scholarly journals Hemoglobin Oxidation in Stored Blood Accelerates Hemolysis and Oxidative Injury to Red Blood Cells

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (04) ◽  
pp. 244-249
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Tameem Ali Qaid Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Hemoglobin Oxidation ◽  
Rbc Indices ◽  
Methemoglobin Formation ◽  
Stored Blood

Abstract Introduction Maintaining blood supply is a challenge in blood banks. Red blood cells (RBCs) stored at 4°C experience issues of biochemical changes due to metabolism of cells, leading to changes collectively referred to as “storage lesions.” Oxidation of the red cell membrane, leading to lysis, contributes to these storage lesions. Methods Blood bags with CPD-SAGM stored at 4°C for 28 days were withdrawn aseptically on days 1, 14, and 28. Hematology analyzer was used to investigate RBC indices. Hemoglobin oxidation was studied through spectrophotometric scan of spectral change. RBC lysis was studied with the help of Drabkin's assay, and morphological changes were observed by light and scan electron microscopy. Results RBCs show progressive changes in morphology echinocytes and spherocytes on day 28. There was 0.85% RBC lysis, an approximately 20% decrease in percentage oxyhemoglobin, and a 14% increase in methemoglobin formation, which shows hemoglobin oxidation on day 28. Conclusions Oxidative damage to RBC, with an increase in storage time was observed in the present study. The observed morphological changes to RBC during the course of increased time shows that there is progressive damage to RBC membrane and a decrease in hemoglobin concentration; percentage RBC lysis is probably due to free hemoglobin and iron.

scholarly journals To Determine the Morphological Changes in Red Blood Cells During Storage in Blood Banks

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
SM Tahir ◽  
Wajid Akbar ◽  
Asadullah . ◽  
Usmanullah . ◽  
Usman Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Light Microscope ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Blood Bank ◽  
Blood Banks ◽  
Abnormal Cells ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Blood Bag ◽  
Stored Blood

Background: During storage of blood, the red blood cells undergo shape changes which cause fragility and endothelial interaction leading to deterioration the quality of blood in blood banks.Objectives: The aim of this study is to determine the morphological changes in red blood cells during storage in blood banks. Material and Methods: In this experimental study, a total 20 healthy volunteers between 17 to 40 years blood donors-Blood bags were taken, ten from each center i.e. MMCTH blood bank Mardan and KTH blood bank Peshawar. The specimen analysis was done at IBMS (Institute of Basic Medical Sciences) of KMU (Khyber Medical University) Peshawar. The exclusion criteria were People with anemia, hepatitis B &C, HIV and syphilis. The duration of this study was six months. The inform consent was taken from each donor. The total blood 250 ml from vein in cubital fossa from each blood donor was collected in 250ml pediatric blood bag with CPDA-1 solution. Blood bags were put up in the blood bank at +2 to +6 °C and stored till 20 days. Blood specimen of about 5cc were collected in 5cc syringe from each blood bag on 0, 5th,10th ,15th and 20th day for following parameters and thin film red blood cell was prepared for examination by light microscope. Morphological changes in RBCs examined via light microscope as well as grading the RBCs status in the peripheral blood film, the occurrence of distorted RBC simply in random fields; such as +1(scored 1 to 5 altered RBC present in each field), +2 (an average of 6 to 15 altered RBC in each field), +3(16 to 25 altered RBC in each field) and +4(more than 25 altered RBC present in each field). The multi head light microscope NIKON eclipse 50 was used for examination of peripheral blood slide and we took images of randomly selected field. The image J software was used for slide examination.Results: The morphological analysis of red blood cells, count of 200 cells in each blood slide in randomly selected fields are: On day 0 the majority of cells were normally shaped (97.95±1.297 (mean±SD).With increasing storage time, the percentage of morphologically abnormal red cells rose sharply. Mean percentage of abnormal cells on day 5, 10, 15 and 20 was 28.80±10.00, 51.73±12.47, 64.78±14.66 and 68.10±7.92 respectively. This increase in percentage of abnormally shaped cells was significant as determined by one way ANOVA (p =0.001). There was a big difference of percentage of abnormal RBCs on day 0 and in = 5 to= 10 days and in = 15 to = 20 days of blood storage. The mean values of day 0 of abnormal cells was 2.05±1.297 (Mean ± Std. Deviation), abnormal cells in= 5 to= 10 days was 40.26± 16.101 (Mean ± Std. Deviation) and on day = 15 and in = 20 day was 66.44± 11.75. The mean difference from day 0 to day 20 was 63.93±10.45 (Mean ± Std. Deviation).The one way ANOVA was significant, P= 0.001.Conclusion: This study confirms the hematological and morphological changes, when blood stored at 2 °C to 6 °C for up to 21 days. The significant morphological changes were observed on 5th day of blood storage. These findings suggested that approximately a week old stored blood is as good as the fresh blood; however, significant morphological and biochemical changes begin to appear after the first week of storage and these changes aggravate with time. Hence in order to achieve best possible transfusion outcomes, stored blood up to one week can be utilized.

scholarly journals Impact of Nanocapsules on Red Blood Cells Interplay Jointly Assessed by Optical Tweezers and Microscopy

Micromachines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 19 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Avsievich ◽  
Yana Tarakanchikova ◽  
Ruixue Zhu ◽  
Alexey Popov ◽  
Alexander Bykov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Optical Tweezers ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells ◽  
Mutual Interaction ◽  
Combined Application ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Rbc Aggregation ◽  
Cross Bridges

In the framework of novel medical paradigm the red blood cells (RBCs) have a great potential to be used as drug delivery carriers. This approach requires an ultimate understanding of the peculiarities of mutual interaction of RBC influenced by nano-materials composed the drugs. Optical tweezers (OT) is widely used to explore mechanisms of cells’ interaction with the ability to trap non-invasively, manipulate and displace living cells with a notably high accuracy. In the current study, the mutual interaction of RBC with polymeric nano-capsules (NCs) is investigated utilizing a two-channel OT system. The obtained results suggest that, in the presence of NCs, the RBC aggregation in plasma satisfies the ‘cross-bridges’ model. Complementarily, the allocation of NCs on the RBC membrane was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), while for assessment of NCs-induced morphological changes the tests with the human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSC) was performed. The combined application of OT and advanced microscopy approaches brings new insights into the conception of direct observation of cells interaction influenced by NCs for the estimation of possible cytotoxic effects.

scholarly journals Human red blood cells express the RNA sensor TLR7 and bind viral RNA

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
LK Metthew Lam ◽  
Rebecca L. Clements ◽  
Kaitlyn A. Eckart ◽  
Ariel R. Weisman ◽  
Andy E. Vaughan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Rna Binding ◽  
Protein Band ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Red Cell Membrane ◽  
Human Red Blood Cells ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Human Rbcs

Red blood cells (RBCs) express the nucleic acid-sensing toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) and bind CpG-containing DNA. However, whether human RBCs express other nucleic acid-sensing TLRs and bind RNA is unknown. Here we show that human RBCs express the RNA sensor, TLR7. TLR7 is present on the red cell membrane and associates with the RBC membrane protein Band 3. RBCs bind synthetic single-stranded RNA and RNA from pathogenic single-stranded RNA viruses. RNA acquisition by RBCs is attenuated by recombinant TLR7 and inhibitory oligonucleotides. Thus, RBCs may represent a previously unrecognized reservoir for RNA, although how RNA-binding by RBCs modulates the immune response has yet to be elucidated. These findings add to the growing list of non-gas exchanging RBC immune functions.

scholarly journals Time Dependent Assessment of Morphological Changes: Leukodepleted Packed Red Blood Cells Stored in SAGM

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Mustafa ◽  
Asma Al Marwani ◽  
Khuloud Mamdouh Nasr ◽  
Noora Abdulla Kano ◽  
Tameem Hadwan
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Storage Time ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Storage Period ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Morphological Alterations ◽  
Packed Red Blood Cells ◽  
Stored Blood

Usually packed red blood cells (pRBCs) require specific conditions in storage procedures to ensure the maximum shelf life of up to 42 days in 2–6°C. However, molecular and biochemical consequences can affect the stored blood cells; these changes are collectively labeled as storage lesions. In this study, the effect of prolonged storage was assessed through investigating morphological changes and evaluating oxidative stress. Samples from leukodepleted pRBC in SAGM stored at 4°C for 42 days were withdrawn aseptically on day 0, day 14, day 28, and day 42. Morphological changes were observed using scanning electron microscopy and correlated with osmotic fragility and hematocrit. Oxidative injury was studied through assessing MDA level as a marker for lipid peroxidation. Osmotic fragility test showed that extended storage time caused increase in the osmotic fragility. The hematocrit increased by 6.6% from day 0 to day 42. The last 2 weeks show alteration in the morphology with the appearance of echinocytes and spherocytes. Storage lesions and morphological alterations appeared to affect RBCs during the storage period. Further studies should be performed to develop strategies that will aid in the improvement of stored pRBC quality and efficacy.

scholarly journals An Evaluation of Morphological Changes and Deformability of Suspended Red Blood Cells Prepared Using Whole Blood with Different Hemoglobin Levels of Tibetans

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Rui Zhong ◽  
Dingding Han ◽  
Xiaodong Wu ◽  
Hong Wang ◽  
Wanjing Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Whole Blood ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
Osmotic Fragility ◽  
Spherical Shape ◽  
Hypoxic Environment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Group A ◽  
Cell Membrane Protein

Background: The hypoxic environment stimulates the human body to increase the levels of hemoglobin (HGB) and hematocrit and the number of red blood cells. Such enhancements have individual differences, leading to a wide range of HGB in Tibetans’ whole blood (WB). Study Design: WB of male Tibetans was divided into 3 groups according to different HGB (i.e., A: >120 but ≤185 g/L, B: >185 but ≤210 g/L, and C: >210 g/L). Suspended red blood cells (SRBC) processed by collected WB and stored in standard conditions were examined aseptically on days 1, 14, 21, and 35 after storage. The routine biochemical indexes, deformability, cell morphology, and membrane proteins were tested. Results: Mean corpuscular volume, adenosine triphosphate, pH, and deformability were not different in group A vs. those in storage (p > 0.05). The increased rate of irreversible morphology of red blood cells was different among the 3 groups, but there was no difference in the percentage of red blood cells with an irreversible morphology after 35 days of storage. Group C performed better in terms of osmotic fragility and showed a lower rigid index than group A. Furthermore, SDS-PAGE revealed similar cross-linking degrees of cell membrane protein but the band 3 protein of group C seemed to experience weaker clustering than that of group A as detected by Western Blot analysis after 35 days of storage. Conclusions: There was no difference in deformability or morphological changes in the 3 groups over the 35 days of storage. High HGB levels of plateau SRBC did not accelerate the RBC change from a biconcave disc into a spherical shape and it did not cause a reduction in deformability during 35 days of preservation in bank conditions.

Abstract 3680: Transfusion-Induced Tissue Hypoxia is Ameliorated by S -nitrosohemoglobin Repletion of Stored Red Blood Cells

Circulation ◽  
2008 ◽  
Vol 118 (suppl_18) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana L Diesen ◽  
Jonathan S Stamler
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Tissue Oxygenation ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Tissue Hypoxia ◽  
Mouse Blood ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Stored Blood ◽  
Related Mortality

Transfusion of stored red blood cells (RBCs) is associated with a decrease in tissue oxygenation in animal models and with increased mortality and morbidity in patients. Recent studies have demonstrated that stored RBCs are deficient in vasodilatory ability and depleted of S -nitrosohemoglobin (SNO-Hb), and that renitrosylation ex vivo can increase SNO-Hb levels and restore vasoactivity. We have examined in a mouse model the extent to which transfusion impairs tissue oxygenation and whether SNO-Hb repletion can ameliorate that impairment. We report here that transfusion of (mouse) RBCs stored for 1 day or 1 week results in tissue hypoxia that is largely prevented by SNO-Hb repletion prior to transfusion ( 1 day stored blood : % decrease in oxygenation 58+/−10% untreated vs. 92+/−0.7% SNO-Hb repleted, p<0.05, n=3– 6; 1 week stored blood : % decrease in oxygenation 66+/−10% untreated vs. 91+/−2.8% SNO-Hb repleted, p<0.05, n=3– 6). Storage of mouse blood beyond human expiration-equivalents (1 month) resulted in substantial lysis and the death of all mice transfused (native and SNO-Hb repleted blood, n=5). In conclusion, repletion of SNO-Hb ameliorates the decrease in tissue oxygenation that results from transfusion of untreated stored blood. Therefore, SNO-Hb repletion may provide a simple and efficacious method to reduce transfusion-related mortality and morbidity.

scholarly journals Sensing of red blood cells with decreased membrane deformability by the human spleen

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (20) ◽  
pp. 2581-2587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Innocent Safeukui ◽  
Pierre A. Buffet ◽  
Guillaume Deplaine ◽  
Sylvie Perrot ◽  
Valentine Brousse ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Volume Ratio ◽  
Red Cells ◽  
Human Spleen ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Membrane Rigidity ◽  
Cellular Deformability ◽  
Distinct Features

Abstract The current paradigm in the pathogenesis of several hemolytic red blood cell disorders is that reduced cellular deformability is a key determinant of splenic sequestration of affected red cells. Three distinct features regulate cellular deformability: membrane deformability, surface area-to-volume ratio (cell sphericity), and cytoplasmic viscosity. By perfusing normal human spleens ex vivo, we had previously showed that red cells with increased sphericity are rapidly sequestered by the spleen. Here, we assessed the retention kinetics of red cells with decreased membrane deformability but without marked shape changes. A controlled decrease in membrane deformability (increased membrane rigidity) was induced by treating normal red cells with increasing concentrations of diamide. Following perfusion, diamide-treated red blood cells (RBCs) were rapidly retained in the spleen with a mean clearance half-time of 5.9 minutes (range, 4.0-13.0). Splenic clearance correlated positively with increased membrane rigidity (r = 0.93; P &lt; .0001). To determine to what extent this increased retention was related to mechanical blockade in the spleen, diamide-treated red cells were filtered through microsphere layers that mimic the mechanical sensing of red cells by the spleen. Diamide-treated red cells were retained in the microsphilters (median, 7.5%; range, 0%-38.6%), although to a lesser extent compared with the spleen (median, 44.1%; range, 7.3%-64.0%; P &lt; .0001). Taken together, these results have implications for understanding the sensitivity of the human spleen to sequester red cells with altered cellular deformability due to various cellular alterations and for explaining clinical heterogeneity of RBC membrane disorders.

scholarly journals The Effect of Experimental Escherichia coli Infection on Some Blood Parameters and Histological Changes in Male Rats

2011 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 22-27
Author(s):  
Hayder AL – Zamely
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Hemoglobin Concentration ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Infected Group ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Renal Tubules

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of experimental infection by Escherichia coli on some blood parameters and histopathological changes in male rats to reach this objective twenty male rats (Rattus norvigicus) were divided into two groups, housed under same conditions of water, feed, temperature, light and humidity. The first one served as control group, while the second was experimentally infected with Ecoli by administration of 2ml / rat of (1×109) colony forming unit/ml of E-coli. Five days later blood were obtained from animals by cardiac puncture to measure the total and differential white blood cells count hemoglobin concentration packed cells volume red blood cells count, and thrombocytes count. One animal from each group was killed and histopathological examination was done for intestine kidney liver and spleen to detect the effect of infection on these organs. The results revealed a significant increase in total leukocytes count (P<005) in infected group while the differential count showed a significant increase in neutrophils and significant decrease in lymphocytes (P< 0.05) in same group. There were a significant decrease in hemoglobin concentration packed cell volume and non significant decrease in red blood cells count. While thrombocytes count showed a significant decrease in infected group compared with control group (P<0.05). The histopathological examination of infected male rats intestine was demonstrated mild diffuse inflammation which include increased numbers of neutrophile in tissue intraepithelial lymphocytes and goblet cells In kidney renal tubules showed extensive epithelial swelling with decreased lumen space and generalized necrotic changes with interstitial hemorrhage in renal cortex. In liver hepatocytes were swollen with decreased sinusoidal spaces and widely distributed necrotic foci were seen. There is extensive splenic necrosis with infiltration of leukocytes from white pulp to red pulp of spleen.

scholarly journals Mechanics for the Adhesion and Aggregation of Red Blood Cells on Chitosan

2018 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 725-732 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Y. Chen ◽  
T. H. Lin ◽  
C. Y. Yang ◽  
Y. W. Kuo ◽  
U. Lei
Keyword(s):  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Biomedical Applications ◽  
Adhesion Force ◽  
Layer Structure ◽  
Optical Tweezer ◽  
Wound Dressings ◽  
Zeta Potentials ◽  
Rbc Membrane ◽  
Layer Structures

AbstractHemostasis, a process which causes bleeding to stop, can be enhanced using chitosan; but the detailed mechanism is unclear. Red blood cells (RBCs) adhere to chitosan because of their opposite charges, but the adhesion force is small, 3.83 pN as measured here using an optical tweezer, such that the direct adhesion cannot be the sole cause for hemostasis. However, it was observed in this study that layer structures of aggregated RBCs were formed next to chitosan objects in both static and flowing environments, but not formed next to cotton and rayon yarns. The layer structure is the clue for the initiation of hemostatsis. Through the supporting measurements of zeta potentials of RBCs and pH's using blood-chitosan mixtures, it is proposed here that the formation of the RBC layer structure next to chitosan objects is due to the reduction of repulsive electric double layer force between RBCs, because of the association of H+ deprotonated from chitosan with COO− on RBC membrane, under the DLVO (Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek) theory. The results are beneficial for designing effective chitosan-based wound dressings, and also for general biomedical applications.

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