch in amateur lifters

PeerJ ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. e3111 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Ross ◽  
Justin W.L. Keogh ◽  
Cameron J. Wilson ◽  
Christian Lorenzen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Infrared Cameras

Background Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however, their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three-dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a 6 min kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell-trained males. Methods During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen’s F (ESF) and Cohen’s D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude. Results The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1,746 ± 217 N and 1,768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior–posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15, p < 0.0001, ESF = 7) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67). Discussion Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for 6 min will result in a reduction in peak applied force.

scholarly journals External kinetics of the kettlebell snatch in trained athletes

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A Ross ◽  
Justin W L Keogh ◽  
Cameron J Wilson ◽  
Christian Lorenzen
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Lateral Force ◽  
Applied Force ◽  
Maximum Acceleration ◽  
Training Tool ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Infrared Cameras

Background. Kettlebell lifting has gained increased popularity as both a form of resistance training and as a sport, despite the paucity of literature validating its use as a training tool. Kettlebell sport requires participants to complete the kettlebell snatch continuously over prolonged periods of time. Kettlebell sport and weightlifting involve similar exercises, however their traditional uses suggest they are better suited to training different fitness qualities. This study examined the three dimensional ground reaction force (GRF) and force applied to the kettlebell over a six minute kettlebell snatch set in 12 kettlebell trained males. Methods. During this set, VICON was used to record the kettlebell trajectory with nine infrared cameras while the GRF of each leg was recorded with a separate AMTI force plate. Over the course of the set, an average of 13.9 ± 3.3 repetitions per minute were performed with a 24 kg kettlebell. Significance was evaluated with a two-way ANOVA and paired t-tests, whilst Cohen’s F (ESF) and Cohen’s D (ESD) were used to determine the magnitude. Results. The applied force at the point of maximum acceleration was 814 ± 75 N and 885 ± 86 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. The absolute peak resultant bilateral GRF was 1746 ± 217 N and 1768 ± 242 N for the downwards and upwards phases, respectively. Bilateral GRF of the first and last 14 repetitions was found to be similar, however there was a significant difference in the peak applied force (F (1.11) = 7.42, p = 0.02, ESF = 0.45). Unilateral GRF was found have a significant difference for the absolute anterior-posterior (F (1.11) = 885.15 p < 0.0001, ESF = 7.00) and medio-lateral force vectors (F (1.11) = 5.31, p = 0.042, ESF = 0.67). Discussion. Over the course of a single repetition there were significant differences in the GRF and applied force at multiple points of the kettlebells trajectory. The kettlebell snatch loads each leg differently throughout a repetition and performing the kettlebell snatch for six minutes will result in a reduction in peak applied force.

scholarly journals The effect of changing the inertia of a trans-tibial dynamic elastic response prosthesis on the kinematics and ground reaction force patterns

1997 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 114-123 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. Hillery ◽  
E. S. Wallace ◽  
R. McIlhagger ◽  
P. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Ground Reaction Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Mass Range ◽  
Large Mass ◽  
Moment Of Inertia ◽  
Elastic Response ◽  
Geometrical Shape ◽  
Joint Angles ◽  
The Impact

The aim of this study was to assess, by means of gait analysis, the effect on the gait of a transtibial amputee of altering the mass and the moment of inertia of a dynamic elastic response prosthesis. One male amputee was analysed for four to five walking trials at normal and fast cadences, using the VICON system of motion analysis and an AMTI force plate. The kinematic variables of cadence, swing time, single support time and joint angles for the knee and hip on the affected and intact sides were analysed. The ground reaction force was also analysed. The sample size was limited to one as an example to indicate the changes which are possible through simply changing the inertial characteristics. Descriptive statistics are used to demonstrate these changes. Three mass conditions for the prosthesis were analysed m1: 1080g; m2: 1080 + 530g; m3: 1080 + 1460g. The m1 condition is the mass of the prosthesis with no added weight while m2 and m3 were attachments of the same geometrical shape but were made from different materials. It was felt that the large mass range would highlight biomechanical adjustments as a result of its alteration. The effect on selected temporal characteristics were that as the speed increased the cadence changed and the affected side single support times as a percentage of the gait cycle were altered. The effect on the joint angles was also apparent at the hip and knee of both sides. The ground reaction force patterns were similar for all three mass conditions, though the impact peak which was evident in the intact limb was missing, indicating a shock absorbing property in the prosthesis. Clearly, changing the mass and moment of inertia has an effect on the kinematic variables of gait and should be considered when designing a prosthesis.

Biomechanical Factors Affecting the Peak Hand Reaction Force During the Bimanual Arrest of a Moving Mass

2001 ◽  
Vol 124 (1) ◽  
pp. 107-112 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kurt M. DeGoede ◽  
James A. Ashton-Miller ◽  
Albert B. Schultz ◽  
Neil B. Alexander
Keyword(s):  
Sagittal Plane ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Biomechanical Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Ballistic Pendulum ◽  
Stiffness And Damping ◽  
Biomechanical Factors ◽  
The Impact

Fall-related wrist fractures are among the most common fractures at any age. In order to learn more about the biomechanical factors influencing the impact response of the upper extremities, we studied peak hand reaction force during the bimanual arrest of a 3.4 kg ballistic pendulum moving toward the subject in the sagittal plane at shoulder height. Twenty healthy young and 20 older adults, with equal gender representation, arrested the pendulum after impact at one of three initial speeds: 1.8, 2.3, or 3.0 m/sec. Subjects were asked to employ one of three initial elbow angles: 130, 150, or 170 deg. An analysis of variance showed that hand impact force decreased significantly as impact velocity decreased (50 percent/m/s) and as elbow angle decreased (0.9 percent/degree). A two segment sagittally-symmetric biomechanical model demonstrated that two additional factors affected impact forces: hand-impactor surface stiffness and damping properties, and arm segment mass. We conclude that hand impact force can be reduced by more than 40 percent by decreasing the amount of initial elbow extension and by decreasing the velocity of the hands and arms relative to the impacting surface.

EFFECTS OF WRIST GUARD AND ELBOW ARREST STRATEGY ON IMPACT FORCE IN FORWARD FALLS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150046
Author(s):  
Yan-Ren Lin ◽  
Chiung-Ling Chen ◽  
Yu-Chi Chen ◽  
Min-Hsien Cho ◽  
Shu-Zon Lou
Keyword(s):  
Loading Rate ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Previous History ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Wrist Guard ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Forward Falls ◽  
Fall Height ◽  
Peak Impact Force

Wrist guards are widely used for preventing distal radius fracture during in-line skating and snowboard-related activities. However, more than half of people wearing wrist guards nonetheless sustain a fracture of the wrist in forward falls. Accordingly, this study evaluates the effects of three factors, namely the wrist guard design, the fall height and the arrest strategy, on the impact force during a forward fall onto a single outstretched hand. Fifteen physically healthy male participants volunteered for the biomechanical investigation. None of the participants had a previous history of upper extremity injuries or disorders. A 1000[Formula: see text]Hz AMTI force plate was used to measure the ground reaction force (GRF) in forward falls performed using a self-built release system onto a single hand. The GRF and impact time were analyzed in terms of three factors, namely (1) the wrist guard design, including bare hand (BH), conventional wrist guard (WG), wrist guard pad on palm (WG+), and WG+ with no lower splint (WG[Formula: see text]; (2) the elbow arrest strategy, including elbow extended and elbow flexed; and (3) the fall height, including 4[Formula: see text]cm and 8[Formula: see text]cm. The impact force and loading rate significantly increased with an increasing fall height. However, the elbow flexed strategy attenuated the GRF peak force and delayed the point of peak impact force. The GRF in the WG, WG+ and WG− conditions was significantly lower than that in the BH condition. Overall, a lower fall height, a wrist guard with a compliant pad (WG+ or WG[Formula: see text], and an elbow flexed strategy reduced the impact force, delayed the peak impact force, and reduced the loading rate in forward falls.

scholarly journals The Structure of Selected Basic Acrobatic Jumps

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 41-64
Author(s):  
Henryk Król ◽  
Małgorzata Klyszcz-Morciniec ◽  
Bogdan Bacik
Keyword(s):  
Muscle Activation ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Infrared Camera ◽  
Rectus Femoris ◽  
Biceps Femoris ◽  
Countermovement Jump ◽  
Infrared Cameras ◽  
Female Gymnasts ◽  
Study Participants

Abstract The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between the internal and external structure of basic acrobatic jumps. Eleven healthy elite artistic gymnasts (9 female, 2 male) participated in this study. Participants performed the following basic ‘acrobatic’ jumps: a tucked backward somersault (TS), a piked backward somersault (PS), and a countermovement jump (CMJ). Furthermore, female gymnasts also performed the backward handspring (HS), taking off and then landing on their hands in the same place – a specific jump only for women. All jumps were initiated from a stationary upright posture and with an arms swing. Six infrared cameras, synchronized with a module for wireless measurement of the electrical activity of eight muscles, and the force plate were used. Infrared camera-recordings were made in order to obtain kinematic variables describing the movement structure of the acrobatic jumps. These variables may explain the characteristics of muscle activation (the internal structure of the movement) and ground reaction force (the external-kinetic structure of the movement). However, for various technical reasons, it was not possible to register all the specified jumps in the protocol. Moreover, the distribution normalities, estimated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, differed between variables. Therefore, to compare the data, the pair-wise nonparametric Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test was applied. The CMJ showed the highest level of vertical impulse, velocity, and displacement followed by the TS, PS, and HS. In the take-off phase of acrobatic jumps with rotation the average muscle activation levels of the biceps femoris were significantly higher and of the rectus femoris significantly lower than in the countermovement jump.

Influence of heel design in an orthopedic shoe on ground reaction forces during walking

2016 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 598-605 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aliyeh Daryabor ◽  
Hassan Saeedi ◽  
Mohammad Sadegh Ghasemi ◽  
Meria Yazdani ◽  
Mohammad Kamali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Impact Force ◽  
Reaction Force ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Impact Loads ◽  
Ground Reaction Forces ◽  
Vertical Force ◽  
Quasi Experimental ◽  
Reaction Forces ◽  
The Impact

Background: One of the treatments prescribed for musculoskeletal patients is orthopedic shoe. The use of an orthopedic shoe is thought to produce a more typical ground reactive force pattern. Objectives: This study was designed to determine the influence of three heel designs of an orthopedic shoe on the ground reaction forces during walking in healthy subjects. Study design: Quasi-experimental. Method: In total, 30 healthy adults (12 males, 18 females) walked at a self-selected pace for six trials in each of the three shoe conditions having three different heels which included the following: standard heel, beveled heel, and positive posterior heel flare. For each trial, ground reaction force parameters were recorded using a force plate. Results: Repeated measures analysis of variance indicated that the impact force was significantly reduced for the positive posterior heel flare condition by 8% and 13% compared with standard and beveled heels, respectively ( p < 0.001). The first peak of vertical force showed a significant reduction in the beveled heel by 5% and 4% compared with the standard heel and the positive posterior heel flare, respectively ( p < 0.001). Loading rate was significantly reduced in the beveled heel and the positive posterior heel flare conditions ( p < 0.05). Conclusion: Positive posterior heel flare reduced impact force due to its geometry flexibility, while a beveled heel reduced first peak of vertical force. The findings of this study show that the shape of the heel therefore has the potential to modify impact loads during walking. Clinical relevance This study provides new evidence that by changing shape in the heel of orthopedic shoe impact loads are reduced during walking. Thus, these findings indicate that use of heel design may be beneficial for various musculoskeletal disorders, including key public health problems.

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