scholarly journals Numerical Research of Fluid Flow and Solute Transport in Rough Fractures under Different Normal Stress

Geofluids ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Min Wang ◽  
Qifeng Guo ◽  
Pengfei Shan ◽  
Meifeng Cai ◽  
Fenhua Ren ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Solute Transport ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Dispersive Transport ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Flow Test ◽  
Hydraulic Aperture ◽  
Mechanical Aperture

The effects of roughness and normal stress on hydraulic properties of fractures are significant during the coupled shear flow test. Knowing the laws of fluid flow and solute transport in fractures is essential to ensure the nature and safety of geological projects. Although many experiments and numerical simulations of coupled shear flow test have been conducted, there is still a lack of research on using the full Navier-Stokes (N-S) equation to solve the real flow characteristics of fluid in three-dimensional rough fractures. The main purpose of this paper is to study the influence of roughness and normal stress on the fluid flow and solute transport through fractures under the constant normal stiffness boundary condition. Based on the corrected successive random addition (SRA) algorithm, fracture surfaces with different roughness expressed by the Hurst coefficient ( H ) were generated. By applying a shear displacement of 5 mm, the sheared fracture models with normal stresses of 1 MPa, 3 MPa, and 5 MPa were obtained, respectively. The hydraulic characteristics of three-dimensional fractures were analyzed by solving the full N-S equation. The particle tracking method was employed to obtain the breakthrough curves based on the calculated flow field. The numerical method was verified with experimental results. It has been found that, for the same normal stress, the smaller the fracture H value is (i.e., more tough the fracture is), the larger the mechanical aperture is. The ratio of hydraulic aperture to mechanical aperture ( e h / e m ) decreases with the increasing of normal stress. The smaller the H value, the effect of the normal stress on the ratio e h / e m is more significant. The variation of transmissivity of fractures with the flow rate exhibits similar manner with that of e h / e m . With the normal stress and H value increasing, the mean velocity of particles becomes higher and more particles move to the outlet boundary. The dispersive transport behavior becomes obvious when normal stress is larger.

scholarly journals Evolution of Fracture Aperture in Quartz Sandstone under Hydrothermal Conditions: Mechanical and Chemical Effects

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 657
Author(s):  
Chaojie Cheng ◽  
Harald Milsch
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Chemical Equilibrium ◽  
Pore Fluid ◽  
Pressure Solution ◽  
Fracture Aperture ◽  
Hydraulic Aperture ◽  
Mechanical Aperture ◽  
Stagnant Flow

Fractures efficiently affect fluid flow in geological formations, and thereby determine mass and energy transport in reservoirs, which are not least exploited for economic resources. In this context, their response to mechanical and thermal changes, as well as fluid–rock interactions, is of paramount importance. In this study, a two-stage flow-through experiment was conducted on a pure quartz sandstone core of low matrix permeability, containing one single macroscopic tensile fracture. In the first short-term stage, the effects of mechanical and hydraulic aperture on pressure and temperature cycles were investigated. The purpose of the subsequent intermittent-flow long-term (140 days) stage was to constrain the evolution of the geometrical and hydraulic fracture properties resulting from pressure solution. Deionized water was used as the pore fluid, and permeability, as well as the effluent Si concentrations, were systematically measured. Overall, hydraulic aperture was shown to be significantly less affected by pressure, temperature and time, in comparison to mechanical aperture. During the long-term part of the experiment at 140 °C, the effluent Si concentrations likely reached a chemical equilibrium state within less than 8 days of stagnant flow, and exceeded the corresponding hydrostatic quartz solubility at this temperature. This implies that the pressure solution was active at the contacting fracture asperities, both at 140 °C and after cooling to 33 °C. The higher temperature yielded a higher dissolution rate and, consequently, a faster attainment of chemical equilibrium within the contact fluid. X-ray µCT observations evidenced a noticeable increase in fracture contact area ratio, which, in combination with theoretical considerations, implies a significant decrease in mechanical aperture. In contrast, the sample permeability, and thus the hydraulic fracture aperture, virtually did not vary. In conclusion, pressure solution-induced fracture aperture changes are affected by the degree of time-dependent variations in pore fluid composition. In contrast to the present case of a quasi-closed system with mostly stagnant flow, in an open system with continuous once-through fluid flow, the activity of the pressure solution may be amplified due to the persistent fluid-chemical nonequilibrium state, thus possibly enhancing aperture and fracture permeability changes.

scholarly journals An experimental study of a three-dimensional pressure-driven turbulent boundary layer

1995 ◽  
Vol 290 ◽  
pp. 225-262 ◽  
Author(s):  
Semİh M. Ölçmen ◽  
Roger L. Simpson
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Turbulent Boundary Layer ◽  
Coordinate System ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Vector Direction ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Pressure Driven

A three-dimensional, pressure-driven turbulent boundary layer created by an idealized wing–body junction flow was studied experimentally. The data presented include time-mean static pressure and directly measured skin-friction magnitude on the wall. The mean velocity and all Reynolds stresses from a three-velocity-component fibre-optic laser-Doppler anemometer are presented at several stations along a line determined by the mean velocity vector component parallel to the wall in the layer where the $\overline{u^2}$ kinematic normal stress is maximum (normal-stress coordinate system). This line was selected by intuitively reasoning that overlap of the near-wall flow and outer-region flow occurs at the location where $\overline{u^2}$ is maximum. Along this line the flow is subjected to a strong crossflow pressure gradient, which changes sign for the downstream stations. The shear-stress vector direction in the flow lags behind the flow gradient vector direction. The flow studied here differs from many other experimentally examined three-dimensional flows in that the mean flow variables depend on three spatial axes rather than two axes, such as flows in which the three-dimensionality of the flow has been generated either by a rotating cylinder or by a pressure gradient in one direction only throughout the flow.The data show that the eddy viscosity of the flow is not isotropic. These and other selected data sets show that the ratio of spanwise to streamwise eddy viscosities in the wall-shear-stress coordinate system is less scattered and more constant (about 0.6) than in the local free-stream coordinate system or the normal stress coordinate system. For y+ > 50 and y/δ < 0.8, the ratio of the magnitude of the kinematic shear stress |τ/ρ| to the kinematic normal stress $\overline{v^2}$ is approximately a constant for three-dimensional flow stations of both shear-driven and pressure-driven three-dimensional flows. In the same region, the ratio of the kinematic shear stresses $-\overline{vw}/-\overline{uw}$ appears to be a function of y+ in wall-stress coordinates for three-dimensional pressure-driven flows.

scholarly journals Shear-Flow Coupled Behavior of Artificial Joints with Sawtooth Asperities

Processes ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (9) ◽  
pp. 152 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng Zhao ◽  
Rui Zhang ◽  
Qingzhao Zhang ◽  
Zhenming Shi ◽  
Songbo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Shear Flow ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Shear Failure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Rock Joints ◽  
Joint Roughness ◽  
Artificial Joints ◽  
Shear Dilation ◽  
Hydraulic Aperture ◽  
Seepage Properties

The coupling between hydraulic and mechanical processes in rock joints has significantly influenced the properties and applications of rock mass in many engineering fields. In this study, a series of regular shear tests and shear-flow coupled tests were conducted on artificial joints with sawtooth asperities. Shear deformation, strength, and seepage properties were comprehensively analyzed to reveal the influence of joint roughness, normal stress, and seepage pressure on shear-flow coupled behavior. The results indicate that the shear failure mode, which can be divided into sliding and cutting, is dominated by joint roughness and affected by the other two factors under certain conditions. The seepage process makes a negative impact on shear strength as a result of the mutual reinforcing of offsetting and softening effects. The evolution of hydraulic aperture during the shear-flow coupled tests embodies a consistent pattern of four stages: shear contraction, shear dilation, re-contraction, and stability. The permeability of joint sample is considerably enlarged with the increase of joint roughness, but decreases with the addition of normal stress.

scholarly journals Experimental Study on the Shear-Flow Coupled Behavior of Tension Fractures Under Constant Normal Stiffness Boundary Conditions

Processes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 57 ◽  
Author(s):  
Changsheng Wang ◽  
Yujing Jiang ◽  
Hengjie Luan ◽  
Jiankang Liu ◽  
Satoshi Sugimoto
Keyword(s):  
Surface Roughness ◽  
Shear Stress ◽  
Shear Flow ◽  
Boundary Conditions ◽  
Normal Stress ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Normal Stiffness ◽  
Peak Shear Stress ◽  
Hydraulic Aperture ◽  
Constant Normal Stiffness

This study experimentally investigated the effects of fracture surface roughness, normal stiffness, and initial normal stress on the shear-flow behavior of rough-walled rock fractures. A series of shear-flow tests were performed on two rough fractures, under various constant normal stiffness (CNS) boundary conditions. The results showed that the CNS boundary conditions have a significant influence on the mechanical and hydraulic behaviors of fractures, during shearing. The peak shear stress shows an increasing trend with the increases in the initial normal stress and fracture roughness. The residual shear stress increases with increasing the surface roughness, normal stiffness, and initial normal stress. The dilation of fracture is restrained more significantly under high normal stiffness and initial normal stress conditions. The hydraulic tests show that the evolutions of transmissivity and hydraulic aperture exhibit a three-stage behavior, during the shear process—a slight decrease stage due to the shear contraction, a fast growth stage due to shear dilation, and a slow growth stage due to the reduction rate of the mechanical aperture increment. The transmissivity and hydraulic aperture decreased, gradually, as the normal stiffness and initial normal stress increase.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF FLOW RESPONSE TO STATIONARY DISTURBANCE IN ROTATING-DISK FLOW

2019 ◽  
Vol XVI (2) ◽  
pp. 13-22
Author(s):  
Muhammad Ehtisham Siddiqui
Keyword(s):  
Boundary Layer ◽  
Boundary Layer Flow ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Rotating Disk ◽  
Careful Analysis ◽  
Laboratory Frame ◽  
Transition To Turbulence ◽  
Turbulent Regime ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
Layer Flow

Three-dimensional boundary-layer flow is well known for its abrupt and sharp transition from laminar to turbulent regime. The presented study is a first attempt to achieve the target of delaying the natural transition to turbulence. The behaviour of two different shaped and sized stationary disturbances (in the laboratory frame) on the rotating-disk boundary layer flow is investigated. These disturbances are placed at dimensionless radial location (Rf = 340) which lies within the convectively unstable zone over a rotating-disk. Mean velocity profiles were measured using constant-temperature hot-wire anemometry. By careful analysis of experimental data, the instability of these disturbance wakes and its estimated orientation within the boundary-layer were investigated.

Disorganization of a hole tone feedback loop by an axisymmetric obstacle on a downstream end plate

2014 ◽  
Vol 757 ◽  
pp. 908-942 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Matsuura ◽  
M. Nakano
Keyword(s):  
Nozzle Exit ◽  
Passive Control ◽  
Control Method ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Acoustic Power ◽  
Shear Layers ◽  
Mean Velocity ◽  
End Plate ◽  
Air Jet ◽  
Practical Engineering

AbstractThis study investigates the suppression of the sound produced when a jet, issued from a circular nozzle or hole in a plate, goes through a similar hole in a second plate. The sound, known as a hole tone, is encountered in many practical engineering situations. The mean velocity of the air jet $\def \xmlpi #1{}\def \mathsfbi #1{\boldsymbol {\mathsf {#1}}}\let \le =\leqslant \let \leq =\leqslant \let \ge =\geqslant \let \geq =\geqslant \def \Pr {\mathit {Pr}}\def \Fr {\mathit {Fr}}\def \Rey {\mathit {Re}}u_0$ was $6\text {--}12\ \mathrm{m}\ {\mathrm{s}}^{-1}$. The nozzle and the end plate hole both had a diameter of 51 mm, and the impingement length $L_{im}$ between the nozzle and the end plate was 50–90 mm. We propose a novel passive control method of suppressing the tone with an axisymmetric obstacle on the end plate. We find that the effect of the obstacle is well described by the combination ($W/L_{im}$, $h$) where $W$ is the distance from the edge of the end plate hole to the inner wall of the obstacle, and $h$ is the obstacle height. The tone is suppressed when backflows from the obstacle affect the jet shear layers near the nozzle exit. We do a direct sound computation for a typical case where the tone is successfully suppressed. Axisymmetric uniformity observed in the uncontrolled case is broken almost completely in the controlled case. The destruction is maintained by the process in which three-dimensional vortices in the jet shear layers convect downstream, interact with the obstacle and recursively disturb the jet flow from the nozzle exit. While regions near the edge of the end plate hole are responsible for producing the sound in the controlled case as well as in the uncontrolled case, acoustic power in the controlled case is much lower than in the uncontrolled case because of the disorganized state.

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