scholarly journals Effects of Size of Zinc Borate on the Flame Retardant Properties of Intumescent Coatings

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ning Lu ◽  
Pengchao Zhang ◽  
Ya’nan Wu ◽  
Danqing Zhu ◽  
Zhu Pan
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Weak Interaction ◽  
Energy Dispersive Spectrometry ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Char Formation ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

This paper is aimed at assessing the fire retardancy and thermal stability of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) containing ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), and melamine (MEL). Zinc borate (ZB) was added at the loading of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, and 12% by weight of IFR. The sizes of investigated ZB fall in 3 ranges: 1-2 μm, 2-5 μm, and 5-10 μm. The performance of APP/PER/MEL was investigated by using thermogravimetry analysis (TGA), cone calorimeter test, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and energy-dispersive spectrometry. The results obtained from the above experiments show that the incorporation of ZB can improve the fire protection performance. A 77% decrease in total smoke production and 84.6% decrease in total heat release were achieved for the addition of 2 wt% ZB (2-5 μm) in the IFR coating. TGA results indicate an increased amount of char residue. Compared to the control IFR coating, the char residue of IFR containing 2 wt% ZB (2-5 μm) has increased approximately 1.5-fold, 10-fold, and 25-fold, at 600°C, 700°C, and 800°C, respectively. The effective char formation results in excellent smoke suppression. Regarding smoke suppression performance, the order for smoke density is IFR/ZB (2-5 μm) < IFR/ZB (5-10 μm) < IFR/ZB (1-2 μm), regardless of investigated loading levels. The decline of smoke suppression performance for IFR/ZB (5-10 μm) and IFR/ZB (1-2 μm) is believed to be due to the poor char formation, as a result of a weak interaction of APP, PER, MEL, and ZB. This weak interaction is caused by the decrease in the specific surface area and agglomeration of ZB particles for IFR/ZB (5-10 μm) and IFR/ZB (1-2 μm), respectively.

Synthesis and Flame Retardant Properties of Melamine Modified EH Lignin

2011 ◽  
Vol 236-238 ◽  
pp. 482-485 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ru Lin Fu ◽  
Xian Su Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Enzymatic Hydrolysis ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Hydrolysis Lignin ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Red Phosphorus ◽  
Environmental Friendly ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

A novel intumescent flame retardant (IFR), melamine modified enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (MEHL), was synthesized and well characterized by FTIR and TGA. The results showed that the decompose temperature of MEHL is much higher than that of enzymatic hydrolysis lignin (EHL). In order to improve flame retardancy and dripping resistance of EPDM, MEHL and microencapsulated red phosphorus (MRP) were added into EPDM as IFR system. The flame ability and thermal stability of IFR and EPDM composites were investigated by UL-94 vertical burning test and LOI measurements. The results indicated that FV-0 was reached and the LOI value was 35 when per hundred rubber (phr) together with 12 phr MRP and 50 phr EHLM were added. SEM photos showed that the char residue was continuous, and a barrier between flame and rubber was formed, while there were also small holes in its surfaces. On all accounts, EHL used as a carbonization agent instead of petroleum chemicals, such as pentaerythritol, was more environmental friendly and beneficial to economy.

scholarly journals Investigation of the Flammability and Thermal Stability of Halogen-Free Intumescent System in Biopolymer Composites Containing Biobased Carbonization Agent and Mechanism of Their Char Formation

Polymers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Maqsood ◽  
Gunnar Seide
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Melt Compounding ◽  
Char Formation ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Halogen Free ◽  
Intumescent System ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

Starch, being a polyhydric compound with its natural charring ability, is an ideal candidate to serve as a carbonization agent in an intumescent system. This charring ability of starch, if accompanied by an acidic source, can generate an effective intumescent flame retardant (IFR) system, but the performance of starch-based composites in an IFR system has not been tested in detail. Here, we describe a PLA-based IFR system consisting of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) as acidic source and cornstarch as carbon source. We prepared different formulations by melt compounding followed by molding into sheets by hot pressing. The thermal behavior and surface morphology of the composites was investigated by thermogravimetric analysis and scanning electron microscopy respectively. We also conducted limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94, and cone calorimetry tests to characterize the flame-retardant properties. Cone calorimetry revealed a 66% reduction in the peak heat release rate of the IFR composites compared to pure PLA and indicated the development of an intumescent structure by leaving a residual mass of 43% relative to the initial mass of the sample. A mechanism of char formation has also been discussed in detail.

Study on flame retardancy and smoke suppression of PET by the synergy between Fe2O3 and new phosphorus-containing silicone flame retardant

2020 ◽  
Vol 32 (8) ◽  
pp. 871-882 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yun Peng ◽  
Mei Niu ◽  
Ruihong Qin ◽  
Baoxia Xue ◽  
Mingqiang Shao
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardancy ◽  
Carbon Layer ◽  
Smoke Suppression ◽  
Limit Oxygen Index ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Phosphorus Containing ◽  
Index Value

To reduce the environmental hazard from the flame retardant, a halogen-free phosphorus-containing silicone flame-retardant poly N, N dimethylene phosphate aminopropyl siloxane (PDPSI) was prepared following the Mannich reaction. Then, PDPSI and ferric oxide (Fe2O3) were used for the preparation of synergistic flame-retardant polyethylene terephthalate (PET). The flame-retardant test results revealed that at 2% PDPSI/Fe2O3 content and 1:2 mass ratio of PDPSI to Fe2O3, the limit oxygen index value of the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composite material was 27.9%, reaching the flame-retardant level and passing the V-0 rating in the UL-94 test. In addition, the PDPSI/Fe2O3/PET composites had a char residue content of 17.5% at 700°C, an increase of 30.6% compared to that of the pristine PET. In the cone calorimeter test, the addition of PDPSI/Fe2O3 significantly reduced the peak heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR) rate, and total smoke production (TSP) value of the resulting PET composites. PHRR and THR decreased by 66.05% and 14.3%, respectively. The TSP value decreased from 14.4 m2 to 8.1 m2, a decrease of 43.8%. The scanning electron microscopy images and Fourier-transform infrared spectra of the char residue showed a significant synergy between Fe2O3 and PDPSI, changing the structure of the carbon layer in continuous and dense form, thus the flame retardancy and smoke suppression of the PET composites improved. In addition, the tensile strength of the PET composite was 42.11 MPa, which was only 1.84% less than that of the pristine PET.

scholarly journals Flame Retardant Properties of a Guanidine Phosphate–Zinc Borate Composite Flame Retardant on Wood

ACS Omega ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linyuan Wang ◽  
Yabing Yang ◽  
Hongbo Deng ◽  
Wenyi Duan ◽  
Jiajie Zhu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Guanidine Phosphate

SEBS-based thermoplastic elastomers containing aluminum hypophosphite and melamine cyanurate: Thermal degradation, flame retardancy, and mechanical properties

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Cheng ◽  
Jianming Wu ◽  
Yulin Li ◽  
Chenguang Yao ◽  
Guisheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Thermoplastic Elastomers ◽  
Char Residue ◽  
Melamine Cyanurate ◽  
Char Layer ◽  
Phenylene Oxide ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Ul 94 ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Aluminum Hypophosphite

Aluminum hypophosphite combined with melamine cyanurate and poly(phenylene oxide) was applied to flame-retard TPE-S system (blends of SEBS and polyolefin). The flame-retardant properties of the TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO were investigated by LOI and vertical burning test (UL-94). The results indicated that TPE-S containing 16 wt% AHP, 20 wt% MCA, and 10 wt% PPO reached a V-0 rating in the UL-94 test, and its LOI value was 28.2%. It performed well in the cone calorimeter (reduction in peak heat release rate from 2001 to 494 kW m−2). Thermogravimetric-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy tests showed that AHP and MCA acted in gaseous phase, while AHP and PPO helped to form char residue. The SEM graphs demonstrated that continuous and compact films cover bubbles of the char layer in TPE-S/AHP/MCA/PPO. The proposed flame-retardant mechanisms of such systems were summarized.

Effects of heterionic montmorillonites on flame resistances of polystyrene nanocomposites and the flame retardant mechanism

2017 ◽  
Vol 52 (10) ◽  
pp. 1295-1303 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yijiao Xue ◽  
Mingxia Shen ◽  
Fengling Lu ◽  
Yongqin Han ◽  
Shaohua Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Reducing Power ◽  
Infrared Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
Cone Calorimeter Test ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardants ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Better Than

To improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, three kinds of organophilic heterionic montmorillonites (Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Fe-montmorillonite) reinforced polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by melt dispersion method. The structure and composition of the organo montmorillonites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The adhesion between organo montmorillonites and polystyrene was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The flame resistance and thermal stability of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites were evaluated by cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis. The interlayer space of organo montmorillonites increased with the increase of the oxidation state of the cations. With the addition of organo montmorillonites, the peak values of all the flame resistance indexes of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites nanocomposites decreased, among which the PHRR values have decreased the most, compared with those of polystyrene. Their corresponding test times have all been delayed following almost precisely the same trend. Therefore, their flame retardant ability come from their lamellated structures, their charring forming abilities, and the reducing power of Fe3+ in polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite. Organo montmorillonites mainly act as a kind of intumescent flame retardants. The flame resistance of polystyrene/Na-montmorillonite nanocomposite was the best, and the polystyrene/Ca-montmorillonite came second, which is slightly better than that of polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite.

scholarly journals Study of the Synergistic Effect of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates on Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shibin Nie ◽  
Chi Zhang ◽  
Chao Peng ◽  
De-yi Wang ◽  
Daowei Ding ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Intumescent Flame Retardant ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Polypropylene Composites ◽  
Pp Composites ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties ◽  
Microencapsulated Ammonium Polyphosphate ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Nickel Phosphates ◽  
Limited Oxygen

A char forming agent (CFA) and silica-gel microencapsulated ammonium polyphosphate (Si-MCAPP) were selected to form novel intumescent flame retardant system to prepare flame retardant polypropylene (PP) composites, and then the influences of nanoporous nickel phosphates (NiP) on the thermal and flame retardant properties of flame retardant PP composites were studied by the real time FTIR (RTFTIR) spectra, limited oxygen index (LOI) test, and the scanning electron microscopy. RTFTIR shows the addition of NiP can improve the thermal stability of flame retardant PP composites. LOI test shows LOI value is increased with the increase of the content of NiP, and the optimized concentration of NiP is 1.0%. Furthermore, smoke toxicity of the novel flame retardant PP composites was studied by mice experiment. The upper limit of the no death smoke concentration of the composite is 12.37 mg/L.

Controllable synthesis and flame-retardant properties of spherical zinc borate nanostructure

2012 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 863 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pingqiang Gao ◽  
Wenhua Song ◽  
Feng Ding ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
Mengmeng Li
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Controllable Synthesis ◽  
Flame Retardant Properties

Effect of Fumed Silica and Zinc Borate on the Thermogravimetric Analysis Curves of ABS/Magnesium Hydroxide Composite

2014 ◽  
Vol 599-601 ◽  
pp. 183-186
Author(s):  
Zhang Ting Li ◽  
Yue Qun Lu ◽  
Li Li Fan ◽  
Pei Bang Dai ◽  
Xia Su ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Property ◽  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Fumed Silica ◽  
Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene ◽  
Zinc Borate ◽  
Processing Temperature ◽  
Great Decrease ◽  
Thermal Stability Of ◽  
Butadiene Styrene

For achieving sufficient flame retardancy, high magnesim hydroxide (MH) content is needed in MH flame retardant Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) composites (ABS/MH), which will cause a great decrease in mechanical property and difficulty in preparing samples for measurement. We prepared ABS/MH filled high 60.0% flame retardant by compounding ABS and modified flame retardant MH, fumed silica (SiO2) and zinc borate (ZB) via TX-10 phosphate/polyacrylate latex and studied the effect of a small amount of SiO2 and ZB with MH in ABS for improving the thermal decomposition of ABS/MH. The thermal stability of the modified flame retardant could meet the processing temperature of ABS. The incorporation of ZB, SiO2 or SiO2/ZB could improve the thermal stability of ABS/MH.

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