Energy Harvesting for Internet of Things with Heterogeneous Users

We study the energy harvesting problem in the Internet of Things with heterogeneous users, where there are three types of single-antenna users: ID users that only receive information, EH users that can only receive energy, and ID/EH users that receive information and energy simultaneously from a multiantenna base station via power splitting. We aim to maximize the minimum signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) of the ID users and ID/EH users by jointly designing the power allocation at the transmitter and the power splitting strategy at the ID/EH receivers under the maximum transmit power and the minimum energy harvesting constraints. Specifically, we first apply the semidefinite relaxation (SDR), zero-forcing (ZF), and maximum ratio transmission (MRT) techniques to solve the nonconvex problems. We then apply the zero-forcing dirty paper coding (ZF-DPC) technique to eliminate the multiuser interference and derive the closed-form optimal solution. Numerical results show that ZF-DPC provides higher achievable minimum SINR than SDR and ZF in most cases.

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Robust Beamforming Design for Secure V2X Downlink System with Wireless Information and Power Transfer under a Nonlinear Energy Harvesting Model

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s18103294 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 18 (10) ◽

pp. 3294 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Shidang Li ◽

Chunguo Li ◽

Weiqiang Tan ◽

Baofeng Ji ◽

Luxi Yang

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Traffic Safety ◽

Optimization Problem ◽

Optimal Solution ◽

Base Station ◽

Power Splitting ◽

Power Transfer ◽

Vehicular Communication ◽

Downlink System ◽

Nonlinear Energy

Vehicle to everything (V2X) has been deemed a promising technology due to its potential to achieve traffic safety and efficiency. This paper considers a V2X downlink system with a simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT) system where the base station not only conveys data and energy to two types of wireless vehicular receivers, such as one hybrid power-splitting vehicular receiver, and multiple energy vehicular receivers, but also prevents information from being intercepted by the potential eavesdroppers (idle energy vehicular receivers). Both the base station and the energy vehicular receivers are equipped with multiple antennas, whereas the information vehicular receiver is equipped with a single antenna. In particular, the imperfect channel state information (CSI) and the practical nonlinear energy harvesting (EH) model are taken into account. The non-convex optimization problem is formulated to maximize the minimum harvested energy power among the energy vehicular receivers satisfying the lowest harvested energy power threshold at the information vehicular receiver and secure vehicular communication requirements. In light of the intractability of the optimization problem, the semidefinite relaxation (SDR) technique and variable substitutions are applied, and the optimal solution is proven to be tight. A number of results demonstrate that the proposed robust secure beamforming scheme has better performance than other schemes.

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Efficient Energy Utilization with Device Placement and Scheduling in the Internet of Things

Wireless Communications and Mobile Computing ◽

10.1155/2021/5921181 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2021 ◽

pp. 1-16

Author(s):

Yanli Zhu ◽

Xiaoping Yang ◽

Yi Hong ◽

Youfang Leng ◽

Chuanwen Luo

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Approximation Algorithm ◽

Minimum Energy ◽

Base Station ◽

Area Coverage ◽

The Internet ◽

Minimum Energy Consumption ◽

Iot Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

The low-power wide-area network (LPWAN) technologies, such as LoRa, Sigfox, and NB-IoT, bring new renovation to the wireless communication between end devices in the Internet of things (IoT), which can provide larger coverage and support a large number of IoT devices to connect to the Internet with few gateways. Based on these technologies, we can directly deploy IoT devices on the candidate locations to cover targets or the detection area without considering multihop data transmission to the base station like the traditional wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we investigate the problems of the minimum energy consumption of IoT devices for target coverage through placement and scheduling (MTPS) and minimum energy consumption of IoT devices for area coverage through placement and scheduling (MAPS). In the problems, we consider both the placement and scheduling of IoT devices to monitor all targets (or the whole detection area) such that all targets (or the whole area) are (or is) continuously observed for a certain period of time. The objectives of the problems are to minimize the total energy consumption of the IoT devices. We first, respectively, propose the mathematical models for the MTPS and MAPS problems and prove that they are NP-hard. Then, we study two subproblems of the MTPS problem, minimum location coverage (MLC), and minimum energy consumption scheduling deployment (MESD) and propose an approximation algorithm for each of them. Based on these two subproblems, we propose an approximation algorithm for the MTPS problem. After that, we investigate the minimum location area coverage (MLAC) problem and propose an algorithm for it. Based on the MLAC and MESD problems, we propose an approximation algorithm to solve the MAPS problem. Finally, extensive simulation results are given to further verify the performance of the proposed algorithms.

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Implementation of a Zero-Forcing Precoding Algorithm Combined with Adaptive Beamforming Based on WiMAX System

International Journal of Antennas and Propagation ◽

10.1155/2013/976301 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 2013 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hyunwook Yang ◽

Seungwon Choi

Keyword(s):

Mimo System ◽

Multiple Input Multiple Output ◽

Experimental System ◽

Multiple Access Interference ◽

Adaptive Beamforming ◽

Base Station ◽

Zero Forcing ◽

Single Antenna ◽

Input Multiple Output ◽

Wimax System

We propose a novel precoding algorithm that is a zero-forcing (ZF) method combined with adaptive beamforming in the Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX) system. In a Multiuser Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MU-MIMO) system, ZF is used to eliminate the Multiple Access Interference (MAI) in order to allow several users to share a common resource. The adaptive beamforming algorithm is used to achieve the desired SNR gain. The experimental system consists of a WiMAX base station that has 2 MIMO elements, each of which is composed of three-array antennas and two mobile terminals, each of which has a single antenna. Through computer simulations, we verified that the proposed method outperforms the conventional ZF method by at least 2.4 dB when the BER is 0.1%, or 1.7 dB when the FER is 1%, in terms of the SNR. Through a hardware implementation of the proposed method, we verified the feasibility of the proposed method for realizing a practical WiMAX base station to utilize the channel resources as efficiently as possible.

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RF Energy Harvesting with Multiple Sources in Wireless Mesh Network

Indonesian Journal of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science ◽

10.11591/ijeecs.v10.i2.pp606-616 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 606 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

K.N Puniran ◽

Ahmad Robiah ◽

Rudzidatul Akmam Dziyauddin

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Base Station ◽

Mesh Network ◽

System Throughput ◽

Power Splitting ◽

Multiple Sources ◽

Wireless Mesh ◽

Optimal Value ◽

Rf Energy ◽

Single Relay

Energy harvesting (EH) module for wireless sensor network has become a promising feature to prolong the conventional battery inside the devices. This emerging technology is gaining interest from sensor manufacturers as well as academicians across the globe. The concept of employing EH module must be cost effective and practical. In such, the use of EH module type besides RF is more realistic due to the size of the scavenger module, the availability of the resources and conversion efficiency. Most of the oil and gas plants have some drawbacks in scavenging RF from surrounding (i.e. router, Wi-Fi, base station, cell phone) due to its placement in remote area and thus limited energy sources could be a threat in this application. Multiple sources, including co-channel interference (CCI) in any constraint nodes is a feasible way of scavenging several wastes from ambient RF energy via wireless mesh topology. In this paper, a 3-node decode-and-forward (DF) model is proposed where the relay node is subject to an energy constraint. Multiple primary sources and CCI are added in the system model known as Multiple-Source and Single-Relay (MSSR). A mathematical model is derived in Time Switching Relaying (TSR) and Power Splitting Relaying (PSR) schemes to obtain an average system throughput at a destination. Numerical simulation with respect to the average throughput and EH ratio was performed and compared with the Single-Source and Single-Relay (SSSR) and ideal receiver. By applying multiple sources and CCI as an energy enhancement at the constraint node, the optimal value of EH ratio for TSR can be reduced significantly by 10% as compared to the ideal receiver whereas the optimal value of EH ratio for PSR is outweigh TSR in terms of overall system throughput.

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Beamforming Optimization in Internet of Things Applications Using Robust Swarm Algorithm in Conjunction with Connectable and Collaborative Sensors

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20072048 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (7) ◽

pp. 2048 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Mohammed Zaki Hasan ◽

Hussain Al-Rizzo

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Antenna Arrays ◽

Smart Grids ◽

Network Connectivity ◽

Base Station ◽

Node Selection ◽

Swarm Optimization ◽

Selection Scheme ◽

Multihop Relaying ◽

The Internet Of Things

The integration of the Internet of Things (IoT) with Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) typically involves multihop relaying combined with sophisticated signal processing to serve as an information provider for several applications such as smart grids, industrial, and search-and-rescue operations. These applications entail deploying many sensors in environments that are often random which motivated the study of beamforming using random geometric topologies. This paper introduces a new algorithm for the synthesis of several geometries of Collaborative Beamforming (CB) of virtual sensor antenna arrays with maximum mainlobe and minimum sidelobe levels (SLL) as well as null control using Canonical Swarm Optimization (CPSO) algorithm. The optimal beampattern is achieved by optimizing the current excitation weights for uniform and non-uniform interelement spacings based on the network connectivity of the virtual antenna arrays using a node selection scheme. As compared to conventional beamforming, convex optimization, Genetic Algorithm (GA), and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), the proposed CPSO achieves significant reduction in SLL, control of nulls, and increased gain in mainlobe directed towards the desired base station when the node selection technique is implemented with CB.

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Design architectures for energy harvesting in the Internet of Things

Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews ◽

10.1016/j.rser.2020.109901 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 128 ◽

pp. 109901 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Sherali Zeadally ◽

Faisal Karim Shaikh ◽

Anum Talpur ◽

Quan Z. Sheng

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

The Internet ◽

The Internet Of Things

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A Hybrid Energy Harvesting Design for On-Body Internet-of-Things (IoT) Networks

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s20020407 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 20 (2) ◽

pp. 407 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Omar A. Saraereh ◽

Amer Alsaraira ◽

Imran Khan ◽

Bong Jun Choi

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Thermal Energy ◽

The Internet ◽

Healthcare Applications ◽

Hybrid Energy ◽

Iot Devices ◽

Hybrid Energy Harvesting ◽

Monitoring Devices ◽

The Internet Of Things

The Internet-of-things (IoT) has been gradually paving the way for the pervasive connectivity of wireless networks. Due to the ability to connect a number of devices to the Internet, many applications of IoT networks have recently been proposed. Though these applications range from industrial automation to smart homes, healthcare applications are the most critical. Providing reliable connectivity among wearables and other monitoring devices is one of the major tasks of such healthcare networks. The main source of power for such low-powered IoT devices is the batteries, which have a limited lifetime and need to be replaced or recharged periodically. In order to improve their lifecycle, one of the most promising proposals is to harvest energy from the ambient resources in the environment. For this purpose, we designed an energy harvesting protocol that harvests energy from two ambient energy sources, namely radio frequency (RF) at 2.4 GHz and thermal energy. A rectenna is used to harvest RF energy, while the thermoelectric generator (TEG) is employed to harvest human thermal energy. To verify the proposed design, extensive simulations are performed in Green Castalia, which is a framework that is used with the Castalia simulator in OMNeT++. The results show significant improvements in terms of the harvested energy and lifecycle improvement of IoT devices.

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Advances and Opportunities in Passive Wake-Up Radios with Wireless Energy Harvesting for the Internet of Things Applications

Sensors ◽

10.3390/s19143078 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (14) ◽

pp. 3078 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Hilal Bello ◽

Zeng Xiaoping ◽

Rosdiadee Nordin ◽

Jian Xin

Keyword(s):

Energy Harvesting ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

The Internet ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Media Access Control ◽

Rf Energy Harvesting ◽

Harvesting Technique ◽

Idle Listening ◽

Rf Energy ◽

The Internet Of Things

Wake-up radio is a promising approach to mitigate the problem of idle listening, which incurs additional power consumption for the Internet of Things (IoT) wireless transmission. Radio frequency (RF) energy harvesting technique allows the wake-up radio to remain in a deep sleep and only become active after receiving an external RF signal to ‘wake-up’ the radio, thus eliminating necessary hardware and signal processing to perform idle listening, resulting in higher energy efficiency. This review paper focuses on cross-layer; physical and media access control (PHY and MAC) approaches on passive wake-up radio based on the previous works from the literature. First, an explanation of the circuit design and system architecture of the passive wake-up radios is presented. Afterward, the previous works on RF energy harvesting techniques and the existing passive wake-up radio hardware architectures available in the literature are surveyed and classified. An evaluation of the various MAC protocols utilized for the novel passive wake-up radio technologies is presented. Finally, the paper highlights the potential research opportunities and practical challenges related to the practical implementation of wake-up technology for future IoT applications.

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A Location Based Energy Proficient Path Routing for Internet of Things and Its Applications

10.46532/978-81-950008-1-4_002 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 6-10

Author(s):

Arulanantham D ◽

Pradeepkumar G ◽

Palanisamy C ◽

Dineshkumar Ponnusamy

Keyword(s):

Energy Consumption ◽

Internet Of Things ◽

Routing Protocols ◽

Energy Efficient ◽

Network Architecture ◽

Base Station ◽

Consumer Electronics ◽

The Internet ◽

Energy Efficient Routing ◽

The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things (IoT) is an establishment with sensors, base station, gateway, and network servers. IoT is an efficient and intellectual system that minimizes human exertion as well as right to use to real devices. This method also has an autonomous control property by which any device can control without any human collaboration. IoT-based automation has become very reasonable and it has been applied in several sectors such as manufacturing, transport, health care, consumer electronics, etc. In WSN’s smaller energy consumption sensors are expected to run independently for long phases. So much ongoing researches on implementing routing protocols for IoTbased WSNs.Energy consciousness is an essential part of IoT based WSN design issue. Minimalizing Energy consumption is well-thought-out as one of the key principles in the Expansion of routing protocols for the Internet of things. In this paper, we propose a Location based Energy efficient path routing for Internet of things and its applications its sensor position and clustering based finding the shortest path and real time implementation of Arduino based wireless sensor network architecture with the ESP8266 module. Finally, analyze the principles of Location-based energy-efficient routing and performance of QoS parameters, and then implemented automatic gas leakage detection and managing system.

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OSA Patient Monitoring System Based on the Internet of Things Framework

10.20944/preprints202009.0372.v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Liangming Cai ◽

Jingrong Le ◽

Xuxin Ruan ◽

Min Du

Keyword(s):

Internet Of Things ◽

Monitoring System ◽

Comparative Trial ◽

Middle Layer ◽

Base Station ◽

The Internet ◽

Application Layer ◽

Positioning Accuracy ◽

Communication Satellite ◽

The Internet Of Things

This paper presents an OSA patient interactive monitoring system based on the Internet of Things (IoT) framework. This system allows OSA patients to get timely rescue when they are sleepy outside. Because the Beidou position marker has an interactive function, it can reduce the anxiety of the patient while waiting for the rescue. At the same time, if a friend helps the OSA patients to call the doctor, the friend can also report the patient's condition in time. This system uses the popular IoT framework. At the bottom is the data acquisition layer, which uses wearable sensors to collect vital signs from patients, with a focus on ECG and SpO2 signals. The middle layer is the network layer that transmits the collected physiological signals to the Beidou indicator using the Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) protocol. The top layer is the application layer, and the application layer uses the mature rescue interactive platform of Beidou. Since the GPS indicator has not included the communication satellite, So it has no SMS function. OSA patients can only passively wait for a rescue. Moreover, due to the lack of satellites in Asia and the insufficient density of the ground-enhanced system, the positioning error of OSA patients is large. The Beidou system developed by China itself, the main coverage of the satellite is in Asia, and is equipped with a high-density ground-based augmentation system. Therefore, the Beidou model improves the positioning accuracy and is equipped with a special communication satellite, which increases the short message interaction function. Therefore, patients can report disease progression in time while waiting for a rescue. After our simulation test, the effectiveness of the OSA patient rescue monitoring system based on the Internet of Things framework and the positioning accuracy of OSA patients have been greatly improved. Especially when OSA patients work outdoors, the cell phone base station signal coverage is relatively weak. The satellite signal is well covered, plus the SMS function of the Beidou indicator. Therefore, the system can be used to provide timely patient progress and provide data support for the medical rescue team to provide a more accurate rescue plan. After a comparative trial, the rescue rate of OSA patients using the detection device of this system was increased by 15 percentage points compared with the rescue rate using only GPS satellite phones.

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