scholarly journals Downward traffic retransmission mechanism for improving reliability in RPL environment supporting mobility

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 155014772090360
Author(s):  
Soon-Woong Min ◽  
Sang-Hwa Chung ◽  
Hee-Jun Lee ◽  
Yu-Vin Ha
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
Mobile Nodes ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Lower Transmission ◽  
Retransmission Mechanism

With the diversification of industrial Internet of Things applications, there is a growing demand for mobility support in industrial wireless networking environments. However, the routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is designed based on a static environment and is vulnerable in a mobility environment. Routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is an Internet engineering task force standard in the low-power and lossy network environments used mainly in industrial environments. In addition, although routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks is based on collection tree protocol and is suitable for data collection and upward traffic transmission, it struggles with downward traffic transmission in terms of control, actuation, and end-to-end transmission. In this article, the problems caused by mobile nodes in routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks are discussed, and a retransmission scheme named IM-RPL is proposed. This retransmission scheme can improve the performance of downward traffic for the mobile nodes by retransmitting the packets to the neighbor nodes, the mobile node’s new parent sets, and relaying them to the mobile node. Its performance is evaluated through an experiment. The results demonstrate that using OpenMote in OpenWSN’s time slotted channel hopping induces a packet reception ratio improvement and a lower transmission delay as compared to standard routing protocol for low power and lossy.

scholarly journals Mobility Aware RPL (MARPL): Providing Mobility Support for RPL Protocol

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vinícius De Figueiredo Marques ◽  
Janine Kniess
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Mobile Node ◽  
Node Mobility ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Detection Mechanism ◽  
Mobility Support ◽  
Packet Delivery ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Overall Performance

Low Power and Lossy Networks (LLNs) is a common type of wireless network in IoT applications. LLN communication patterns usually requires an efficient routing protocol. The IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Network (RPL) is considered to be a possible standard routing protocol for LLNs. However, RPL was developed for static networks and node mobility decreases RPL overall performance. These are the purposes of the Mobility Aware RPL (MARPL), presented in this paper. MARPL provides a mobility detection mechanism based on neighbor variability. Performance evaluation results on the Cooja Simulator confirm the effectiveness of MARPL regarding link disconnection prevention, packet delivery rate and fast mobile node topology reconnection with low overhead impact when compared to other protocols.

scholarly journals Energy Consumption Evaluation of a Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks in Mesh Scenarios for Precision Agriculture

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (14) ◽  
pp. 3814
Author(s):  
Frederico O. Sales ◽  
Yelco Marante ◽  
Alex B. Vieira ◽  
Edelberto Franco Silva
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Precision Agriculture ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Hop Count ◽  
Grid Topology

Sensor nodes are small, low-cost electronic devices that can self-organize into low-power networks and are susceptible to data packet loss, having computational and energy limitations. These devices expand the possibilities in many areas, like agriculture and urban spaces. In this work, we consider an IoT environment for monitoring a coffee plantation in precision agriculture. We investigate the energy consumption under low-power and lossy networks considering three different network topologies and an Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) standardized Low-power and Lossy Network (LLN) routing protocol, the Routing Protocol for LLNs (RPL). For RPL, each secondary node selects a better parent according to some Objective Functions (OFs). We conducted simulations using Contiki Cooja 3.0, where we considered the Expected Transmission Count (ETX) and hop-count metric (HOP) metrics to evaluate energy consumption for three distinct topologies: tree, circular, and grid. The simulation results show that the circular topology had the best (lowest) energy consumption, being 15% better than the grid topology and 30% against the tree topology. The results help the need to improve the evolution of RPL metrics and motivate the network management of the topology.

scholarly journals Sink-to-Sink Coordination Framework Using RPL: Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meer M. Khan ◽  
M. Ali Lodhi ◽  
Abdul Rehman ◽  
Abid Khan ◽  
Faisal Bashir Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Life Time ◽  
Network Size ◽  
Traffic Load ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Route Maintenance ◽  
Coordination Framework

RPL (Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy networks) is recommended by Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) for IPv6-based LLNs (Low Power and Lossy Networks). RPL uses a proactive routing approach and each node always maintains an active path to the sink node. Sink-to-sink coordination defines syntax and semantics for the exchange of any network defined parameters among sink nodes like network size, traffic load, mobility of a sink, and so forth. The coordination allows sink to learn about the network condition of neighboring sinks. As a result, sinks can make coordinated decision to increase/decrease their network size for optimizing over all network performance in terms of load sharing, increasing network lifetime, and lowering end-to-end latency of communication. Currently, RPL does not provide any coordination framework that can define message exchange between different sink nodes for enhancing the network performance. In this paper, a sink-to-sink coordination framework is proposed which utilizes the periodic route maintenance messages issued by RPL to exchange network status observed at a sink with its neighboring sinks. The proposed framework distributes network load among sink nodes for achieving higher throughputs and longer network’s life time.

scholarly journals Research on Enhancing RPL for Improved Performance in IOT Networks

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5250-5265
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Heavy Traffic ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Traffic Loads ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Improved Performance

RPL (IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Net- works) was developed by IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) as the protocol for LLNs (low power and lossy networks) that comprise of resource constrained components such as those used in Internet of Things applications. Since then the research community and the industry have come up with many enhancements of RPL aimed at achieving a diverse range of objectives that include better performance under heavy traffic loads, higher throughput, lower packet loss, energy conservation, longer network lifetime, mobility of nodes and enhanced security. This paper presents a review of the various methods proposed to achieve these objectives. A comparative review and a taxonomy of these methods are presented in this paper. We aim to provide valuable insights into RPL and present the foundation for future works.

scholarly journals A Survey on Congestion Control for RPL-Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (11) ◽  
pp. 2567 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chansook Lim
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
Congestion Control ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Network Congestion ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Diverse Application ◽  
Future Research Directions

RPL (IPv6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks) proposed by the IETF (Internet Engineering Task Force) ROLL (routing over low-power and lossy networks) working group is a de facto standard routing protocol for IoT environments. Since the standardization was proposed, RPL has been extensively improved for diverse application scenarios and environments. Congestion control is one of the most important reasons why RPL has been improved. In an LLN (low power and lossy network), congestion may even lead to network lifetime reduction. In resource-constrained networks where end-to-end congestion control is not feasible, RPL should play a more crucial role in congestion control. In this survey, we review the RPL schemes proposed for congestion control and load-balancing and discuss future research directions.

scholarly journals TSCH and RPL Joining Time Model for Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3904
Author(s):  
Jose Vera-Pérez ◽  
Javier Silvestre-Blanes ◽  
Víctor Sempere-Payá
Keyword(s):  
Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Sensor Networks ◽  
Industry 4.0 ◽  
Wireless Sensor ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Industrial Wireless Sensor Networks ◽  
Time Model ◽  
Industrial Internet ◽  
Channel Hopping ◽  
Definition Of

Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) play a key role in the ecosystem of the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) and the definition of today’s Industry 4.0. These WSNs have the ability to sensor large amounts of data, thanks to their easy scalability. WSNs allow the deployment of a large number of self-configuring nodes and the ability to automatically reorganize in case of any change in the topology. This huge sensorization capacity, together with its interoperability with IP-based networks, allows the systems of Industry 4.0 to be equipped with a powerful tool with which to digitalize a huge amount of variables in the different industrial processes. The IEEE 802.15.4e standard, together with the access mechanism to the Time Slotted Channel Hopping medium (TSCH) and the dynamic Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks (RPL), allow deployment of networks with the high levels of robustness and reliability necessary in industrial scenarios. However, these configurations have some disadvantages in the deployment and synchronization phases of the networks, since the time it takes to synchronize the nodes is penalized compared to other solutions in which access to the medium is done randomly and without channel hopping. This article proposes an analytical model to characterize the behavior of this type of network, based on TSCH and RPL during the phases of deployment along with synchronization and connection to the RPL network. Through this model, validated by simulation and real tests, it is possible to parameterize different configurations of a WSN network based on TSCH and RPL.

scholarly journals Performance Analysis of Routing Protocol for Low Power and Lossy Networks (RPL) in Large Scale Networks

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 2172-2185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiyuan Liu ◽  
Zhengguo Sheng ◽  
Changchuan Yin ◽  
Falah Ali ◽  
Daniel Roggen
Keyword(s):  
Performance Analysis ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Large Scale Networks

scholarly journals Ranking based RPL for Multipoint-to-Point Multi-modal Data Communication in IoT Network.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Archana Bhat ◽  
Geetha V
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Routing Protocol ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Delivery Ratio ◽  
Lossy Networks ◽  
Modal Data ◽  
Scheduling Strategy ◽  
Scalar Data

Abstract IPv6 Routing Protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL) is a standardized and default routing protocol for low power lossy networks. However, this is basically designed for sensor networks with scalar data and not optimised for the networks with multi-modal sensors. The data rate of each multi-modal sensor varies based on various applications. RPL suffers from packet drops and re-transmissions which results in packet loss and energy consumption in case of multi-modal data transmission. Hence, the routing strategy implemented in RPL needs better scheduling strategy at parent node for forwarding packets based on various parameters. In this paper, relevant Objective Functions for multi-modal sensor data communication is proposed based on various parameters identified and a weighted ranking based scheduling strategy is proposed for multi-modal data communication called R-RPL. The goal of proposed ranking based RPL (R-RPL) is to increase the throughput and reduce the loss in terms of energy and delay based on proposed scheduling strategy for parent selection. The performance of the proposed R-RPL is evaluated in the contiki based Cooja simulator and compared with RPL protocol. The analysis shows that the R-RPL performs better compared to RPL with respect to packet delivery ratio and energy consumption.

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