scholarly journals Cannabis Essential Oil: A Preliminary Study for the Evaluation of the Brain Effects

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nadia Gulluni ◽  
Tania Re ◽  
Idalba Loiacono ◽  
Giovanni Lanzo ◽  
Luigi Gori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Essential Oil ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Mood State ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Mean Frequency ◽  
Main Components ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
The Brain

We examined the effects of essential oil from legal (THC <0.2% w/v) hemp variety on the nervous system in 5 healthy volunteers. GC/EIMS and GC/FID analysis of the EO showed that the main components were myrcene and β-caryophyllene. The experiment consisted of measuring autonomic nervous system (ANS) parameters; evaluations of the mood state; and electroencephalography (EEG) recording before treatment, during treatment, and after hemp inhalation periods as compared with control conditions. The results revealed decreased diastolic blood pressure, increased heart rate, and significant increased skin temperature. The subjects described themselves as more energetic, relaxed, and calm. The analysis EEG showed a significant increase in the mean frequency of alpha (8–13 Hz) and significant decreased mean frequency and relative power of beta 2 (18,5–30 Hz) waves. Moreover, an increased power, relative power, and amplitude of theta (4–8 Hz) and alpha brain waves activities and an increment in the delta wave (0,5–4 Hz) power and relative power was recorded in the posterior region of the brain. These results suggest that the brain wave activity and ANS are affected by the inhalation of the EO of Cannabis sativa suggesting a neuromodular activity in cases of stress, depression, and anxiety.

scholarly journals Honeybee Brain Oscillations Are Generated by Microtubules. The Concept of a Brain Central Oscillator

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brenda C. Gutierrez ◽  
Marcelo R. Pita Almenar ◽  
Luciano J. Martínez ◽  
Manuel Siñeriz Louis ◽  
Virginia H. Albarracín ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Field Potential ◽  
Oscillatory Activity ◽  
Mammalian Brain ◽  
Insect Brain ◽  
Patch Clamp Technique ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Signaling Mechanism ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Honeybee Brain

Microtubules (MTs) are important structures of the cytoskeleton in neurons. Mammalian brain MTs act as biomolecular transistors that generate highly synchronous electrical oscillations. However, their role in brain function is largely unknown. To gain insight into the MT electrical oscillatory activity of the brain, we turned to the honeybee (Apis mellifera) as a useful model to isolate brains and MTs. The patch clamp technique was applied to MT sheets of purified honeybee brain MTs. High resistance seal patches showed electrical oscillations that linearly depended on the holding potential between ± 200 mV and had an average conductance in the order of ~9 nS. To place these oscillations in the context of the brain, we also explored local field potential (LFP) recordings from the Triton X-permeabilized whole honeybee brain unmasking spontaneous oscillations after but not before tissue permeabilization. Frequency domain spectral analysis of time records indicated at least two major peaks at approximately ~38 Hz and ~93 Hz in both preparations. The present data provide evidence that MT electrical oscillations are a novel signaling mechanism implicated in brain wave activity observed in the insect brain.

scholarly journals Deep Learning on Game Addiction Detection Based on Electroencephalogram

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 963
Author(s):  
Lalu Arfi Maulana Pangistu ◽  
Ahmad Azhari
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Late Adolescence ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Game Addiction ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg ◽  
The Brain

Playing games for too long can be addictive. Based on a recent study by Brand et al, adolescents are considered more vulnerable than adults to game addiction. The activity of playing games produces a wave in the brain, namely beta waves where the person is in a focused state. Brain wave activity can be measured and captured using an Electroencephalogram (EEG). Recording brain wave activity naturally requires a prominent and constant brain activity such as when concentrating while playing a game. This study aims to detect game addiction in late adolescence by applying Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Recording of brain waves was carried out three times for each respondent with a stimulus to play three different games, namely games included in the easy, medium, and hard categories with a consecutive taking time of 10 minutes, 15 minutes, and 30 minutes. Data acquisition results are feature extraction using Fast Fourier Transform to get the average signal for each respondent. Based on the research conducted, obtained an accuracy of 86% with a loss of 0.2771 where the smaller the loss value, the better the CNN model built. The test results on the model produce an overall accuracy of 88% with misclassification in 1 data. The CNN model built is good enough for the detection of game addiction in late adolescence. 

scholarly journals A Neurologic Examination for Anesthesiologists

2019 ◽  
Vol 130 (3) ◽  
pp. 462-471 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edith R. Reshef ◽  
Nicholas D. Schiff ◽  
Emery N. Brown
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
General Anesthesia ◽  
Patient Management ◽  
Vital Signs ◽  
Neurologic Examination ◽  
Complementary Information ◽  
Brain States ◽  
Main Components ◽  
The Brain

Abstract Anesthetics have profound effects on the brain and central nervous system. Vital signs, along with the electroencephalogram and electroencephalogram-based indices, are commonly used to assess the brain states of patients receiving general anesthesia and sedation. Important information about the patient’s arousal state during general anesthesia can also be obtained through use of the neurologic examination. This article reviews the main components of the neurologic examination focusing primarily on the brainstem examination. It details the components of the brainstem examination that are most relevant for patient management during induction, maintenance, and emergence from general anesthesia. The examination is easy to apply and provides important complementary information about the patient’s arousal level that cannot be discerned from vital signs and electroencephalogram measures.

Dynamics of Brain Electric Field during Recall of Salpuri Dance Performance

2002 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 955-962 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jong Ran Park ◽  
Takami Yagyu ◽  
Naomi Saito ◽  
Toshihiko Kinoshita ◽  
Takane Hirai
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Activity ◽  
Resting State ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Global Field Power ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Frontal Midline Theta ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
The Brain

The brain wave activity of a professional Salpuri dancer was observed while the subject recalled her performance of the Salpuri dance when sitting in a chair with closed eyes. As she recalled the feeling of the ecstatic trance state induced by the dance, an increase in alpha brain activity was observed together with marked frontal midline theta activity. Compared to a resting state, the dynamics of the electrical activity in the brain showed an increase in the global field power integral and a decrease in generalized frequency and spatial complexity.

scholarly journals Clothing pressure alters brain wave activity in the occipital and parietal lobes

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunjuan Liu ◽  
Yan Wang
Keyword(s):  
Wave Activity ◽  
Wave Power ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Parietal Lobes ◽  
Functional Regions ◽  
Clothing Pressure ◽  
Measuring Tool ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractDespite the importance of clothing pressure discomfort in the undergarment industry, a reliable unbiased measurement of clothing pressure discomfort has not been well-established. In the present study, we investigate changes in brain wave activity as a potential objective and consistent measuring tool for clothing pressure discomfort. We recorded α wave activity in 5 functional regions (30 channels) of the brain in 10 females with or without a girdle. We determined that α wave power spectrum significantly increases when the girdle is worn compared to when it is not worn, specifically in the parietal and occipital regions. These findings suggest that clothing pressure exerted by wearing a girdle mostly stimulates the parietal and occipital regions and that these regions should be investigated in future studies using α wave energy to measure clothing pressure discomfort.

scholarly journals Phytocannabinoids and endocannabinoids: different in nature

2020 ◽  
Vol 31 (4) ◽  
pp. 931-938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mauro Maccarrone
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Biological Activity ◽  
Cannabis Sativa ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Molecular Targets ◽  
Cultivated Plants ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Cannabis Indica ◽  
Main Components

Abstract Cannabis is one of the earliest cultivated plants, of which Cannabis sativa and Cannabis indica are the most widespread and best characterized species. Their extracts contain (phyto)cannabinoids (pCBs) of therapeutic interest, such as Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol and cannabidiol, along with many other compounds, so that there is no “one cannabis” but several mixtures even from the same plant. This complexity is mirrored, or even exceeded, by the complexity of the molecular targets that pCBs find in our body, most of which belong to the so-called “endocannabinoid (eCB) system”. Here, we describe the major pCBs and the main components of the eCB system to appreciate their differences and mutual interactions, as well as the potential of using pCB/eCB-based drugs as novel therapeutics to treat human diseases, both in the central nervous system and at the periphery. Moreover, we address the question of the evolution of pCBs and eCBs, showing that the latter compounds were the first to appear in nature, and that the former substances took a few million years to mimic the three-dimensional structures of the latter, and hence their biological activity in our body. Graphic abstract

scholarly journals Brain Wave Patterns in Patients With Chronic Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Sadat Larie ◽  
◽  
Fateme Esfandiarpour ◽  
Forough Riahi ◽  
Mohamad Parnianpour ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Relative Power ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Absolute Power ◽  
Brain Waves ◽  
Brain Wave Activity

Introduction: Research evidence indicates that maladaptive reorganization of the brain plays a critical role in amplifying pain experiences and pain chronification; there is, however, no clear evidence of change in brain wave activity among patients with chronic low back pain (CLBP). The objective of this study was to assess brain wave activity in patients with CLBP, compared to healthy controls. Methods: Twenty-five patients with CLBP and twenty-four healthy controls participated in the study. A quantitative Electroencephalography device was used to assess brain wave activity in eyes-open and eyes-closed conditions (EO and EC). The regional absolute and relative power of brain waves were compared between the groups. Results: Our results showed significant increases in the absolute power of theta (F=5.905, p=0.019), alpha (F=5.404, p=0.024) waves in patients with CLBP compared to healthy subjects in both EC and EO condition. Patients with CLBP showed a reduced delta absolute power in the frontal region (F=5.852, p=0.019) and augmented delta absolute power in the central region (F=5.597, p=0.022) in the EO condition. An increased delta absolute power was observed in the frontal (F=7.563 p=0.008), central (F=10.430, p=0.002) and parietal (F=4.596, p=0.037) regions in patients with CLBP compared to the healthy subjects in the EC condition. In the EC condition, significant increases in theta relative power (F=4.680, p=0.036) in the parietal region was also found in patients with CLBP. Conclusion: Increased absolute power of brain waves in people with CLBP may indicate cortical overactivity and changes in pain processing mechanism in these patients.

scholarly journals Power-law scaling of brain wave activity associated with mental fatigue

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vo V. Anh ◽  
Hung T. Nguyen ◽  
Ashley Craig ◽  
Yvonne Tran ◽  
Yu Guang Wang
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Power Law ◽  
Brain Cortex ◽  
Wave Activity ◽  
Initial Condition ◽  
Brain Wave ◽  
Diffusion Operator ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Brain Wave Activity ◽  
The Brain

AbstractThis paper investigates the cause and detection of power-law scaling of brain wave activity due to the heterogeneity of the brain cortex, considered as a complex system, and the initial condition such as the alert or fatigue state of the brain. Our starting point is the construction of a mathematical model of global brain wave activity based on EEG measurements on the cortical surface. The model takes the form of a stochastic delay-differential equation (SDDE). Its fractional diffusion operator and delay operator capture the responses due to the heterogeneous medium and the initial condition. The analytical solution of the model is obtained in the form of a Karhunen-Loève expansion. A method to estimate the key parameters of the model and the corresponding numerical schemes are given. Real EEG data on driver fatigue at 32 channels measured on 50 participants are used to estimate these parameters. Interpretation of the results is given by comparing and contrasting the alert and fatigue states of the brain.The EEG time series at each electrode on the scalp display power-law scaling, as indicated by their spectral slopes in the low-frequency range. The diffusion of the EEG random field is non-Gaussian, reflecting the heterogeneity of the brain cortex. This non-Gaussianity is more pronounced for the alert state than the fatigue state. The response of the system to the initial condition is also more significant for the alert state than the fatigue state. These results demonstrate the usefulness of global SDDE modelling complementing the time series approach for EEG analysis.

Glucuronyl 3-sulfate occurs exclusively on distal unmyelinated terminals of selected sensory neurons in the peripheral nervous system

1995 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 958-959
Author(s):  
S.S. Spicer ◽  
B.A. Schulte
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Cerebral Cortex ◽  
Peripheral Nervous System ◽  
Sensory Neurons ◽  
Sensory Nerves ◽  
Tissue Antigens ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Leu 7

Generation of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against tissue antigens has yielded several (VC1.1, HNK- 1, L2, 4F4 and anti-leu 7) which recognize the unique sugar epitope, glucuronyl 3-sulfate (Glc A3- SO4). In the central nervous system, these MAbs have demonstrated Glc A3-SO4 at the surface of neurons in the cerebral cortex, the cerebellum, the retina and other widespread regions of the brain.Here we describe the distribution of Glc A3-SO4 in the peripheral nervous system as determined by immunostaining with a MAb (VC 1.1) developed against antigen in the cat visual cortex. Outside the central nervous system, immunoreactivity was observed only in peripheral terminals of selected sensory nerves conducting transduction signals for touch, hearing, balance and taste. On the glassy membrane of the sinus hair in murine nasal skin, just deep to the ringwurt, VC 1.1 delineated an intensely stained, plaque-like area (Fig. 1). This previously unrecognized structure of the nasal vibrissae presumably serves as a tactile end organ and to our knowledge is not demonstrable by means other than its selective immunopositivity with VC1.1 and its appearance as a densely fibrillar area in H&E stained sections.

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