scholarly journals A Novel Game-Based Intelligent Test for Detecting Elderly Cognitive Function Impairment

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chih-Wei Lin ◽  
Tso-Yen Mao ◽  
Chun-Feng Huang
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Cognitive Dysfunction ◽  
Predictive Power ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Correct Number

Purposes. This research explores the game-based intelligent test (GBIT), predicts the possibilities of Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and the risk of cognitive impairment, and then verifies GBIT as one of the reliable and valid cognitive assessment tools. Methods. This study recruited 117 elderly subjects in Taiwan (average age is 79.92 ± 8.68 , average height is 156.91 ± 8.01 , average weight is 59.14 ± 9.67 , and average MMSE score is 23.33 ± 6.16 ). A multiple regression model was used to analyze the GBIT parameters of the elderly’s reaction, attention, coordination, and memory to predict their MMSE performance. The binary logistic regression was then utilized to predict their risk of cognitive impairment. The statistical significance level was set as α = 0.05 . Results. Multiple regression analysis showed that gender, the correct number of reactions, and the correct number of memory have a significantly positive predictive power on MMSE of the elderly ( F = 37.60 , R 2 = 0.69 , and p < 0.05 ). Binary logistic regression analysis noted that the correct average number of reactions falls by one question, and the ratio of cognitive dysfunction risk increases 1.09 times ( p < 0.05 ); the correct average number of memory drops by one question, the ratio of cognitive dysfunction risk increases 3.76 times ( p < 0.05 ), and the overall model predictive power is 88.20% (sensitivity: 84.00%; specificity: 92.30%). Conclusions. This study verifies that GBIT is reliable and can effectively predict the cognitive function and risk of cognitive impairment in the elderly. Therefore, GBIT can be used as one of the feasible tools for evaluating older people’s cognitive function.

scholarly journals Changes in Cognitive Function and Risk Factors for Cognitive Impairment of the Elderly in China: 2005–2014

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (16) ◽  
pp. 2847 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qilin Zhang ◽  
Yanli Wu ◽  
Tiankuo Han ◽  
Erpeng Liu
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Chinese Elderly

Background: The cognitive function of the elderly has become a focus of public health research. Little is known about the changes of cognitive function and the risk factors for cognitive impairment in the Chinese elderly; thus, the purposes of this study are as follows: (1) to describe changes in cognitive function in the Chinese elderly from 2005–2014 and (2) to explore risk factors for cognitive impairment of the Chinese elderly. Design and setting: A total of 2603 participants aged 64 years and above participated in the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (CLHLS) and were followed up from 2005 to 2014. Cognitive function and cognitive impairment were assessed using the Chinese version of the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Binary logistic regression analysis was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of cognitive impairment. Results: Results revealed that the cognitive function of the Chinese elderly shows diversified changes: deterioration (55.09%), unchanged (17.21%) and improvement (27.70%). In addition, there are significant demographic differences in gender, age, education, marriage and other aspects when it comes to the changes of cognitive function in Chinese elderly. In the binary logistic regression analysis, female, increased age, lower education level, no spouse, less income, worse PWB (psychological well-being), less fresh fruit and vegetable intake, more activities of daily living (ADL) limitations, lower social engagement were significantly associated with higher odds for cognitive impairment. Conclusions: Various interventions should be implemented to maintain cognitive function in Chinese elderly.

scholarly journals Association between Physical Activity and Cognitive Function among the Elderly in the Health and Social Centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem City (Morocco)

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
pp. 117863882110267
Author(s):  
Abdeljalil Talhaoui ◽  
Youssef Aboussaleh ◽  
Ahmed Ahami ◽  
Rachid Sbaibi ◽  
Naima Agoutim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cognitively Impaired ◽  
Gender Education ◽  
Global Physical Activity Questionnaire

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the link between the physical activity (PA) and cognitive function among the elderly in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco). Materials and methods: This study was conducted among 172 elderly (56.4% men) aged above 60 years (67.53 ± 7.53) in the health and social centers in Kenitra, Rabat, and Sidi Kacem city (Morocco). Cognitive functions were assessed by the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) (Normal: MMSE’s score >24 and cognitive impairment (CI): MMSE’s score ⩽ 24). The physical activity (PA) was evaluated using the GPAQ (Global Physical Activity Questionnaire), ranking the elderly by high, moderate, and limited level of PA. The binary logistic regression was performed by the cognitive function (dependent variable), and PA level (independent variable). Results: The elderly people with cognitive impairment (MMSE score <24 tend to practice less walking and cycling activities ( P  =  .005). However no difference was found between normal and cognitively impaired subjects for all other subtypes of PA ( P > .05). The binary logistic regression adjusted for gender, education, profession, pension, depression, and nutritional status reveled that only the moderate level of PA was a protective factor against cognitive impairment compared to limited level (ORa = 0.136, 95% CI: 0.04-0.41) (ORa: Adjusted Odd Ratio; 95% CI: 95% of Confidence Interval). Conclusion: Our finding demonstrates that moderate PA specially walking or cycling is associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment. This indicates that a regular practice of walking or cycling as PA can play an important role for cognitive impairment prevention. And the necessity for further researches to more understands this association.

scholarly journals Effect of nutritional risk on cognitive function in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 030006052199012
Author(s):  
Yiben Huang ◽  
Jiedong Ma ◽  
Bingqian Jiang ◽  
Naiping Yang ◽  
Fangyi Fu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Nutritional Risk ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Nrs 2002

Objective We aimed to clarify the cognitive function of patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and different nutritional status. Methods Among 95 patients with COPD in this retrospective study, we administered the Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 (NRS 2002) and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). We recorded patients’ clinical characteristics, comorbidities, and laboratory measurements. According to NRS 2002 scores, patients were divided into two groups: no nutritional risk with NRS 2002 < 3 ( n = 54) and nutritional risk, with NRS 2002 ≥ 3 ( n = 41). Results We found a negative correlation between NRS 2002 and MMSE scores in participants with COPD ( r = −0.313). Patients with nutritional risk were more likely to be cognitively impaired than those with no nutritional risk. Multivariate logistic regression analysis indicated that malnutrition was an independent risk factor for cognitive impairment, after adjusting for confounders (odds ratio [OR] = 4.120, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.072–15.837). We found a similar association between NRS 2002 and MMSE scores at 90-day follow-up using a Pearson’s correlation test ( r = −0.493) and logistic regression analysis (OR = 7.333, 95% CI: 1.114–48.264). Conclusions Patients with COPD at nutritional risk are more likely to have cognitive impairment.

Cross-Sectional Examination of Homocysteine Levels with Sarcopenia and Its Components in Memory Clinic Outpatients

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yosuke Yamada ◽  
Hiroyuki Umegaki ◽  
Fumie Kinoshita ◽  
Chi Hsien Huang ◽  
Taiki Sugimoto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Linear Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Memory Clinic ◽  
Cross Sectional

Background: Homocysteine is a common risk factor for cognitive impairment and sarcopenia. However, very few studies have shown an association between sarcopenia and serum homocysteine levels after adjustment for cognitive function. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between homocysteine and sarcopenia in memory clinic patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study investigated outpatients in a memory clinic. We enrolled 1,774 participants (≥65 years old) with measured skeletal muscle mass index (SMI), hand grip strength (HGS), and homocysteine. All participants had undergone cognitive assessments and were diagnosed with dementia, mild cognitive impairment, or normal cognition. Patient characteristics were compared according to sarcopenia presence, SMI level, or HGS. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to determine the association of homocysteine with sarcopenia, low SMI, or low HGS. Next, linear regression analysis was performed using HGS as a continuous variable. Results: Logistic regression analysis showed that low HGS was significantly associated with homocysteine levels (p = 0.002), but sarcopenia and low SMI were not. In linear regression analysis, HGS was negatively associated with homocysteine levels after adjustment for Mini-Mental State Examination score (β= –2.790, p <  0.001) or clinical diagnosis of dementia (β= –3.145, p <  0.001). These results were similar for men and women. Conclusion: Our results showed a negative association between homocysteine and HGS after adjustment for cognitive function. Our findings strengthen the assumed association between homocysteine and HGS. Further research is needed to determine whether lower homocysteine levels lead to prevent muscle weakness.

scholarly journals Obstructive sleep apnea and chronic pain as risk factors of cognitive impairment in elderly population: A study from Indonesia

Narra J ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Tiara Tiara ◽  
Fidiana Fidiana
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Sleep Apnea ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Obstructive Sleep

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), one of the most prevalent sleep-related breathing disorders in the elderly, seems to be underdiagnosed. Meanwhile, the resulting complication on cognitive function could impact on patient’s quality of life. Association between OSA and cognitive function in the elderly varies highly, depending on study type, setting, and possibly by demographic differences. Therefore, this study sought to determine the risk of OSA among elderly and to assess the association of OSA risk and other plausible factors with cognitive function. In this cross-sectional study, patients aged 60 years and above who visited the outpatient clinic at two main hospitals in Surabaya of Indonesia were examined. A total of 178 participants were interviewed to evaluate the OSA risk using STOP-Bang questionnaire, the cognitive dysfunction using Montreal Cognitive Assessment Indonesian version (MoCA-Ina), depressive symptoms using Geriatric Depression Scale-15 (GDS-15), and sleep disorder using Insomnia Screening Questionnaire (ISQ). The Mann-Whitney and Chi-square tests were used to assess factors associated with cognitive impairment. In addition, logistic regression analyses were performed to evaluate the role of high risk of OSA on cognitive impairment. A total of 120 patients were considered having high risk of OSA (STOP-Bang score ≥3), and 129 had mild cognitive impairment (MCI) (MoCA-Ina <26). Among the elderly who had high risk of OSA, 94 were diagnosed with MCI (78.3%). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that high risk of OSA (OR: 2.99; 95%CI: 1.39, 6.46, p=0.005), chronic pain (OR: 5.53; 95%CI: 1.19, 25.64, p=0.029), and low education level (OR: 4.57; 95%CI: 1.79, 11.63) were associated with MCI. In conclusion, our data suggests a high prevalence of MCI among high risk OSA elderly. Screening and comprehensive management might be beneficial to improve or to preserve cognitive function in elderly group.

scholarly journals Association between Changes in Depressive State and Cognitive Function

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 4944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Han Kim ◽  
Youngjoo Kim ◽  
Junhyun Kwon ◽  
Eun-Cheol Park
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Subgroup Analysis ◽  
Normal Group ◽  
Depressive State ◽  
Group A ◽  
Depressive Group

Dementia is defined as a severe form of cognitive impairment. Research concerning the two-way relationship between depression and cognitive impairment has been conducted; however, there has been little analysis of cognitive function following changes in depressive status. This study describes the association between changes in depressive state and cognitive function in a Korean geriatric population sample. Using the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA) database, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores and Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CESD-10) indexes were used for measuring cognitive function and depression, respectively. The survey population was divided into four case categories by change in depressive status: normal to normal (Group A), normal to depressive (Group B), depressive to normal (Group C), and depressive to depressive (Group D). Analysis of variance, multiple regression analysis, and subgroup analysis were used for statistical examination. In the multiple regression analysis between MMSE values and depressive status change groups, with Group A as the reference, β in all other groups was negative, and its absolute value was large in the order of D, B, and C in both men (B: −0.717, C: −0.416, D: −1.539) and women (B: −0.629, C: −0.430, D: −1.143). There were also significant results in the subgroup analysis in terms of age, working status, participation in social activities, regular physical activities, and number of chronic medical conditions. In conclusion, both cases—those suffering from depression and those having suffered from it before—experience cognitive impairment. The degree of cognitive function being impaired is greater in the case of depression-onset than that of depression-remission. Age, stimulating activities, and chronic conditions are also strongly relevant to cognitive decline accompanied by changes in depressive state.

scholarly journals Long-Term Use of Metformin Is Associated With Reduced Risk of Cognitive Impairment With Alleviation of Cerebral Small Vessel Disease Burden in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhenjie Teng ◽  
Jing Feng ◽  
Qianqian Qi ◽  
Yanhong Dong ◽  
Yining Xiao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Small Vessel Disease ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Ordinal Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
History Of

Objective: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a risk factor for cognitive impairment and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). The relation of metformin use and cognitive impairment or CSVD is not clear. The objective of this study was to investigate the cross-sectional effects of long-term use of metformin on total CSVD burden and cognitive function in patients with T2D.Methods: A total of 234 participants with T2D from the memory clinic in Hebei General Hospital were enrolled in this retrospective study. Duration of metformin use and dosage were recorded. Along with cerebral magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examination, Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) was also performed to assess their cognitive status. We determined the validated total CSVD score (ranging from 0–4) by combining four markers of CSVD that were visually rated. We used binary logistic regression analysis, ordinal logistic regression analysis and mediation analysis to assess the relation of long-term use of metformin with CSVD burden and cognitive function.Results: Binary logistic regression analysis showed long-term use of metformin was associated with reducing the risk of cognitive impairment (OR: 0.446; 95% Confidence Interval (CI): 0.249 to 0.800; P = 0.007), after adjustment of potential confounders, such as total CSVD burden score, age, HbA1c, hypertension, history of stroke, homocysteine, body mass index, TG and HDL-C. Ordinal logistic regression analysis suggested that long-term use of metformin was associated with alleviation of total CSVD burden score (OR: 0.583; 95% CI: 0.359 to 0.943; P = 0.027), after adjusting for age, HbA1c, hypertension, history of stroke, homocysteine, body mass index, TG and HDL-C. Mediation analysis showed significant mediation by the presence of severe CSVD burden score for long-term use of metformin in relation to cognitive impairment.Conclusion: Long-term use of metformin was associated with lower rates of cognitive impairment and lower total CSVD burden score in patients with T2D. A proportion of the relation between long-term use of metformin and cognitive impairment may be attributable to alleviation of CSVD burden.

Relationship Between the Accumulation of Metabolic Syndrome Components and Orthostatic Hypotension

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 775-776
Author(s):  
Xiao-qi Cai ◽  
Xin-lei Gao ◽  
Ting-jun Wang ◽  
Yi-hua Shen ◽  
Guo-yan Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Syndrome ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Orthostatic Hypotension ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Middle Age ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Elderly Subjects ◽  
Binary Logistic Regression Analysis

Abstract Background To investigate the relationship between the accumulation of metabolic syndrome (MS) components and orthostatic hypotension (OH). Methods A total of 2,201 subjects were enrolled and divided into 0 component (n = 199), 1–2 components (n = 1,003), and 3–4 components (n = 999) groups based on the number of MS components according to the criteria of 2018 Chinese Guidelines for Prevention and Management of Hypertension. Stratified analyses and binary logistic regression analysis were performed. Results The incidence of OH was significantly increased with the number of MS components (5.0% in 0 component group, 13.5% in 1–2 components group, and 17.9% in 3–4 components group, P &lt; 0.05). Compared with subjects without OH, the incidence of MS in those with OH was significantly elevated (55.2% vs. 43.7%, P &lt; 0.05). The incidence of OH in the elderly subjects was significantly higher than that in the young and middle-aged subjects (22.3% vs. 10.9%, P &lt; 0.01). Binary logistic regression analysis showed that the number of MS components was associated with OH in all subjects, and the risk of OH was increased with the increment of MS components. Compared with the subjects without any MS component, the risk of OH increased by 2.3 times in the subjects with 4 MS components (odds ratio = 3.274, 95% confidence interval 1.626–6.594, P &lt; 0.05). Stratified analyses found that the number of MS components was independently associated with OH in young to middle-age, female and non-MS subjects. Conclusions The incidence of OH is elevated with accumulations of MS components, especially in young to middle-age, female and non-MS subjects.

Association of Neutrophil-Lymphocyte Ratio with Mild Cognitive Impairment in Elderly Chinese Adults: A Case-control Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (14) ◽  
pp. 1309-1315
Author(s):  
Peilin An ◽  
Xuan Zhou ◽  
Yue Du ◽  
Jiangang Zhao ◽  
Aili Song ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Mild Cognitive Impairment ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Neutrophil Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Lymphocyte Ratio ◽  
Elderly Chinese ◽  
Normal Cognitive Function ◽  
The Absolute

Background: Inflammation plays a significant role in the pathophysiology of cognitive impairment in previous studies. Neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a reliable measure of systemic inflammation. Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the association between NLR and mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and further to explore the diagnostic potential of the inflammatory markers NLR for the diagnosis of MCI in elderly Chinese individuals. Methods: 186 MCI subjects and 153 subjects with normal cognitive function were evaluated consecutively in this study. Neutrophil (NEUT) count and Lymphocyte (LYM) count were measured in fasting blood samples. The NLR was calculated by dividing the absolute NEUT count by the absolute LYM count. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate the potential association between NLR and MCI. NLR for predicting MCI was analyzed using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Results: The NLR of MCI group was significantly higher than that of subjects with normal cognitive function (2.39 ± 0.55 vs. 1.94 ± 0.51, P < 0.001). Logistic regression analysis showed that higher NLR was an independent risk factor for MCI (OR: 4.549, 95% CI: 2.623-7.889, P < 0.001). ROC analysis suggested that the optimum NLR cut-off point for MCI was 2.07 with 73.66% sensitivity, 69.28% specificity, 74.48% Positive Predictive Values (PPV) and 68.36% negative predictive values (NPV). Subjects with NLR ≥ 2.07 showed higher risk relative to NLR < 2.07 (OR: 5.933, 95% CI: 3.467-10.155, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The elevated NLR is significantly associated with increased risk of MCI. In particular, NLR level higher than the threshold of 2.07 was significantly associated with the probability of MCI.

The Relationship Between The Perception of Elderly’s Health Status and Health Behaviors in Nakhon Nayok Province, Thailand

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 420-423
Author(s):  
Prapada Watcharanat ◽  
Prasong Tanpichai ◽  
Ravee Sajjasophon
Keyword(s):  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Health Status ◽  
Health Behaviors ◽  
Multiple Regression Analysis ◽  
Multiple Regression ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Congenital Diseases ◽  
The Relationship

Purpose: This research aims to study the relationship between perception of elderly’s health and health behaviors in Nakhon Nayok province, Thailand Methods: This research was a cross-sectional study. The questionnaire was used to collect the data. This research was conducted in Nakhon Nayok province. The sample size was 270 which applied Taro Yamane's formula at a significant level 0.05. The descriptive statistics was implemented to describe the variables by presenting the frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation. Furthermore, multiple regression analysis was applied to analyze the relationship between perception of elderly’s health and health behaviors. The statistical significance was considered to reject Hypothesis-null at < 0.05. Results: From a total of 270 people, more than 58.22% of the elderly perceived that they had moderate health conditions. Most elderly had congenital diseases (62.2%). The multiple regression analysis results showed that health status perception and health status perception when compared to their cohort related significantly to health behavior. Conclusion: The government should support the elderly on participation, trust, engagement, and cultural concern of the people in the community, which can contribute to promoting the physical, mental and social condition of the elderly.

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