Numerical Low-Back Booster Analysis in a 6-Year-Old Infant during a Dolly Rollover Test

This paper analyzes the possible head and chest injuries, produced in a Hybrid III dummy model of a six-year-old child during a rollover test, while the child uses a passive safety system low-back booster (LBB). Vehicle seats and passive safety systems were modeled with a CAD (Computer Aided Design) software; later, all elements were analyzed using the finite element method (FEM) with LS-DYNA® software. The border conditions were established for each study, in accordance with the regulations of Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS), and following the FMVSS 213 standard for the mounting and fastening of the infant, the FMVSS 208 for the dolly methodology test with the vehicle rollover was performed, implementing such analysis under the same conditions for a vehicle Toyota Yaris 2010. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 1 second, obtaining data values for periods of 2 milliseconds. This paper examines the efficiency of the system; three case studies were carried out: Study I: vehicle seat belt (VSB); Study II: the LBB system was secured by the seat belt; Study III: the LBB system with ISOFIX anchorage. The values of decelerations for the head and thorax of the infant were obtained, as well as neck flexion and thoracic deflection. The main factor to reduce injuries during a rollover accident is the correct anchorage of the LBB, and this is achieved with the ISOFIX system, since it prevents the independent movement of the LBB, unlike when it is fastened with the seat belt of the vehicle. The results show low levels of head and chest injury when ISOFIX is used because of reduced thoracic deflection during infant retention.

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Numerical Low-Back Booster Analysis on a 6-Year-Old Infant during a Frontal Crash Test

Applied Bionics and Biomechanics ◽

10.1155/2018/2359262 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-6 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

I. L. Cruz-Jaramillo ◽

C. R. Torres-San-Miguel ◽

O. Cortes-Vásquez ◽

L. Martínez-Sáez

Keyword(s):

Finite Element ◽

Computer Aided Design ◽

Motor Vehicle ◽

Element Model ◽

Severity Index ◽

Passive Safety ◽

Vehicle Safety ◽

Crash Test ◽

Low Back ◽

Injury Criteria

This work studies descriptively the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) and Chest Severity Index (CSI), with a finite element model of the Hybrid III dummy type, for six-year-old subjects in a frontal vehicular collision, using the low-back booster (LBB) passive safety system. The vehicle seats and the passive safety systems were modelled in CAD (computer aided design) software. Then, the elements were analysed by the finite element method (FEM) in LS-DYNA® software. The boundary conditions were established for each study, according to the regulations established by the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standard (FMVSS), following the FMVSS 213 standard. The numerical simulations were performed during an interval of 120 ms and recording results every 1 ms. In order to analyse the efficiency of the system, the restraint performance of the LBB system is compared with the restraint configuration of the vehicle safety belt (VSB) only. The obtained injury criteria with the LBB system shows its ability to protect children in a frontal collision. The analyses allow obtaining the deceleration values to which the dummy head and chest was subjected. Of the studies herein performed, Study I: VSB obtained a HIC36 of 730.4 and CSI of 315.5, while Study II: LBB obtained a HIC36 of 554.3 and CSI of 281.9. The outcome shows that the restraint efficiency of each studied case differs. Used materials, the attachment system of the LBB, and the belt restraint system properly placed over the infant trunk are the main factors reducing the injury criteria rate.

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Vehicles’ Passive Safety Systems Influence on Driver’s Thorax Injuries

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.823.187 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 823 ◽

pp. 187-192 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Oana Victoria Oţăt ◽

Nicolae Dumitru ◽

Victor Oţăt

Keyword(s):

Road Traffic ◽

Seat Belt ◽

Severity Index ◽

Passive Safety ◽

Steering Wheel ◽

Computer Assisted ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Kinematic Behaviour ◽

Safety Systems ◽

The Impact

The present underpins a computer-assisted investigation regarding the driver’s behavior and the injuries suffered in frontal vehicle collision, more precisely the injuries suffered in the thorax area. Hence, by means of the LS-Dyna software package we have carried out two series of virtual simulations with a dummy positioned on the driver’s place, i.e. belted and unbelted. For the simulation we have selected a Hybrid III 5th percentile female dummy. Aiming at achieving a simulation that would display a high accuracy degree with respect to the driver’s kinematic behaviour at the impact moment, our complete model also included, besides the dummy, the elements in the habitable: the seat, the seat belt, the steering wheel, the airbag and the dash board. Thus, the focus of the undertaken study was to establish the accelerations in the driver’s thorax area as well as the injury degree, expressed by the CSI (Chest Severity Index). The results obtained validated our hypothesis in that passive safety systems, i.e. the seat belt, diminish considerably the driver’s injuries degree in case of a road traffic accident.

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iB1350: A Generation III.7 Reactor After the Fukushima Daiichi Accident

Volume 2: Smart Grids, Grid Stability, and Offsite and Emergency Power; Advanced and Next Generation Reactors, Fusion Technology; Safety, Security, and Cyber Security; Codes, Standards, Conformity Assessment, Licensing, and Regulatory Issues ◽

10.1115/icone24-60523 ◽

2016 ◽

Author(s):

Takashi Sato ◽

Keiji Matsumoto ◽

Kenji Hosomi ◽

Keisuke Taguchi

Keyword(s):

Cooling System ◽

Boiling Water ◽

Passive Safety ◽

Active Safety ◽

Water Reactor ◽

Airplane Crash ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Active Safety Systems ◽

Fukushima Daiichi ◽

Safety Systems

iB1350 stands for an innovative, intelligent and inexpensive boiling water reactor 1350. It is the first Generation III.7 reactor after the Fukushima Daiichi accident. It has incorporated lessons learned from the Fukushima Daiichi accident and Western European Nuclear Regulation Association safety objectives. It has innovative safety to cope with devastating natural disasters including a giant earthquake, a large tsunami and a monster hurricane. The iB1350 can survive passively such devastation and a very prolonged station blackout without any support from the outside of a site up to 7 days even preventing core melt. It, however, is based on the well-established proven Advance Boiling Water Reactor (ABWR) design. The nuclear steam supply system is exactly the same as that of the current ABWR. As for safety design it has a double cylinder reinforced concrete containment vessel (Mark W containment) and an in-depth hybrid safety system (IDHS). The Mark W containment has double fission product confinement barriers and the in-containment filtered venting system (IFVS) that enable passively no emergency evacuation outside the immediate vicinity of the plant for a severe accident (SA). It has a large volume to hold hydrogen, a core catcher, a passive flooding system and an innovative passive containment cooling system (iPCCS) establishing passively practical elimination of containment failure even in a long term. The IDHS consists of 4 division active safety systems for a design basis accident, 2 division active safety systems for a SA and built-in passive safety systems (BiPSS) consisting of an isolation condenser (IC) and the iPCCS for a SA. The IC/PCCS pools have enough capacity for 7-day grace period. The IC/PCCS heat exchangers, core and spent fuel pool are enclosed inside the containment vessel (CV) building and protected against a large airplane crash. The iB1350 can survive a large airplane crash only by the CV building and the built-in passive safety systems therein. The dome of the CV building consists of a single wall made of steel and concrete composite. This single dome structure facilitates a short-term construction period and cost saving. The CV diameter is smaller than that of most PWR resulting in a smaller R/B. Each active safety division includes only one emergency core cooling system (ECCS) pump and one emergency diesel generator (EDG). Therefore, a single failure of the EDG never causes multiple failures of ECCS pumps in a safety division. The iB1350 is based on the proven ABWR technology and ready for construction. No new technology is incorporated but design concept and philosophy are initiative and innovative.

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Investigation of effects of nonavailability of passive safety systems on the reactor behaviour during LOCA Scenario in AP600

Kerntechnik ◽

10.1515/kern-2020-0080 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 86 (3) ◽

pp. 244-255

Author(s):

S. H. Abdel-Latif ◽

A. M. Refaey

Keyword(s):

Passive Safety ◽

Primary System ◽

Water Storage Tank ◽

The Core ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Loss Of Coolant Accident ◽

Passive Safety System ◽

Stage 4 ◽

Core Cooling ◽

Safety Systems

Abstract The AP600 is a Westinghouse Advanced Passive PWR with a two–loop 1 940 MWt. This reactor is equipped with advanced passive safety systems which are designed to operate automatically at desired set-points. On the other hand, the failure or nonavailability to operate of any of the passive safety systems may affect reactor safety. In this study, modeling and nodalization of primary and secondary loops, and all passive reactor cooling systems are conducted and a 10-inch cold leg break LOCA is analyzed using ATHLET 3.1A Code. During loss of coolant accident in which the passive safety system failure or nonavailability are considered, four different scenarios are assumed. Scenario 1 with the availability of all passive systems, scenario 2 is failure of one of the accumulators to activate, scenario 3 is without actuation of the automatic depressurization system (ADS) stages 1–3, and scenario 4 is without actuation of ADS stage 4. Results indicated that the actuation of passive safety systems provide sufficient core cooling and thus could mitigate the accidental consequence of LOCAs. Failure of one accumulator during LOCA causes early actuation of ADS and In-Containment Refueling Water Storage Tank (IRWST). In scenario 3 where the LOCA without ADS stages 1–3 actuations, the depressurization of the primary system is relatively slow and the level of the core coolant drops much earlier than IRWST actuation. In scenario 4 where the accident without ADS stage-4 activation, results in slow depressurization and the level of the core coolant drops earlier than IRWST injection. During the accident process, the core uncovery and fuel heat up did not happen and as a result the safety of AP600 during a 10-in. cold leg MBLOCA was established. The relation between the cladding surface temperature and the primary pressure with the actuation signals of the passive safety systems are compared with that of RELAP5/Mode 3.4 code and a tolerable agreement was obtained.

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Improved Occupant Protection through Cooperation of Active and Passive Safety Systems – Combined Active and Passive Safety CAPS

10.4271/2006-01-1144 ◽

2006 ◽

Author(s):

Alfred Kuttenberger ◽

Sybille Eisele ◽

Thomas Lich ◽

Thorsten Sohnke ◽

Jorge Sans Sangorrin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Passive Safety ◽

Occupant Protection ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Safety Systems

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Reliability prediction for the vehicles equipped with advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and passive safety systems (PSS)

International Journal of Industrial Engineering Computations ◽

10.5267/j.ijiec.2012.08.004 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 3 (5) ◽

pp. 731-742 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Khashayar Hojjati-Emami ◽

Balbir S. Dhillon ◽

Kouroush Jenab

Keyword(s):

Passive Safety ◽

Reliability Prediction ◽

Driver Assistance ◽

Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Advanced Driver Assistance Systems ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Assistance Systems ◽

Safety Systems

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Modeling The Frontal Collison In Vehicles And Determining The Degree Of Injury On The Driver

ACTA Universitatis Cibiniensis ◽

10.1515/aucts-2015-0075 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 67 (1) ◽

pp. 115-120

Author(s):

Oana Victoria Oţăt

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Behaviour ◽

Research Study ◽

Research Paper ◽

Passive Safety ◽

Steering Wheel ◽

Passive Safety Systems ◽

Frontal Collision ◽

Safety Systems

Abstract The present research study aims at analysing the kinematic and the dynamic behaviour of the vehicle’s driver in a frontal collision. Hence, a subsequent objective of the research paper is to establish the degree of injury suffered by the driver. Therefore, in order to achieve the objectives set, first, we had to define the type of the dummy placed in the position of the driver, and then to design the three-element assembly, i.e. the chair-steering wheel-dashboard assembly. Based on this model, the following step focused on the positioning of the dummy, which has also integrated the defining of the contacts between the components of the dummy and the seat elements. Seeking to model such a behaviour that would highly accurately reflect the driver’s movements in a frontal collision, passive safety systems have also been defined and simulated, namely the seatbelt and the frontal airbag.

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