Dietary Risk Factors Associated with Development of Gastric Cancer in Nepal: A Hospital-Based Case-Control Study

Objectives. Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent neoplasms and a leading cause of mortality globally. To our knowledge, its relationship with dietary factors is not adequately studied and understood in the Nepalese context. This study is aimed at exploring the relationship between the possible dietary risk factors responsible for gastric cancer in Nepal. Methods. A hospital-based matched case-control study was conducted in two specialized cancer hospitals in Nepal. A total of 237 participants (79 cases and 158 controls) were included in the study. Patients diagnosed within one year (incidence case) with histologically confirmed gastric cancer were taken as cases, and healthy visitors of gastric and nongastric cancer patients without past and present history or not a suspected information of gastric cancer were included as controls. A face-to-face interview was conducted using a semi-structured food frequency questionnaire. Backward stepwise conditional logistic regression was used to estimate the magnitude of the association between the independent variables and gastric cancer. Results were presented as the crude odds ratio (COR) and adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). A P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results. In the adjusted multivariable conditional logistic regression model, an increased risk of gastric cancer was more likely to have higher odds among those respondents who had a high consumption of processed meat (AOR=3.99, 95% CI: 0.90-17.66), preferences of a high amount of fats/oil (AOR=4.64, 95% CI: 1.56-13.72), and preferences of high amounts of salts (AOR=4.18, 95% CI: 1.30-13.44). Conversely, those respondents who consumed higher amounts of fruits (AOR=0.21, 95% CI: 0.07-0.65) were seen to have lower odds of gastric cancer. Conclusions. Our study found an increased risk of gastric cancer with frequent consumption of red meat, processed meat, high preferences of salt, fats/oil, and condiments. Regular consumption of fruits had a protective effect against gastric cancer. Providing nutrition education, public awareness, and lifestyle modification are primary steps to promote the avoidance of risk factors and change unhealthy dietary habits to prevent gastric cancer in Nepal.

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Behavioral and dietary risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection in Chinese postmenopausal women: a case–control study

Journal of International Medical Research ◽

10.1177/0300060519889448 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 48 (3) ◽

pp. 030006051988944

Author(s):

Meifeng Zhu ◽

Shenju Wang ◽

Ying Zhu ◽

Zhixia Wang ◽

Min Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Postmenopausal Women ◽

Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Control Study

Objective The present study aimed to examine the behavioral and dietary risk factors of recurrent urinary tract infection (RUTI) in postmenopausal patients in China. Methods We performed a population-based case–control study with 193 postmenopausal women with RUTI and 193 age-matched healthy female controls with no history of RUTI. The study was conducted between January 2016 and June 2018 in Changzhou, China. Data were collected using an interviewer-based questionnaire, including information on demographics, lifestyle behavior, and habitual diet. Conditional logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the risk factors associated with RUTI. Results Wiping from back to front after toilet use, sedentary behavior >6 hours/day, delayed voiding, and chronic constipation were associated with an increased risk of RUTI. Drinking more than three cups of green tea per month showed an inverse association with RUTI. However, there was no evidence of dose dependency for overall consumption. Additionally, the three-cup association involved a small proportion of cases and may reflect statistical artifact. Conclusions Wiping from back to front after toilet use, sedentary behavior, delayed voiding, and chronic constipation are associated with an increased risk of RUTI in postmenopausal women.

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Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking and Other Multiple Sclerosis Environmental Risk Factors

Neuroepidemiology ◽

10.1159/000521223 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Nuha M. Alkhawajah ◽

Salman Aljarallah ◽

Laith Hussain-Alkhateeb ◽

Mohammad Osama Almohaini ◽

Taim A. Muayqil

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Multiple Sclerosis ◽

Tobacco Smoking ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Coffee Consumption ◽

Case Control ◽

Processed Meat ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Waterpipe Tobacco Smoking ◽

Control Study

Abstract Introduction There are a number of well-established risk factors for multiple sclerosis (MS). Other factors however, showed conflicting or non-consistent results. Here we examine some factors that are unique to or more practiced in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the Arab region such as waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS), face veiling, raw milk (RM), and camel milk (CM) consumption, tuberculosis (TB) infection in addition to other traditional factors. Methods This is a sex and age matched case-control study in which we used a structured questionnaire to examine the relation between a number of factors and exposures and the risk of MS. Three hundred MS patients and 601 controls were included. Data was analyzed across different statistical models using logistic regression adjusting for age, sex, marital status, duration of breastfeeding, age first joining school, coffee consumption, and face exposure. Results Cigarette smoking [OR = 1.79, (95% CI 1.01-3.17), P =0.047)], WTS [OR = 2.25, (95% CI 1.21-4.15), P =0.010)], and CM consumption [OR = 2.50, (95% CI 1.20-5.21), P =0.014)] increased the risk of MS. While performing hajj [OR = 0.47, (95% CI 0.34-0.67), P =0.001)], TB infection [OR = 0.29, (95% CI 0.11-0.78), P =0.015)], face veiling [OR = 0.32, (95% CI 0.23-0.47), P =0.001)] and coffee consumption [OR =0.67, (95% CI 0.49-0.89), P =0.008)], appeared to be associated with decreased risk. No association was found between fast food, processed meat, soft drinks, animal milk (other than camel) or RM consumption and the risk of MS. Conclusion The results of this case-control study confirm that different means of tobacco smoking are associated with increased risk of MS. It also sheds more light on the complex association between infections and MS.

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Environmental and Dietary Risk Factors in Microscopic Colitis: Preliminary Data from a Case-Control Study

The American Journal of Gastroenterology ◽

10.14309/00000434-200709002-00384 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 102 ◽

pp. S256-S257

Author(s):

Cyrus P. Tamboli ◽

Laura Aker ◽

Jamison J. Engle ◽

Robert J. Caldwell ◽

Bridget M. Zimmerman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Preliminary Data ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Microscopic Colitis ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Control Study

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Role of foods in sporadic listeriosis. I. Case-control study of dietary risk factors. The Listeria Study Group

JAMA ◽

10.1001/jama.267.15.2041 ◽

1992 ◽

Vol 267 (15) ◽

pp. 2041-2045 ◽

Cited By ~ 49

Author(s):

A. Schuchat

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Study Group ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Control Study

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Dietary risk factors in intestinal and diffuse types of stomach cancer: a multicenter case-control study in Poland

Cancer Causes & Control ◽

10.1007/bf00052138 ◽

1991 ◽

Vol 2 (4) ◽

pp. 227-233 ◽

Cited By ~ 78

Author(s):

H. Boeing ◽

W. Jedrychowski ◽

J. Wahrendorf ◽

T. Popiela ◽

B. Tobiasz-Adamczyk ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Stomach Cancer ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Control Study

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Dietary Risk Factors for Colon and Rectal Cancers: A Comparative Case-Control Study

Journal of Epidemiology ◽

10.2188/jea.16.125 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 125-135 ◽

Cited By ~ 56

Author(s):

Kenji Wakai ◽

Kaoru Hirose ◽

Keitaro Matsuo ◽

Hidemi Ito ◽

Kiyonori Kuriki ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Rectal Cancers ◽

Control Study

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Elucidation of Dietary Risk Factors in Osteoarthritis Knee—A Case-Control Study

Journal of the American College of Nutrition ◽

10.1080/07315724.2013.875439 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 34 (1) ◽

pp. 15-20 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Divya Sanghi ◽

Abhishek Mishra ◽

Amar Chandra Sharma ◽

Saloni Raj ◽

Rachna Mishra ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Osteoarthritis Knee ◽

Control Study

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Use of surrogate respondents in a case control study of dietary risk factors for Alzheimer's disease

Journal of the American Dietetic Association ◽

10.1016/s0002-8223(02)90190-2 ◽

2002 ◽

Vol 102 (6) ◽

pp. 848-850 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Grace J. Petot ◽

Sara M. Debanne ◽

Tatiana M. Riedel ◽

Kathleen A. Smyth ◽

Elizabeth Koss ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Alzheimer’S Disease ◽

Alzheimer's Disease ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Dietary Risk Factors ◽

Dietary Risk ◽

Control Study

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Traditional and Commercial Alcohols as Risk Factors for Esophageal Cancer in Tanzania

JCO Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/go.20.32000 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (Supplement_1) ◽

pp. 36-36

Author(s):

Alexandra Keir ◽

Geoffrey Buckle ◽

Larry Akoko ◽

William Mgisha ◽

Julius Mwaiselage ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Esophageal Cancer ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Secondary Analysis ◽

Case Control ◽

First Case ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Context Specific ◽

Control Study

PURPOSE Esophageal cancer (EC) is one of the most common cancers in East Africa; however, risk factors that underly the high incidence in this region are not well understood. We aimed to investigate the association between exposure to specific alcohol subtypes and EC in Tanzania. METHODS We performed a secondary analysis of data from a hospital-based, case-control study conducted at Muhimbili National Hospital and Ocean Road Cancer Institute in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Cases of EC were identified between 2014 and 2016. Hospital controls were identified from patients with nonmalignant conditions and matched 1:1 for gender and age (± 10 years). Interviews were conducted using a survey with culturally relevant and context-specific questions on alcohol and smoking exposure. Conditional logistic regression analyses were applied to evaluate specific associations of potential exposures and EC. RESULTS A total of 473 EC cases and 473 controls were enrolled. Alcohol consumption was reported in 61% and 64% of cases and controls, respectively. Neither ‘current use of alcohol (any type)’, nor ‘ever use’ were associated with EC; however, local brew consumption was associated with increased EC risk (odds ratio [OR], 2.01; 95% CI, 1.53 to 2.66; P < .01). Increased risk was observed with consumption of gongo (OR, 2.91), komoni (OR, 2.41), wanzuki (OR, 2.40), kindi (OR, 3.13), and kangara (OR, 2.86). Smoking increased EC risk; however, it did not significantly modify the association between EC and alcohol subtypes. CONCLUSION This is the first case-control study to report a detailed analysis of alcohol exposures as a potential risk factor for EC in Tanzania. Although combined measures of alcohol use were not found to be associated with EC, several types of locally brewed alcohols emerged as risk factors. Additional research is needed to investigate these findings and examine the carcinogenic role of ingredients and/or contaminants, as well as any interactions with other putative risk factors in this region.

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