scholarly journals Time Dependent Assessment of Morphological Changes: Leukodepleted Packed Red Blood Cells Stored in SAGM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Asma Al Marwani ◽  
Khuloud Mamdouh Nasr ◽  
Noora Abdulla Kano ◽  
Tameem Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Stored Blood

Usually packed red blood cells (pRBCs) require specific conditions in storage procedures to ensure the maximum shelf life of up to 42 days in 2–6°C. However, molecular and biochemical consequences can affect the stored blood cells; these changes are collectively labeled as storage lesions. In this study, the effect of prolonged storage was assessed through investigating morphological changes and evaluating oxidative stress. Samples from leukodepleted pRBC in SAGM stored at 4°C for 42 days were withdrawn aseptically on day 0, day 14, day 28, and day 42. Morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with osmotic fragility and hematocrit. Oxidative injury was studied through assessing MDA level as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Osmotic fragility test showed that extended storage time caused increase in the osmotic fragility. The hematocrit increased by 6.6% from day 0 to day 42. The last 2 weeks show alteration in the morphology with the appearance of echinocytes and spherocytes. Storage lesions and morphological alterations appeared to affect RBCs during the storage period. Further studies should be performed to develop strategies that will aid in the improvement of stored pRBC quality and efficacy.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Morphological Changes and Deformability of Suspended Red Blood Cells Prepared Using Whole Blood with Different Hemoglobin Levels of Tibetans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rui Zhong ◽  
Dingding Han ◽  
Xiaodong Wu ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Wanjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cell Membrane Protein

Background: The hypoxic environment stimulates the human body to increase the levels of hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit and the number of red blood cells. Such enhancements have individual differences, leading to a wide range of HGB in Tibetans’ whole blood (WB). Study Design: WB of male Tibetans was divided into 3 groups according to different HGB (i.e., A: >120 but ≤185 g/L, B: >185 but ≤210 g/L, and C: >210 g/L). Suspended red blood cells (SRBC) processed by collected WB and stored in standard conditions were examined aseptically on days 1, 14, 21, and 35 after storage. The routine biochemical indexes, deformability, cell morphology, and membrane proteins were tested. Results: Mean corpuscular volume, adenosine triphosphate, pH, and deformability were not different in group A vs. those in storage (p > 0.05). The increased rate of irreversible morphology of red blood cells was different among the 3 groups, but there was no difference in the percentage of red blood cells with an irreversible morphology after 35 days of storage. Group C performed better in terms of osmotic fragility and showed a lower rigid index than group A. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed similar cross-linking degrees of cell membrane protein but the band 3 protein of group C seemed to experience weaker clustering than that of group A as detected by Western Blot analysis after 35 days of storage. Conclusions: There was no difference in deformability or morphological changes in the 3 groups over the 35 days of storage. High HGB levels of plateau SRBC did not accelerate the RBC change from a biconcave disc into a spherical shape and it did not cause a reduction in deformability during 35 days of preservation in bank conditions.

scholarly journals Hemoglobin Oxidation in Stored Blood Accelerates Hemolysis and Oxidative Injury to Red Blood Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Tameem Ali Qaid Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxidation ◽  
Rbc Indices ◽  
Methemoglobin Formation ◽  
Stored Blood

Abstract Introduction Maintaining blood supply is a challenge in blood banks. Red blood cells (RBCs) stored at 4°C experience issues of biochemical changes due to metabolism of cells, leading to changes collectively referred to as “storage lesions.” Oxidation of the red cell membrane, leading to lysis, contributes to these storage lesions. Methods Blood bags with CPD-SAGM stored at 4°C for 28 days were withdrawn aseptically on days 1, 14, and 28. Hematology analyzer was used to investigate RBC indices. Hemoglobin oxidation was studied through spectrophotometric scan of spectral change. RBC lysis was studied with the help of Drabkin's assay, and morphological changes were observed by light and scan electron microscopy. Results RBCs show progressive changes in morphology echinocytes and spherocytes on day 28. There was 0.85% RBC lysis, an approximately 20% decrease in percentage oxyhemoglobin, and a 14% increase in methemoglobin formation, which shows hemoglobin oxidation on day 28. Conclusions Oxidative damage to RBC, with an increase in storage time was observed in the present study. The observed morphological changes to RBC during the course of increased time shows that there is progressive damage to RBC membrane and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration; percentage RBC lysis is probably due to free hemoglobin and iron.

Erythroplateletapheresis: A New Strategy in the Global Apheresis Program

1998 ◽  
Vol 21 (6_suppl) ◽  
pp. 17-19
Author(s):  
G. Menichella ◽  
M. Ciarli ◽  
R. Serafini ◽  
L. Pierelli ◽  
M. Vittori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Plasma Volume ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Blood Donation ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
New Strategy ◽  
The Mean

Blood donation allowed by cell separators can offer higher performance and higher yield to guarantee better quality and pureness of collected products. New systems for the collection of platelet concentrate (PC) and packed red blood cells (PRBC) are currently available. The aim of our work was to test the possibility of preparing PC routinely from normal apheresis donors in a minimum amount of time while providing a second product. Over a 3-month period we performed 40 procedures using the Hemonetics MCS3P blood cell separator and the Dideco Excel. The mean values of platelet yield were 2.8 x 1011 (range 1.4-4.1) with the MCS3P and 3.49 x 1011 (range 2.9-3.9) with the Excel, in a plasma volume of 240 ml and 215 ml respectively; the PRBC units were added with SAG-Mannitol allowing a storage time of 42 days. Collection times were 71’ and 48’ respectively. Donor tolerance was analogous to phateletapheresis or plasmapheresis.

scholarly journals To Determine the Morphological Changes in Red Blood Cells During Storage in Blood Banks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Tahir ◽  
Wajid Akbar ◽  
Asadullah . ◽  
Usmanullah . ◽  
Usman Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Bag ◽  
Stored Blood

Background: During storage of blood, the red blood cells undergo shape changes which cause fragility and endothelial interaction leading to deterioration the quality of blood in blood banks.Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the morphological changes in red blood cells during storage in blood banks. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, a total 20 healthy volunteers between 17 to 40 years blood donors-Blood bags were taken, ten from each center i.e. MMCTH blood bank Mardan and KTH blood bank Peshawar. The specimen analysis was done at IBMS (Institute of Basic Medical Sciences) of KMU (Khyber Medical University) Peshawar. The exclusion criteria were People with anemia, hepatitis B &C, HIV and syphilis. The duration of this study was six months. The inform consent was taken from each donor. The total blood 250 ml from vein in cubital fossa from each blood donor was collected in 250ml pediatric blood bag with CPDA-1 solution. Blood bags were put up in the blood bank at +2 to +6 °C and stored till 20 days. Blood specimen of about 5cc were collected in 5cc syringe from each blood bag on 0, 5th,10th ,15th and 20th day for following parameters and thin film red blood cell was prepared for examination by light microscope. Morphological changes in RBCs examined via light microscope as well as grading the RBCs status in the peripheral blood film, the occurrence of distorted RBC simply in random fields; such as +1(scored 1 to 5 altered RBC present in each field), +2 (an average of 6 to 15 altered RBC in each field), +3(16 to 25 altered RBC in each field) and +4(more than 25 altered RBC present in each field). The multi head light microscope NIKON eclipse 50 was used for examination of peripheral blood slide and we took images of randomly selected field. The image J software was used for slide examination.Results: The morphological analysis of red blood cells, count of 200 cells in each blood slide in randomly selected fields are: On day 0 the majority of cells were normally shaped (97.95±1.297 (mean±SD).With increasing storage time, the percentage of morphologically abnormal red cells rose sharply. Mean percentage of abnormal cells on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 was 28.80±10.00, 51.73±12.47, 64.78±14.66 and 68.10±7.92 respectively. This increase in percentage of abnormally shaped cells was significant as determined by one way ANOVA (p =0.001). There was a big difference of percentage of abnormal RBCs on day 0 and in = 5 to= 10 days and in = 15 to = 20 days of blood storage. The mean values of day 0 of abnormal cells was 2.05±1.297 (Mean ± Std. Deviation), abnormal cells in= 5 to= 10 days was 40.26± 16.101 (Mean ± Std. Deviation) and on day = 15 and in = 20 day was 66.44± 11.75. The mean difference from day 0 to day 20 was 63.93±10.45 (Mean ± Std. Deviation).The one way ANOVA was significant, P= 0.001.Conclusion: This study confirms the hematological and morphological changes, when blood stored at 2 °C to 6 °C for up to 21 days. The significant morphological changes were observed on 5th day of blood storage. These findings suggested that approximately a week old stored blood is as good as the fresh blood; however, significant morphological and biochemical changes begin to appear after the first week of storage and these changes aggravate with time. Hence in order to achieve best possible transfusion outcomes, stored blood up to one week can be utilized.

scholarly journals RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN TRANSFUSION OF PACKED RED BLOOD CELLS, PLASMA FREE HEMOGLOBIN AND STORAGE TIME IN PATIENTS WITH SEVERE TRAUMA

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (Suppl 1) ◽  
pp. A916
Author(s):  
S Chacón Alves ◽  
M Chico Fernández ◽  
C García Fuentes ◽  
A Del Pino Ramírez ◽  
N Zurera Plaza ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Severe Trauma ◽  
Free Hemoglobin ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
And Storage

scholarly journals Biochemical Storage Lesions Occurring in Nonirradiated and Irradiated Red Blood Cells: A Brief Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Adams ◽  
G. Bellairs ◽  
A. R. Bird ◽  
O. O. Oguntibeju
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Adverse Reactions ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Sodium Potassium ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Neonates And Infants ◽  
The Impact

Red blood cells undergo a series of biochemical fluctuations during 35–42-day storage period at 1°C to 6°C. The sodium/potassium pump is immobilised causing a decrease in intracellular potassium with an increase in cytoplasmic sodium levels, glucose levels decline, and acidosis occurs as a result of low pH levels. The frailty of stored erythrocytes triggers the formation of haemoglobin-containing microparticles and the release of cell-free haemoglobin which may add to transfusion difficulties. Lipid peroxidation, oxidative stress to band 3 structures, and other morphological and structural molecular changes also occur leading to spheroechinocytes and osmotic fragility. These changes that transpire in the red cells during the storage period are referred to as “storage lesions.” It is well documented that gamma irradiation exacerbates storage lesions and the reports of increased potassium levels leading to adverse reactions observed in neonates and infants have been of particular concern. There are, however, remarkably few systematic studies comparing thein vitrostorage lesions of irradiated and nonirradiated red cell concentrates and it has been suggested that the impact of storage lesions on leucocyte reduced red blood cell concentrate (RBCC) is incomplete. The review examines storage lesions in red blood cells and their adverse effects in reference to blood transfusion.

Evaluation of hematologic, biochemical, and blood gas variables in stored canine packed red blood cells, and the impact of storage time on blood recipients

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-206
Author(s):  
Renata R. Rodrigues ◽  
Caroline Y. Kayano ◽  
Vinícius P. Santos ◽  
Ludmila R. Moroz ◽  
Denise T. Fantoni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Blood Gas ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
The Impact

scholarly journals Quality control in the different stages of producing red blood cell concentrate from dogs

2019 ◽  
Vol 71 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101
Author(s):  
M.N.A. Marchi ◽  
P.E. Luz ◽  
R.R. Martins ◽  
S.M. Simonelli ◽  
U.P. Pereira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Blood Cell ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Red Blood Cell ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Production Stages ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Selection Of

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to perform a quality control assessment of red blood cells after standardization of the blood production stages. For this purpose, separation of the blood components to obtain red blood cells, the storage of the blood packets and an evaluation of blood quality were performed. The mean (± SD) volume, globular volume, hemoglobin and hemolysis percentage of the red blood cell concentrate were 299.77±30.08mL, 60.87±2.60%, 20.57±0.93g/DL and 0.09±0.07%, respectively. The means (± SD) of the volume, globular volume, total hemoglobin percentage of hemolysis and hemoglobin per unit of packed red blood cells after the storage period (8.83±6.73 days) were 57.55±3.01%, 20.30±0.89 0, 20±0.12%, and 60.90±7.65. The red blood cell packets were within the parameters of quality control established by Health Ministry legislation in humans and allow us to conclude that the standardization of blood production stages involves the selection of donors until the end of storage and is necessary to produce quality red blood cells. Quality control aims to find possible flaws in the procedures to be repaired, increasing transfusion safety.

Prolonged storage of packed red blood cells for blood transfusion

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo J Martí-Carvajal ◽  
Daniel Simancas-Racines ◽  
Barbra S Peña-González
Keyword(s):  
Blood Transfusion ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells

New Insights in the Potential Effect of Transfusing Red Blood Cells that Have Been Stored for Different Periods

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (23) ◽  
pp. SCI-37-SCI-37
Author(s):  
Simone A Glynn ◽  
Darrell J Triulzi ◽  
John Roback ◽  
Harvey G. Klein
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Lung Injury ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Proteolytic Enzymes ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Free Hemoglobin ◽  
Storage Lesion ◽  
The Impact

Red Blood Cells (RBCs) units which can be stored for up to 42 days in the US undergo biochemical and morphological changes known as the storage lesion. The clinical significance of these changes is unclear. Results from >55 observational studies have produced conflicting results: some are negative while others report associations between transfusion of longer-stored RBCs and mortality, infections, lung injury, deep vein thrombosis, multiple organ failure, and a decrease in tissue oxygenation. Recent advances are shedding some light on this controversy. While some elements of the RBC storage lesion such as pH and cationic changes and decreases in adenosine triphosphate and 2,3-diphosphoglycerate are well known, the recent application of "omics" technologies is revealing complex changes in metabolites, proteins, and lipids during storage. RBCs storage causes dysregulations in several metabolic (e.g., glycolytic) pathways which vary with unit processing, additive solution, storage period, and blood donor characteristics. Longer-stored RBCs demonstrate decreased antioxidant activity and impaired energy metabolism. Kinases and proteolytic enzymes become activated which affect Band 3 and structural proteins and result in remodeling of the RBCs' cytoskeleton; leading to increasing osmotic fragility and shedding of microparticles in the supernatant. The timing and extent of these changes need to be further elucidated; some appear to occur immediately (e.g., reduction in S-nitrosohemoglobin) while most appear after 2 weeks. These changes lead one to question the safety and efficacy profiles of longer-stored RBC transfusions. Animal models have recently evaluated potential consequences and possible mechanisms that could underlie adverse events in "susceptible" hosts. Two major hypotheses have been corroborated by animal studies. The first relates to the potential inhibition of Nitric Oxide (NO)-mediated vasodilatory effects as a result of NO scavenging by excess cell-free hemoglobin or because of a loss of RBC-mediated hypoxic vasodilation. The second is based on the fact that transfusion of a 42-day old RBC unit provides a large iron bolus to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Such a bolus can result in acute increases in non-transferrin bound iron (NTBI) which can cause oxidative damage and potentiate bacteria proliferation. Both the NO and Iron hypotheses appear at play in a study in septic canines that showed that transfusion of 42-day RBCs resulted in increases in cell free hemoglobin, NTBI, and plasma labile iron resulting in increased shock, lung injury, and mortality. However, two recent clinical trials in 377 premature infants and 2430 intensive care patients, respectively, did not demonstrate differences in outcomes following transfusion of <7 days vs 2-42 days RBCs. Another trial randomized 1098 complex cardiac surgery patients to ≤10 days or ≥ 21 days RBCs. No significant clinical differences were observed. These trials are reassuring because shorter-stored RBCs do not appear to have a better safety profile than standard-issue RBCs. Additional clinical trials are underway to test similar hypotheses. However, it is unlikely that these studies will have the power to evaluate transfusions of ≥35 day-old RBCs (when the storage lesion is at its maximum) or the effect of older-stored blood in rarer populations such as highly transfused septic patients. Additional research to minimize the RBC storage lesion and develop biomarkers of RBC transfusion effectiveness is warranted. Investigations of the impact on blood availability of limiting RBC storage to 35 days should also be considered. Disclosures Triulzi: Fresenius kabi: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees.

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