Sink-to-Sink Coordination Framework Using RPL: Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks

RPL (Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy networks) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for IPv6-based LLNs (Low Power and Lossy Networks). RPL uses a proactive routing approach and each node always maintains an active path to the sink node. Sink-to-sink coordination defines syntax and semantics for the exchange of any network defined parameters among sink nodes like network size, traffic load, mobility of a sink, and so forth. The coordination allows sink to learn about the network condition of neighboring sinks. As a result, sinks can make coordinated decision to increase/decrease their network size for optimizing over all network performance in terms of load sharing, increasing network lifetime, and lowering end-to-end latency of communication. Currently, RPL does not provide any coordination framework that can define message exchange between different sink nodes for enhancing the network performance. In this paper, a sink-to-sink coordination framework is proposed which utilizes the periodic route maintenance messages issued by RPL to exchange network status observed at a sink with its neighboring sinks. The proposed framework distributes network load among sink nodes for achieving higher throughputs and longer network’s life time.

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Load Balancing Metric Based Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (lbRPL)

International Journal of Engineering & Technology ◽

10.14419/ijet.v7i2.22.11806 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 7 (2.22) ◽

pp. 39 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

A Sebastian ◽

S Sivagurunathan ◽

. .

Keyword(s):

Load Balancing ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Network Performance ◽

Life Time ◽

Routing Metric ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Heavy Load ◽

Load Imbalance ◽

Fast Network

IETF ROLL working Group standardized the IPv6 Routing protocol (RPL) for applications over low-power and lossy networks (LLNs). RPL constructs a Destination Oriented Direction Acyclic Graph (DODAG) to organize network topology. RPL shows fast network setup and good scalability. However, it may suffer from load imbalance due to diverse network traffic and heavy load on preferred or forwarding parents. To optimize the load balancing of routes in RPL, this paper proposes load balancing metric based routing protocol called lbRPL. We introduce a new routing metric for RPL called load balancing index (LBI), which exploits load balancing characteristics of RPL nodes to select more load balanced parents and routes. LBI includes ETX, Parent count (Pc) and Remaining Parent Energy (Pe) metrics to make routing decisions. Simulation results show that lbRPL improves network performance, stability and improved network life time to RPL.

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Energy Efficient Composite Metric Based Routing Protocol for Internet of Things

JUCS - Journal of Universal Computer Science ◽

10.3897/jucs.2020.072 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 26 (11) ◽

pp. 1366-1381

Author(s):

Sathishkumar Natesan ◽

Rajakumar Krishnan

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Link Quality ◽

Traffic Load ◽

Delivery Ratio ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Hop Count ◽

Battery Discharge

The Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) is operated by gadgets comprised of many devices of embedded type with limited energy, memory as well as resources that do their process. The improvements in the life of the network and energy conservation are the key challenging features in Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLN). Obviously, the LLN has a key strategic part in routing. The Internet of Things (IoT) device is expected to make the apt choice. In LLN, the poor routing choice leads to traffic congestion, reduction in power as well as packet loss ratio. The task in the proposal analyzes Delay (D), Load (L) and Battery Discharge Index (BDI) pivoted Energy Efficient Composite Metric Routing (EECMR) protocol for LLN. The performance of the work in the proposal is evaluated by the COOJA simulator. It outperforms with respect to Network Lifetime (NL), Delay as well as Packet Delivery Ratio (PDR) contrasted to the routing metrics like Traffic Load (TL), Link Quality (LQ), Residual Energy (RE), RE-Battery Discharge Index (RE-BDI) and Hop Count (HC).

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Energy Consumption Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks in Mesh Scenarios for Precision Agriculture

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20143814 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (14) ◽

pp. 3814

Author(s):

Frederico O. Sales ◽

Yelco Marante ◽

Alex B. Vieira ◽

Edelberto Franco Silva

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Precision Agriculture ◽

Task Force ◽

Low Cost ◽

Sensor Nodes ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Hop Count ◽

Grid Topology

Sensor nodes are small, low-cost electronic devices that can self-organize into low-power networks and are susceptible to data packet loss, having computational and energy limitations. These devices expand the possibilities in many areas, like agriculture and urban spaces. In this work, we consider an IoT environment for monitoring a coffee plantation in precision agriculture. We investigate the energy consumption under low-power and lossy networks considering three different network topologies and an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) routing protocol, the Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL). For RPL, each secondary node selects a better parent according to some Objective Functions (OFs). We conducted simulations using Contiki Cooja 3.0, where we considered the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and hop-count metric (HOP) metrics to evaluate energy consumption for three distinct topologies: tree, circular, and grid. The simulation results show that the circular topology had the best (lowest) energy consumption, being 15% better than the grid topology and 30% against the tree topology. The results help the need to improve the evolution of RPL metrics and motivate the network management of the topology.

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Research on Enhancing RPL for Improved Performance in IOT Networks

International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering - Special Issue ◽

10.35940/ijitee.l3058.1081219 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 5250-5265

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Task Force ◽

Heavy Traffic ◽

Research Community ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Diverse Range ◽

Traffic Loads ◽

Comparative Review ◽

Improved Performance

RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Net- works) was developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) as the protocol for LLNs (low power and lossy networks) that comprise of resource constrained components such as those used in Internet of Things applications. Since then the research community and the industry have come up with many enhancements of RPL aimed at achieving a diverse range of objectives that include better performance under heavy traffic loads, higher throughput, lower packet loss, energy conservation, longer network lifetime, mobility of nodes and enhanced security. This paper presents a review of the various methods proposed to achieve these objectives. A comparative review and a taxonomy of these methods are presented in this paper. We aim to provide valuable insights into RPL and present the foundation for future works.

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A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19112567 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (11) ◽

pp. 2567 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Chansook Lim

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Congestion Control ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Task Force ◽

Future Research ◽

Network Congestion ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Research Directions ◽

Diverse Application ◽

Future Research Directions

RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks) proposed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ROLL (routing over low-power and lossy networks) working group is a de facto standard routing protocol for IoT environments. Since the standardization was proposed, RPL has been extensively improved for diverse application scenarios and environments. Congestion control is one of the most important reasons why RPL has been improved. In an LLN (low power and lossy network), congestion may even lead to network lifetime reduction. In resource-constrained networks where end-to-end congestion control is not feasible, RPL should play a more crucial role in congestion control. In this survey, we review the RPL schemes proposed for congestion control and load-balancing and discuss future research directions.

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Downward traffic retransmission mechanism for improving reliability in RPL environment supporting mobility

International Journal of Distributed Sensor Networks ◽

10.1177/1550147720903605 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 16 (1) ◽

pp. 155014772090360

Author(s):

Soon-Woong Min ◽

Sang-Hwa Chung ◽

Hee-Jun Lee ◽

Yu-Vin Ha

Keyword(s):

Low Power ◽

Routing Protocol ◽

Task Force ◽

Mobile Node ◽

Mobile Nodes ◽

Lossy Networks ◽

Industrial Internet ◽

Channel Hopping ◽

Lower Transmission ◽

Retransmission Mechanism

With the diversification of industrial Internet of Things applications, there is a growing demand for mobility support in industrial wireless networking environments. However, the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is designed based on a static environment and is vulnerable in a mobility environment. Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet engineering task force standard in the low-power and lossy network environments used mainly in industrial environments. In addition, although routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is based on collection tree protocol and is suitable for data collection and upward traffic transmission, it struggles with downward traffic transmission in terms of control, actuation, and end-to-end transmission. In this article, the problems caused by mobile nodes in routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks are discussed, and a retransmission scheme named IM-RPL is proposed. This retransmission scheme can improve the performance of downward traffic for the mobile nodes by retransmitting the packets to the neighbor nodes, the mobile node’s new parent sets, and relaying them to the mobile node. Its performance is evaluated through an experiment. The results demonstrate that using OpenMote in OpenWSN’s time slotted channel hopping induces a packet reception ratio improvement and a lower transmission delay as compared to standard routing protocol for low power and lossy.

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