scholarly journals Effects of Regional Trade Agreement to Local and Global Trade Purity Relationships

Complexity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-16
Author(s):  
Siyu Huang ◽  
Wensha Gou ◽  
Hongbo Cai ◽  
Xiaomeng Li ◽  
Qinghua Chen
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Expectation Maximization Algorithm ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trading Activities ◽  
Multilateral Trade Liberalization

In contrast to the rapid integration of the world economy, many regional trade agreements (RTAs) have also emerged since the early 1990s. This contradiction has encouraged scholars and policymakers to explore the true effects of RTAs, including both regional and global trade relationships. This paper defines synthesized trade resistance and decomposes it into natural and artificial factors. Here, we separate the influence of geographical distance, economic volume, and overall increase in transportation and labor costs and use the expectation maximization algorithm to optimize the parameters and quantify the trade purity indicator, which describes the true global trade environment and relationships among countries. This indicates that although global and most regional trade relations gradually deteriorated during the period 2007–2017, RTAs generate trade relations among members, especially contributing to the relative prosperity of European Union (EU) and North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) countries. In addition, we apply the network to reflect the purity of the trade relations among countries. The effects of RTAs can be analyzed by comparing typical trade unions and trade communities, which are presented using an empirical network structure. This analysis shows that the community structure is quite consistent with some trade unions, and the representative RTAs constitute the core structure of international trade network. However, the role of trade unions has weakened, and multilateral trade liberalization has accelerated in the past decade. This means that more countries have recently tended to expand their trading partners outside of these unions rather than limit their trading activities to RTAs.

Making Sense of U.S. Trade Policy: What Recent Negotiations Can Tell Us

2019 ◽  
Vol 113 ◽  
pp. 378-380
Author(s):  
Inu Manak
Keyword(s):  
Trade Policy ◽  
Free Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Making Sense ◽  
The North ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
The U.S

U.S. trade policy is not what it used to be. Since the U.S. withdrawal from the Trans-Pacific Partnership in January 2017, Indo-Pacific trade relations have been in constant flux. It is not clear where U.S. trade policy will end up, particularly with regard to its relationship with China. However, the conclusion of two renegotiations of previous U.S. trade agreements can tell us generally about the new U.S. approach and what this means for our trading partners. I will discuss developments from the renegotiation of the Korea-U.S. free trade agreement (KORUS) and the U.S.-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA) as a replacement for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).

scholarly journals Análisis integral de los flujos comerciales entre el Perú y China con miras a la firma de un acuerdo de alcance parcial

2006 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 101-131
Author(s):  
Carlos Gallardo Torres ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Negotiations ◽  
People's Republic Of China ◽  
Trade Preference ◽  
Outcomes Analysis ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Open Markets

Trade and its role in economic development have been amongst Peru’s priorities since the country’s economic opening. Along this line, it is easy to understand Peru’s decision to start negotiations to establish trade preference agreements with its main trading partners. This research starts by presenting the scenario for potential trade negotiations between Peru and the People’s Republic of China. The analysis is based on a methodology integrating calculations of trade indicators and the design of tariff item classification and potential identification matrices. Our outcomes’ analysis allows identifying those goods that are actually taking advantage of present trade relations between Peru and China, and other goods that might take further advantage of more open markets once a trade agreement is reached between the two nations. In addition, our research allows preparing a ranking of product classifications taking account of those industries and products where Peru should focus during trade talks with China.

Tariff-Based Disputes Continue to Characterize Trump Administration Trade Policies

2018 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 751-759 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
European Union ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trump Administration

Over the summer of 2018, trade relations between the United States and many of its trading partners continued to be marked by tensions. The United States and China ratcheted up their use of tariffs against each other. The United States both received and initiated requests for consultation with various countries at the World Trade Organization (WTO) related to its earlier steel and aluminum tariffs and to tariffs imposed in response by other countries. President Trump has continued to pursue the possibility of further tariffs, including with respect to automobile and uranium imports. The United States also escalated trade tensions with Turkey through various measures, explicitly linking some of these measures to Turkey's detainment of an American pastor. Despite the broader theme of tensions, negotiations have proved productive between the United States and two of its major trading partners—the European Union and Mexico—paving a way for future settlements. With the European Union, the Trump administration has reached a tentative understanding and agreed not to impose new tariffs while the parties negotiate toward finalizing this understanding. As to Mexico, in late August 2018 the Trump administration announced that the two countries had reached agreement with respect to many issues underlying their ongoing North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) negotiations.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF GEORGIA'S TRADE RELATIONS WITH UKRAINE

Economics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 104 (3-5) ◽  
pp. 192-200
Author(s):  
GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE GRIGOL GLUNCHADZE
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Diplomatic Relations ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Trade Turnover ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Characteristic Features ◽  
Economic Ties

The title of the article - "Development of Georgia's Trade Relations with Ukraine" shows Georgia's trade relations with Ukraine. According to the information presented in the article, which is spread over the years 2016-2020, in this 5-year period, the total trade turnover and export-import are increasing, which does not apply to the last 2020. This year, all the above indicators have been reduced - turnover by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6%. The author connects this situation with the cooling of diplomatic relations between the two countries. Because of Saakashvili's personality and emphasizes that this situation has improved today. Georgia has a special close economic and economic ties with Ukraine among the countries of the world. This applies not only to the export-import of goods, but also to tourist traffic, investment, employment, etc. Sh. This relationship was established in 1995 with the conclusion of the Free Trade Agreement [1]. One of the characteristic features of foreign trade between Ukraine and Georgia is the fact that Georgia's share in the total foreign trade of Ukrainian goods is insignificant (about 0.5%), while Ukraine's share in Georgia's total trade turnover reaches 5.1%. According to the results of January-September 2020, among all Georgia's trading partners, Ukraine ranks 7th in terms of trade turnover, 5th in terms of exports of goods and 8th in terms of imports of goods. Georgia-Ukraine turnover in 2020 compared to 2019 has decreased - by 9%, exports - by 13%, imports - by 6% (Table 1). Under these conditions, there is an increase in some goods, in particular, an increase in imports:  Beef - by 43%;  Copton – by 17%;  Milk and cream – by 29%;  Flat rolled- by 10%. As for exports from Georgia to Ukraine, the export of ferroalloys (17 times) and the export of scrap (6 times) have increased. Key words: Ukraine, Georgia; Trade relations; Export-import.

scholarly journals POLITICAL ECONOMY OF TRADE WITH THE EUROPEAN UNION: SOUTH AFRICA’S PURSUIT OF NARROW SELF-INTEREST

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (9) ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Van Heerden
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
European Union ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Self Interest ◽  
Southern Africa Development Community ◽  
The Eu

In the years between 1995 and 2008 South Africa was engaged in trade negotiations with the European Union (EU), which were seen as platform for addressing the trade imbalances in favour of the EU. In 2002, a Free Trade Agreement (FTA) was signed between South Africa and the EU. Despite its membership to the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC), South Africa engaged on the negotiations on its own which led to trade and political tensions with other countries within the community. By going alone South Africa was clearly indicating an appetite to vigorously pursue its interests at the expense of regional partners. It is argued that the exclusion, at an early stage of the negotiations, of other regional countries within SADC was counterproductive and had the potential to harm the regional trade relations. In addition, the change of approach at later stage that brought in the regional approach to the negotiations improved the regional trade relations within SADC.

COMPREHENSIVE AND PROGRESSIVE AGREEMENT FOR TRANS – PACIFIC PARTNERSHIP (TPP – 11): PAST, PRESENT AND FUTURE?

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-18
Author(s):  
Vladimir Yu. Salamatov ◽  
Nataliia M. Galkina
Keyword(s):  
World Economy ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Global Trend ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Partnership Agreement

The article considers the global trend towards regional trade agreements (RTA). The authors note that in addition to the common bilateral RTAs, countries conclude multilateral regional trade agreements. In particular, the article examines changes in the world economy, which occur under the influence of the mega-regional trade agreements (MRTA) formation. An example of the MRTA is the Trans-Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) and its possible impact onRussiais discussed in the present article. The authors discuss the stages of TPP development, its goals, provisions, innovations and prospects. The article analyses an example of a country’s withdrawal from an agreement, its’ consequences and possible impact on the country itself and other signatory countries to the agreement. The article points out the differences between TPP and TPP-11. Inparticular, the article discusses the possible impact of the TPP-11 onRussia. Trade relations betweenRussiaand TPP-11 signatory countries are considered, and key markets among TPP-11 countries are identified. The article highlights the importance ofRussia's rapid response to the possible consequences of the TPP-11, including the possible conclusion of bilateral trade agreements between the EAEU, whereRussiais a member, and potential partners from TPP-11 countries.

The Effect of Membership in the European Monetary Union on Trade Between Member Countries (An Empirical Study)

2006 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihor Soroka
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Union ◽  
European Monetary Union ◽  
Bilateral Trade ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Monetary Integration ◽  
European Monetary ◽  
Trade Relations ◽  
Euro Adoption ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Short Run

The question of whether or not to adopt the euro is a very important one, not only for the 13 European Union members that do not share the same currency, but also for future EU candidates. Current literature on the effect of the euro on trade is scarce since the European Monetary Union (EMU) was officially created in 1999, and up until recently there has not been enough data to analyze this issue. This paper aims to estimate the effect of the euro on trade between member countries using the standard gravity model of trade. Using data from current 25 EU members over the period from 1997 to 2004, I show that higher trade volumes between EMU members cannot be attributed to the adoption of the euro. I find evidence that the euro adoption has had a short-run effect on bilateral trade and that this effect is eliminated over a short period of time. My findings suggest that members of the EMU trade on average from 8.8% to 47% more compared to non-members depending on the type of regression used, while members of the Free Trade Agreement trade 61.3% more. The effect of the euro on trade is eliminated as soon as I control for country-pair specific effects that include the FTA effect as well as history of trade relations between two countries. I conclude that the adoption of the euro should be seen as a final step in the European economic and monetary integration for countries that already benefit from relatively high volumes of bilateral trade. Full text availale at: https://doi.org/10.22215/rera.v2i1.166

scholarly journals Regional trade and food security challenges: The case of SAARC countries

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 335-344
Author(s):  
Muhammad Waqas Khalid ◽  
Ashar Sultan Kayani ◽  
Jamal Mohammed Alotaibi ◽  
Muhammad Muddassir ◽  
Bader Alhafi Alotaibi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Regional Cooperation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Security Challenges ◽  
Trading Partners ◽  
Trade Partners

Higher consumption and increased import requirements for the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC) region can be catered through neighboring trade partners if resources are optimally utilized. The purpose of this research is to analyze the connection between regional trade of SAARC countries and the food security challenges faced by the region. The study uses data from 1990–2018 for Pakistan, India, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh to econometrically analyze the determinants of the volume of food trade. The results show that the gross domestic product of importing or exporting countries and foreign direct investment (FDI) have positive impact on regional trade. The bilateral exchange rate between trading partners has a negative impact on the trade volume. The results also showed the absence of a long-run relationship between volume of trade and food security using Johansen’s cointegration test. Our analysis suggests that policy makers should focus on the means for creating favorable environment in Pakistan and India to not only meet the increasing global demands for food but also increasing their competitiveness for high-quality and low-quality priced products in major exports markets.

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