scholarly journals Comparison of Turkey’s Geographical Regions in terms of Stand-Alone PV System Design and Cost Parameters

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nevzat Onat
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
Excess Energy ◽  
Utilization Rate ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Unit Energy ◽  
Geographical Regions

Stand-alone photovoltaic (SAPV) systems are widely used in rural areas where there is no national grid or as a precaution against power outages. In this study, technical and economic analysis of a SAPV system was carried out using meteorological data for 75 province centers in seven geographical regions of Turkey. Obtained results for each province center were separated by geographical area. The averages of the centers for each region are taken as output. A calculation algorithm based on MsExcel has been established for these operations. The analyses made with the developed algorithm are repeated for five different scenarios that they cover periods of time when a constant strong load is active for all seasons (winter, spring, summer, and autumn) and all year round. The developed algorithm calculates the life-cycle cost, the unit energy cost, the electrical capacity utilization rate, the amount of generated/excess energy per month, the initial investment/replacement, and operating and maintenance (O&M) costs of each element. As a result, geographical regions of Turkey are compared in terms of these outputs graphically. Further investigations may include the sale of excess energy generated, small-scale PV system cost factors parallel to the grid, and the effects of government incentives.

scholarly journals Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises in Goa: Growth Exploration

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5S3) ◽  
pp. 332-337
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Service Sector ◽  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
The State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
Indian Industries ◽  
Annual Turnover

According to Micro, Small and medium enterprises Act 2006, the MSME are classified into two categories viz, Manufacturing Enterprises which are engaged in the manufacturing of production of goods or employing plant and machinery in the process of value addition to the final product having a distinct name or character or use. Service Enterprises: The enterprises engaged in providing or rendering of services are defined in terms of investment in equipment. Now, MSMEs is defined on the basis of ‘Annual Turnover’ instead of investment in plant and machinery /Equipment . Incase of manufacturing sector, the enterprises whose annual turnover is less than Rs. 5 Crores are considered as ‘Micro Enterprises’ The enterprises whose annual turnover is between Rs. 5 crores to Rs. 75 crores are considered as ‘Small Enterprises’ and the enterprises whose annual turnover is between Rs. 75 crores to Rs. 250 crores are considered as Medium Enterprises. A similar criteria are applied to define service sector enterprises as Micro, Small and Medium enterprises. At present approximately 36.1 million units of micro, small and medium enterprises are engaged in production in India. This sector provides employment to around 120 million people , These units represent around more than 45% of India’s total export . The contribution of this sector to the country’s Gross Domestic Product is about 8%. A study carried out by the Confederation of Indian Industries (CII) on the Indian MSMEs reveals that the MSME’s contribution to the India’s GDP will be around 50% by 2024 . Many units of MSME’s are located in rural areas which are checking the migration from rural areas to urban areas. Goa was liberated from the Portuguese regime yoke on 19th December 1961 , and remained union territory along with Daman and Diu for several years; Goa was elevated to the status of 25th state in the Indian Union on 30th May 1987. It has a geographical area of 3702 Sq. Kms. and a population of 14.58 lakhs (2011 Census). The state is divided into two districts (North and South Goa) and Twelve talukas. This state has the highest per capita income in the country and the second lowest with respect to poverty ratio. Tourism, agriculture, industry, mining, construction, banking, trade and fishery are the main stay of the Goan economy. Goa with its unique natural beauty has emerged as one of the best and the most attractive tourist destinations in the world. With a spread network of banking and financial institutions, the state is in the ideal position to attract investment. Goa today has over 8000 small scale industries employing over 60000 employees. The state has developed / established 20 industrial estates; some of them are among the best in the country. The industrial activities encompass about 50 sub sectors which include tourism, pharmaceuticals, electrical and automobile accessories etc. In spite of this, we are yet to achieve lot in the industrialization process. Goa has done fairly well in last two decades on the industrial front in spite of various handicaps. The explanation for this does not lie in any planned development strategy that the state

scholarly journals Design, Simulation, and Economic Optimization of an Off-Grid Photovoltaic System for Rural Electrification

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4735 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haytham El-houari ◽  
Amine Allouhi ◽  
Shafiqur Rehman ◽  
Mahmut Sami Buker ◽  
Tarik Kousksou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Diesel Generator ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Simulation And Optimization ◽  
Electricity Cost ◽  
Solar Fraction ◽  
Unit Energy

Access to clean and affordable energy in rural African regions can contribute greatly to social development. Hence, this article proposes the design, simulation, and optimization of a stand-alone photovoltaic system (SAPV) to provide non-polluting electrical energy based on a renewable source for a rural house located in Tazouta, Morocco. Real monthly electrical demands and hourly climatic conditions were utilized. An initial design process indicated that, with a 1080 Wp total capacity of PV modules and 670 Ah of battery storage, the proposed SAPV system was able to meet a considerable part of the dwelling load with an average solar fraction of about 79.1%. The rest of the energy demand was ensured by a diesel generator (DG). Also, a life cycle analysis of the PV system revealed that the life cycle cost is 10,195.56 USD and the unit electricity cost is 0.57 USD/kWh for an initial investment of 4858.68 USD. Thereafter, an optimum design based on Homer Pro software was carried out indicating that lower PV capacity can decrease the unit energy cost to 0.356 USD/kWh while reducing the solar fraction to 54.9%.

An Alternative Approach to PV System Life Cycle Cost Analysis

Solar Energy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Larsen ◽  
Jennifer Szaro ◽  
William Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Population Sample ◽  
Department Of Energy ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
The Impact

This analysis uses actual installed system costs from available data to better assess and understand the real installed and life cycle costs for small-scale photovoltaic (PV) installations. Most PV systems are sold on the basis of first cost, but in addition to these first costs, system owners must consider operation and maintenance (O&M) costs and down time, as well as energy savings [1]. The challenge in developing realistic life cycle costs is that most databases have only new data available, and only one database — that maintained by the Florida Solar Energy Center (FSEC) — contains performance information along with cost and maintenance data. The goals of this effort are to: 1. Characterize the actual life cycle costs (LCC) of PV systems installed in Florida and tracked since 1998. 2. Develop a benchmark of PV LCC that will aid in prioritizing cost improvement steps and feed into the U.S. Department of Energy and its subcontractors’ efforts to develop a baseline for grid-connected small residential and larger commercial PV system costs. 3. Develop an easy to use and modify LCC model that allows sensitivity analysis and input of new data as it becomes available. The PV system LCC model developed and used here is based on statistical methods, which provide us with a range of expected outcomes. The Monte Carlo technique allows the use of repeated simulation iterations to mimic a population sample. For inputs, the model relies largely on data from FSEC’s performance and maintenance databases, and where appropriate simplifying assumptions are explained. Beyond establishing an LCC baseline, this project considers the sensitivity of the total LCC to various inputs and thereby provides guidance on the question of where to put valuable resources to substantially reduce PV system costs. Further discussion is offered concerning the additional value of this model in determining the impact of various methods of PV system performance tracking.

scholarly journals An Economic Analysis of Small-Scale Standalone Photovoltaic System with Hydrogen Storage System

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nur Dalilah Nordin ◽  
Hasimah Abdul Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Economic Analysis ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Optimal Size ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Levelized Cost ◽  
Cost Of Energy ◽  
Power Load

This paper proposes design steps in obtaining the optimal size of a standalone photovoltaic (PV) system, which is able to meet a predetermined power load requirement. The keys of the system sizing are primarily to satisfy a specific load demand that depends on the power generated from the installed PV system and also to maintain hydrogen storage state of charge. A case study was conducted using Kuala Lumpur's meteorological data and a typical rural area load profile of 2.215 kWh. An economic analysis on the system was performed in order to determine system feasibility. The levelized cost of energy for the proposed system was RM1.98/kWh. However, the results showed that if the same configuration used absorbent glass mat (AGM) battery as the backup power supply, the system cost and levelized cost of energy is lower. Therefore, a sensitivity analysis of the electrolyzer and fuel cell efficiencies towards levelized cost of energy for the proposed system was executed. The result indicates that unless the efficiency of hydrogen storage technologies significantly increases in the future, the system will not be feasible to be implemented in Malaysia.

scholarly journals Life cycle energy and cost analysis of small scale biogas plant and solar PV system in rural areas of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 160 ◽  
pp. 277-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Md. Yeamin Ali ◽  
Mehadi Hassan ◽  
Md. Atiqur Rahman ◽  
Abdulla-AI Kafy ◽  
Iffat Ara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Biogas Plant ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Solar Pv System

scholarly journals SPEAR (Solar Pyrolysis Energy Access Reactor): Theoretical Design and Evaluation of a Small-Scale Low-Cost Pyrolysis Unit for Implementation in Rural Communities

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2189
Author(s):  
Cesare Caputo ◽  
Ondřej Mašek
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Tracking Error ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Energy Access ◽  
Efficient System ◽  
Pyrolysis Unit

Energy access and waste management are two of the most pressing developmental and environmental issues on a global level to help mitigate the accelerating impacts of climate change. They are particularly relevant in Sub–Saharan Africa where electrification rates are significantly below global averages and rural areas are lacking a formal waste management sector. This paper explores the potential of integrating solar energy into a biomass pyrolysis unit as a potentially synergetic solution to both issues. The full design of a slow pyrolysis batch reactor targeted at biochar production, following a strict cost minimization approach, is presented in light of the relevant considerations. SPEAR is powered using a Cassegrain optics parabolic dish system, integrated into the reactor via a manual tracking system and optically optimized with a Monte-Carlo ray tracing methodology. The design approach employed has led to the development an overall cost efficient system, with the potential to achieve optical efficiencies up 72% under a 1.5° tracking error. The outputs of the system are biochar and electricity, to be used for soil amendment and energy access purposes, respectively. There is potential to pyrolyze a number of agricultural waste streams for the region, producing at least 5 kg of biochar per unit per day depending on the feedstock employed. Financial assessment of SPEAR yields a positive Net Present Value (NPV) in nearly all scenarios evaluated and a reasonable competitiveness with small scale solar for electrification objectives. Finally, SPEAR presents important positive social and environmental externalities and should be feasibly implementable in the region in the near term.

scholarly journals Techno-economic feasibility analysis of a 3-kW PV system installation in Nepal

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ramhari Poudyal ◽  
Pavel Loskot ◽  
Ranjan Parajuli
Keyword(s):  
Net Present Value ◽  
Meteorological Data ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
Energy Output ◽  
Solar Pv ◽  
Economic Returns ◽  
Pv System

AbstractThis study investigates the techno-economic feasibility of installing a 3-kilowatt-peak (kWp) photovoltaic (PV) system in Kathmandu, Nepal. The study also analyses the importance of scaling up the share of solar energy to contribute to the country's overall energy generation mix. The technical viability of the designed PV system is assessed using PVsyst and Meteonorm simulation software. The performance indicators adopted in our study are the electric energy output, performance ratio, and the economic returns including the levelised cost and the net present value of energy production. The key parameters used in simulations are site-specific meteorological data, solar irradiance, PV capacity factor, and the price of electricity. The achieved PV system efficiency and the performance ratio are 17% and 84%, respectively. The demand–supply gap has been estimated assuming the load profile of a typical household in Kathmandu under the enhanced use of electric appliances. Our results show that the 3-kWp PV system can generate 100% of electricity consumed by a typical residential household in Kathmandu. The calculated levelised cost of energy for the PV system considered is 0.06 $/kWh, and the corresponding rate of investment is 87%. The payback period is estimated to be 8.6 years. The installation of the designed solar PV system could save 10.33 tons of CO2 emission over its lifetime. Overall, the PV systems with 3 kWp capacity appear to be a viable solution to secure a sufficient amount of electricity for most households in Kathmandu city.

scholarly journals The epidemiology of Moebius syndrome in Italy

2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Arturo Carta ◽  
Stefania Favilla ◽  
Giacomo Calzetti ◽  
Maria Cristina Casalini ◽  
Pier Francesco Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Demographic Data ◽  
Geographical Area ◽  
National Level ◽  
Age At Diagnosis ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Italian Population ◽  
Moebius Syndrome ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Geographical Regions ◽  
Chi Square Analysis

Abstract Background The epidemiology of Moebius syndrome (MBS) is difficult to assess. In the present study, we investigated the epidemiology of MBS in a well-defined population within a precise geographical area. Materials and methods Our university hospital is the only national referral center for the diagnosis and treatment of MBS. Participants in this cross-sectional study were patients affected by MBS who had been periodically followed by our medical staff since 1998. Most of the patients were referred to our hospital by the Italian Association of Moebius Syndrome (AISMO). Demographic data necessary for study purposes were made available in the AISMO database, updated to April 2018. Subjects were assigned to geographical macroareas that are conventionally used in surveys and epidemiological investigations by the Italian National Institute of Statistics. The rates and prevalence of MBS cases were calculated on the basis of the last available survey of the Italian population. Each study parameter was then calculated with reference to the whole country and macroarea partition. The sex rate and the corresponding prevalence were calculated with respect to the weighted whole population and to the respective sex population. Chi-square analysis was adopted to investigate possible differences among geographical regions and/or sexes. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results One hundred and sixty-four out of 212 MBS patients fulfilled our inclusion criteria. All cases occurred in Caucasian patients and were sporadic. The median age at diagnosis was 3.6 years, ranging from 0 to 55 years; this range was significantly reduced to 0–5 years (median age at diagnosis: 2.2 years) in patients included after 2007. The calculated prevalence at birth was 0.06 cases per 10,000 live births, with an overall prevalence of 0.27/100,000, without any sex or geographical predominance. Conclusions The prevalence of MBS observed herein, rounded for possible underestimation, was 0.3/100,000 people, without any regional difference in the distribution of cases. Our data confirm the rarity of the disease on a national level.

Reflections on Ecological and Environmental Construction of New Rural Program in Underdeveloped Areas

2011 ◽  
Vol 368-373 ◽  
pp. 3602-3606
Author(s):  
Ze Xin Li ◽  
Min Chen
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
Ecological Environment ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Environment Protection ◽  
Underdeveloped Areas ◽  
Rural Program ◽  
Rural Construction ◽  
New Rural Construction

Underdeveloped rural areas have good but very vulnerable ecological environment, so the environment protection should be given priority in new rural construction. Based on the problems that rural areas have faced in ecological environment, some thoughts are given in this paper on ecological and environmental: ①To solve the conflicts between the development of rural economy and ecological environment protection, the development of eco-industry can be a key solution. ② For the point that people of underdeveloped areas live in scattered and small scale groups, which leads to difficulty in facility arrangements, some proposals are put forward on the construction of living environment in underdeveloped new rural areas.

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