scholarly journals L-Malate’s Plasma and Excretion Profile in the Treatment of Moderate and Severe Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Indra N. Waack ◽  
Stephan Himmen ◽  
Friederike Mueller ◽  
Ricarda Rohrig ◽  
Friederike Roehrborn ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Renal Excretion ◽  
Crystalloid Solution ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Plasma Distribution ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Urinary Citrate ◽  
Observation Period

Introduction. Malate is a standard component in fluid therapy within a wide range of medical applications. To date, there are insufficient data regarding its plasma distribution, renal excretion, and metabolism after infusion. This study aimed to investigate these three aspects in a rat model of moderate and severe hemorrhagic shock (HS).Methods. Male Wistar rats were subjected to HS by dropping the mean arterial blood pressure to 25–30 mmHg (severe) and 40–45 mmHg (moderate), respectively, for 60 minutes. Subsequently, reperfusion with Ringer-saline or a malate containing crystalloid solution (7 mM, 13.6 mM, and 21 mM, resp.) was performed within 30 minutes, followed by an observation period of 150 minutes.Results. In the present experiments, malate rapidly disappeared from the blood, while only 5% of the infused malate was renally excreted. In the resuscitation interval the urinary citrate and succinate amounts significantly increased compared to control.Conclusion. Malate’s half-life is between 30 and 60 minutes in both, moderate and severe HS. Thus, even under traumatic conditions malate seems to be subjected to rapid metabolism with participation of the kidneys.

DIGITALIS TOLERANCE IN YOUNG PUPPIES

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 730-736
Author(s):  
Katherine H. Halloran ◽  
Steven C. Schimpff ◽  
Jean G. Nicolas ◽  
Norman S. Talner
Keyword(s):  
Blood Gases ◽  
Acid Base Balance ◽  
Acid Base ◽  
Littermate Control ◽  
Premature Ventricular Contractions ◽  
Toxic Dose ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Base Balance ◽  
The Mean

Tolerance to acetyl strophanthidin, a rapid-acting cardiac aglycone, was determined in 28 anesthetized mongrel puppies, ages 16 to 56 days, and compared to tolerance in 16 littermate puppies in whom acute hypercapnic acidemia was produced. The tolerance was also compared to that of four adult mongrel dogs. The toxic dose was defined as the intravenous amount required to produce four consecutive premature ventricular contractions. A marked variation in the toxic dose was found in the 28 control puppies (range 83 to 353 µg/kg, mean 169 µg/kg) which could not be correlated with age, arterial blood gases or pH, serum potassium or sodium, arterial pressure, or heart rate. The toxic dose was significantly greater in the puppies than in the adult dogs, in whom the mean toxic dose was 64 µg/kg (range 50 to 89 µg/kg). A significant increase in tolerance was also observed in the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia (mean toxic dose 220 µg/kg, range 93 to 375 µg/kg) in comparison to tolerance in the control puppies and despite the wide range of tolerance, each of the puppies with hypercapnic acidemia showed greater tolerance than its littermate control puppy. Assessment of the clinical implications of these findings will require study of the effects of alterations in acid-base balance on the inotropic effect of acetyl strophanthidin in addition to the toxic electrophysiologic effects.

Central effect of endothelin on blood pressure in conscious rats

1989 ◽  
Vol 256 (6) ◽  
pp. H1747-H1751 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Ouchi ◽  
S. Kim ◽  
A. C. Souza ◽  
S. Iijima ◽  
A. Hattori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Conscious Rats ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Norepinephrine Concentration ◽  
Artificial Cerebrospinal Fluid ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dose Dependent Increase ◽  
Dose Dependent ◽  
Lateral Cerebral Ventricle

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of endothelin (EDT), a novel potent vasoconstricting peptide, on blood pressure in conscious rats. The lateral cerebral ventricle of male Wistar rats was cannulated, and the femoral artery was also cannulated to measure the mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) and heart rate (HR). EDT dissolved in 10 microliters of artificial cerebrospinal fluid (ACSF) (8.25-66 pmol icv) provoked a dose-dependent increase in MABP. EDT also increased HR, although the effect of 66 pmol was variable. Intracerebroventricular ACSF did not provoke any effects on MABP and HR. Intracerebroventricular EDT also provoked contralateral rotational behavior. Pretreatment with 2 mg/kg iv phenoxybenzamine significantly suppressed the 16.5 pmol icv EDT-induced increase in MABP. Moreover, 16.5 pmol icv EDT markedly increased plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine concentration. These results indicate that EDT has a central pressor action, and the action might be mediated, at least in part, by catecholamine release to the periphery. EDT might play a role in the central control of blood pressure, although the physiological implications have not yet been determined.

Reduction of blood flow in the adenohypophysis of rats by bromocriptine

1985 ◽  
Vol 63 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andras A. Kemeny ◽  
Jan A. Jakubowski ◽  
Emil Pasztor ◽  
Anthony A. Jefferson ◽  
Richard Wojcikiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Blood Flow ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Selective Effect ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Hydrogen Clearance ◽  
Fine Print

✓ The possibility that bromocriptine has a selective effect on blood flow in the adenohypophysis was examined in rats. Twenty-four anesthetized male Wistar rats underwent measurement of blood flow using the hydrogen clearance method. Intravenous injection of 50 µg/kg bromocriptine reduced the blood flow in both the medial and lateral parts of the adenohypophysis to about 70% of the baseline value. Simultaneously measured cerebral cortical and white matter flows were unchanged. Similar results were obtained following administration of a higher dose (500 µg/kg) of bromocriptine. This phenomenon cannot be attributed to the decrease in blood pressure. The course of change in blood flow in the medial and lateral adenohypophysis did not follow that of the mean arterial blood pressure, and the alteration of blood pressure remained within the limits of autoregulation in the adenohypophysis. The results indicate that bromocriptine is capable of reducing blood flow selectively in the pituitary region. This mechanism may contribute to the clinical usefulness of this drug.

scholarly journals Role of Exogenous Nitric Oxide Donor in Treatment of Decompensated Hemorrhagic Shock in Normotensive and Hypertensive Rats

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
Majid Khazaei ◽  
Babak Barmaki
Keyword(s):  
Survival Rate ◽  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Nitric Oxide Donor ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Hemodynamic Responses ◽  
No Donor ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean ◽  
And Control

Introduction. In this study, we investigated the role of exogenous NO donor, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), on hemodynamic responses and survival rate during decompensated hemorrhagic shock in normotensive and hypertensive rat.Methods. Male wistar rats were divided into normotensive and hypertensive groups (n=12each). Then, the animals were subjected to decompensated hemorrhagic shock by withdrawing blood until the mean arterial pressure (MAP) reached to 40 mmHg. After the shock period, the animals were randomly assigned to SNP-treated (0.5 mg/kg) and control groups (n=6each). MAP and heart rate (HR) were monitored throughout the experiment and 60 min after the administration of drug. Serum NO concentrations were measured. The survival rate was counted during next 72 h.Results. Infusion of SNP caused no significant changes in MAP and HR in normotensive and hypertensive animals. Hemorrhagic shock increased serum NO concentration and SNP administration reduced serum NO concentration in either normotensive or hypertensive groups. Survival counts during 72 h after experiment did not improve by SNP administration, and there were no significant differences between normotensive and hypertensive groups.Conclusion. SNP administration cannot improve hemodynamic responses and survival count during decompensated hemorrhagic shock in normotensive and hypertensive animals.

scholarly journals Comparison of Malated Ringer’s with Two Other Balanced Crystalloid Solutions in Resuscitation of Both Severe and Moderate Hemorrhagic Shock in Rats

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Keitel ◽  
Bjoern Hussmann ◽  
Sven Lendemans ◽  
Herbert de Groot ◽  
Ricarda Rohrig
Keyword(s):  
Hemorrhagic Shock ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
The Other ◽  
Adverse Impact ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Preclinical Treatment ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
Crystalloid Solutions ◽  
Balanced Crystalloid

In preclinical treatment of polytraumatized patients crystalloids are preferentially used. To avoid metabolic acidosis, metabolizable anions like lactate or acetate are used to replace chloride in these solutions. We here studied the effects of malated Ringer’s in resuscitation of both shock severities in comparison to lactated and acetated Ringer’s. Male Wistar rats underwent severe (mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) of 25–30 mmHg) or moderate (MAP 40–45 mmHg) hemorrhagic shock. Adjacent to the shock period animals were resuscitated with acetated (AR), lactated (LR), or malated Ringer’s (MR) and observed for 150 min. MR improved survival compared with LR and AR in severe hemorrhagic shock whereas it was equally effective to LR and superior to AR in moderate hemorrhagic shock. In all other parameters tested, MR was also effective similar to the other solutions under these conditions. We conclude that MR is preferable to AR and LR in resuscitation of hemorrhagic shock independent of shock depth. The positive effects of MR may stem from the absence of any adverse impact on energy metabolism under both conditions.

A retrospective 7-years study of aluminum phosphide poisoning in Tehran: opportunities for prevention

2009 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 209-213 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Shadnia ◽  
G Sasanian ◽  
P Allami ◽  
A Hosseini ◽  
A Ranjbar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Case Fatality ◽  
Signs And Symptoms ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide ◽  
Arterial Blood ◽  
Blood Ph ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Route Of Exposure ◽  
Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning

The objective of this study was to survey aluminum phosphide (AIP) poisoning in a referral poisoning hospital in Tehran servicing an estimation of 10,000,000 populations. Records of all patients admitted and hospitalized during a period of 7 years from January 2000 to January 2007 were collected and analyzed according to gender, age, cause of intoxication, amount of AIP consumed, route of exposure, time between exposure and onset of treatment, signs and symptoms of intoxication at admission, therapeutic intervention, laboratory tests, and outcome. During the studied years, 471 patients were admitted to the hospital with AIP poisoning; 50% of them were men. The overall case fatality ratio was 31%. The mean age was 27.1 years, and most of the patients were between 20 and 40 years old. Self-poisoning was observed in 93% of cases. The average ingested dose was 5.1 g, and most of the patients (73%) consumed 1–3 tablets of AIP. A wide range of symptoms and signs was seen on admission, but the most common one was cardiovascular manifestations (78.12%). The majority (65%) of patients were from Tehran. Poisoning in spring and winter (34% and 24%, respectively) was more common than other seasons. Gastric decontamination with potassium permanganate, and administration of calcium gluconate, magnesium sulfate, sodium bicarbonate, and charcoal were considered for most of the patients. Mean arterial blood pH was 7.23 and bicarbonate concentration was 12.7 mEq/L. One-hundred percent of patients with blood pH <7 died and 100% of patients with blood pH ≥ 7.35 survived. Electrocardiogram (EKG) abnormalities were noted in 65.6% of cases. There was a significant difference between survival and non-survival according to pH, HCO3 concentration, and EKG abnormality. Even without an increase in resources, there appears to be significant opportunities for reducing mortality by better medical management and further restrictions on the AIP tablets usage. Arterial blood pH seems to be a prognostic factor for the outcome of AIP-poisoned patients.

scholarly journals Factors controlling temporal variability of near-ground atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn concentration over Central Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3667-3706 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zimnoch ◽  
P. Wach ◽  
L. Chmura ◽  
Z. Gorczyca ◽  
K. Rozanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
West Germany ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Convective Mixed Layer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Specific activity of 222Rn in near-ground atmosphere has been measured quasi-continuously from January 2005 to December 2009 at two continental sites in Europe: Heidelberg (south-west Germany) and Krakow (southern Poland). Atmosphere was sampled at ca. 30 m and 20 m, respectively, above the local ground. Both stations were equipped with identical instrumentation. Regular observations of 222Rn were supplemented by measurements of surface fluxes of this gas in Krakow urban area, using two entirely different approaches. Atmospheric 222Rn concentrations varied at both sites in a wide range, from less than 2 Bq m−3 to approximately 40 Bq m−3 in Krakow and ca. 35 Bq m−3 in Heidelberg. Averaged over entire observation period, the 222Rn content in Krakow was approximately 30 % higher when compared to Heidelberg (5.86 ± 0.09 Bq −3 and 4.50 ± 0.07 Bq m−3, respectively). Distinct seasonality of 222Rn signal was visible in both presented time series, with higher values recorded generally during late summer and autumn. The surface 222Rn fluxes in Krakow also revealed a distinct seasonality, with broad maximum observed during summer and early autumn and minimum during the winter. Averaged over 5 yr observation period, the night-time surface 222Rn flux was equal 46.8 ± 2.4 Bq m−2 h−1. Although the atmospheric 222Rn levels at Heidelberg and Krakow appeared to be controlled primarily by local factors, it was possible to evaluate the "continental effect" in atmospheric 222Rn content between both sites, related to the gradual build-up of 222Rn concentration in the air masses travelling between Heidelberg and Krakow. The mean value of this load was equal 0.78 ± 0.12 Bq m−3. The measured minimum 222Rn concentrations at both sites and the difference between them was interpreted in the framework of a simple box model coupled with HYSPLIT analysis of air mass trajectories. Best fit of experimental and model data was obtained for the average 222Rn flux over the European continent equal 52 Bq m−2 h−1, the mean transport velocity of the air masses within convective mixed layer of PBL on their route from the Atlantic coast to Heidelberg and Krakow equal 3.5 m s−1, the mean rate constant of 222Rn removal across the top of PBL equal to the 222Rn decay constant and the mean height of the convective mixed layer height equal 1600 m.

scholarly journals Simultaneous Effect of Kisspeptin and Galanin on Serum Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Levels in Male Rats

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-29
Author(s):  
Maliheh Talebolhosseini ◽  
Homayoun Khazali
Keyword(s):  
Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Reproductive Function ◽  
Hormonal Control ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Testosterone Concentration ◽  
Serum Luteinizing Hormone ◽  
Serum Lh ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Male Wistar Rats ◽  
The Mean

Background: Galanin is a neuropeptide with a wide range of physiological functions that also has stimulatory effects on the reproductive axis. Kisspeptin is a crucial neuropeptide for the stimulation of the reproductive function. In the present study, the interaction of kisspeptin and the galanin signaling system was investigated on the mean serum luteinizing hormone (LH) and the testosterone concentrations in rats. Materials and Methods: Fifty-five male Wistar rats in 11 groups (n=5 per group) received saline, kisspeptin (1nmol), P234(1nmol), galanin(1nmol), galantide (1nmol) or simultaneous injections of them via third cerebral ventricle at 07:00 - 07:30. Blood samples were collected at 30 min following the injections. Hormone concentrations were measured using rat kit and the method of the radio-immunoassay (RIA). Results: Kisspeptin or galanin injection significantly increased both the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration compared to saline (P<0.05). The co-administration of kisspeptin/galanin increased the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration significantly compared to galanin or saline (P<0.05). The co-administration of kisspeptin/galanin decreased the mean serum LH concentration compared to kisspeptin, this reduction, however, was not statistically significant. Also, testosterone concentration declined in the kisspeptin/galanin group compared to kisspeptin group. Galantide or p234 injection decreases the mean serum LH and the testosterone concentration compared to galanin and kisspeptin, respectively. The co-administration of galantide/p234 lowers the mean serum LH concentration compared to saline. Conclusion: The interaction of hypothalamic galanin and kisspeptin signaling pathways may play an important role in the modulation of hormonal control of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis. [GMJ. 2017;6(1):23-29]

scholarly journals Factors controlling temporal variability of near-ground atmospheric <sup>222</sup>Rn concentration over central Europe

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (18) ◽  
pp. 9567-9581 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Zimnoch ◽  
P. Wach ◽  
L. Chmura ◽  
Z. Gorczyca ◽  
K. Rozanski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mixed Layer ◽  
Surface Fluxes ◽  
West Germany ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Air Masses ◽  
222Rn Concentration ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Convective Mixed Layer ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Concentration of radon (222Rn) in the near-ground atmosphere has been measured quasi-continuously from January 2005 to December 2009 at two continental sites in Europe: Heidelberg (south-west Germany) and Krakow (southern Poland). The atmosphere was sampled at ca. 30 and 20 m above the local ground. Both stations were equipped with identical instruments. Regular observations of 222Rn were supplemented by measurements of surface fluxes of this gas in the Krakow urban area, using two different approaches. The measured concentrations of 222Rn varied at both sites in a wide range, from less than 2.0 Bq m−3 to approximately 40 Bq m−3 in Krakow and 35 Bq m−3 in Heidelberg. The mean 222Rn content in Krakow, when averaged over the entire observation period, was 30% higher than in Heidelberg (5.86 ± 0.09 and 4.50 ± 0.07 Bq m−3, respectively). Distinct seasonality of 222Rn signal is visible in the obtained time series of 222Rn concentration, with higher values recorded generally during late summer and autumn. The surface 222Rn fluxes measured in Krakow also revealed a distinct seasonality, with broad maximum observed during summer and early autumn and minimum during the winter. When averaged over a 5-year observation period, the night-time surface 222Rn flux was equal to 46.8 ± 2.4 Bq m−2 h−1. Although the atmospheric 222Rn levels at Heidelberg and Krakow appeared to be controlled primarily by local factors, it was possible to evaluate the "continental effect" in atmospheric 222Rn content between both sites, related to gradual build-up of 222Rn concentration in the air masses travelling between Heidelberg and Krakow. The mean value of this build-up was equal to 0.78 ± 0.12 Bq m−3. The measured minimum 222Rn concentrations at both sites and the difference between them was interpreted in the framework of a simple box model coupled with HYSPLIT (Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory) analysis of air mass trajectories. The best fit of experimental data was obtained for the mean 222Rn flux over the European continent equal to 52 Bq m−2 h−1, the mean transport velocity of the air masses within the convective mixed layer of the planetary boundary layer (PBL) on their route from the Atlantic coast to Heidelberg and Krakow equal to 3.5 m s−1, the mean rate constant of 222Rn removal across the top of the PBL equal to the 222Rn decay constant and the mean height of the convective mixed layer equal to 1600 m.

HRA Model for Hypercholesterolemia Based on a Longitudinal Health Database

1998 ◽  
Vol 37 (02) ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
T. Kishimoto ◽  
Y. Iida ◽  
K. Yoshida ◽  
M. Miyakawa ◽  
H. Sugimori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Total Cholesterol ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Proportional Hazards Model ◽  
Model Analysis ◽  
Serum Total Cholesterol ◽  
Hazards Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Health Database ◽  
Observation Period

AbstractTo evaluate the risk factors for hypercholesterolemia, we examined 4,371 subjects (3,207 males and 1,164 females) who received medical checkups more than twice at an AMHTS in Tokyo during the period from 1976 through 1991; and whose serum total cholesterol was under 250 mg/dl. The mean follow-up duration was 6.6 years. A self-registering questionnaire was administered at the time of the health checkup. The endpoint of this study was the onset of hypercholesterolemia when the level of serum total cholesterol was 250 mg/dl and over. We compared two prognosis groups (normal and hypercholesterol) in terms of age, examination findings and lifestyle. After assessing each variable, we employed Cox's proportional hazards model analysis to determine the factors related to the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia. According to proportional hazards model analysis, total cholesterol, triglyceride and smoking at the beginning, and hypertension during the observation period were selected in males; and total cholesterol at the beginning and age were selected in females to determine the factors related to the occurrence of hypercholesterolemia.

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